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1.
The regeneration of meristematic tissues from sporophytes of Laminaria digitata was studied by protoplast and tissue culture. Sequential treatment of explants in sterile seawater with 1% Betadine for 5 min,
1% commercial bleach for 1–2 min and 2% antibiotic treatment supplemented with 1 μM GeO2 overnight enabled viable explants as high as 55%. Different morphogenetic responses were observed from tissue culture on
media supplemented with plant growth regulators alone or in combination, mainly filamentous calluses up to 50% according to
the media. Dark green compact calluses were observed on two combinations: 4 μM Pi + 2 μM N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N’-phenylurea
(CPPU) and 0.04 μM Pi + 0.44 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. Thalloid-like structures comparable to adventitious buds were regenerated
on medium supplemented with 4 μM Pi + 0.45 μM zeatin but at low frequency suggesting a strong genotypic effect. Friable calluses
were developed from protoplasts in enriched medium with polyamines and containing 0.40 μM CPPU + 0.45 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid. In order to produce protoplasts, a one-step enzymatic protocol was developed and yields reached 22 × 106 protoplasts per gram of fresh weight. 相似文献
2.
Bogumiła Pilarczyk Aleksandra Balicka-Ramisz Alojzy Ramisz Ewa Adamowicz Renata Pilarczyk Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak Małgorzata Bąkowska 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2009,55(3):279-283
The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of selenium in the liver and kidneys of roe deer and red deer from West
Pomerania, depending on the season. Altogether, samples from 169 animals were collected (96 from roe deer and 73 from red
deer) in 2003–2007. The mean concentration of selenium in the liver of red deer and roe deer was 0.37 μg/g and 0.62 μg/g dry
weight, respectively. In kidneys, Se concentration was 2.72 μg/g d.w. in red deer and 2.99 μg/g d.w. in roe deer. In roe deer,
liver selenium concentration in autumn was significantly higher than in winter (P < 0.05) and spring (P < 0.01) and significantly lower in spring than in summer (P < 0.05); likewise, kidney selenium concentration was higher in autumn than in summer. In deer, no statistically significant
season-related differences were observed for liver selenium concentrations. In red deer kidneys, selenium concentration was
the lowest in summer, significantly lower than in autumn and winter. Low selenium concentrations in the analyzed tissues show
that the animals live in areas deficient in this element. 相似文献
3.
Oxidative stress is the cause of neurodegenerative disorders such as Lou Gehrig’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s
disease; one practical way to prevent and manage neurodegenerative diseases is through the eating of food rich in antioxidants
(dietary means). This present study sought to compare the ability of aqueous extract of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa, calyx) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) to prevent some pro-oxidant [Fe (II), sodium nitroprusside, quinolinic acid]-induced lipid peroxidation in rat’s brain in vitro. Aqueous extracts of both teas were prepared (1 g tea in 100 ml of hot water). Thereafter, the ability of the extracts to
prevent 25 μM FeSO4, 7 μM sodium nitroprusside, and 1 mM quinolinic acid-induced lipid peroxidation in isolated rat’s brain tissue preparation
was determined in vitro. Subsequently, the total phenol content, reducing power, Fe (II) chelating and OH radical scavenging ability were determined.
The results of the study revealed that both teas significantly (P < 0.05) inhibit lipid peroxidation in basal and pro-oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat’s brain homogenates in
a dose-dependent manner. Also, the teas had high total phenol content [sour (13.3 mg/g); green (24.5 mg/g)], reducing power,
and Fe (II) chelating and OH radical scavenging ability (except sour tea). However, green tea had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in both the basal and pro-oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in rat’s brain
homogenates in vitro. Therefore, it is obvious from the study that both teas had high antioxidant properties and could inhibit Fe2+, sodium nitroprusside, and quinolinic acid-induced lipid peroxidation in brain. However, green tea had a higher inhibitory
effect, which may probably be due to its high total phenol content, reducing power, Fe (II) chelating ability, and OH radical
scavenging ability. 相似文献
4.
Hawkes WC Richter BD Alkan Z Souza EC Derricote M Mackey BE Bonnel EL 《Biological trace element research》2008,122(2):107-121
The essential nutrient selenium is required in microgram amounts [recommended dietary allowance (RDA) = 55 μg/day, 699 nmol/day]
and has a narrow margin of safety (upper tolerable intake limit = 400 μg/day, 5 μmol/day). We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled
study of high-selenium yeast, the form used in most supplements (300 μg/day, 3.8 μmol/day), administered to 42 free-living
healthy men for 48 weeks. Dietary intakes of selenium, macronutrients, and micronutrients were not different between groups
and did not change during the study. Supplementation more than doubled urinary selenium excretion from 69 to 160 μg/day (876
to 2,032 nmol/day). Urinary excretion was correlated with recent selenium intake estimated from 3-day diet records: urinary
selenium excretion = 42 μg/day (533 nmol/day) + 0.132 × dietary selenium intake, p < 0.001. Dietary selenium intake was not significantly correlated with the other indicators of selenium status, presumably
because urinary selenium excretion reflected recent intake, and tissue selenium was homeostatically controlled. After 48 weeks
of supplementation, plasma selenium was increased 60% from 142 to 228 μg/l (1.8 to 2.9 μmol/l), and erythrocyte selenium was
approximately doubled from 261 to 524 μg/l (3.3 to 6.6 μmol/l). Selenium concentrations increased more modestly in hair (56%)
and platelets (42%). Platelets were the only blood component in which glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly related
to selenium content. Selenium levels decreased rapidly after the end of supplementation, and there were no significant differences
in selenium status indicators between groups by week 96. The absorption, distribution, and excretion of selenium from high-Se
yeast were similar to selenium in foods. 相似文献
5.
Letsiou S Nomikos T Panagiotakos D Pergantis SA Fragopoulou E Antonopoulou S Pitsavos C Stefanadis C 《Biological trace element research》2009,128(1):8-17
The trace element selenium is an essential micronutrient for human health and its low levels in serum are implicated in the
pathogenesis of several chronic diseases. Therefore, the determination of total selenium in serum may contribute to the assessment
of the health and nutritional status of certain populations. The objective of the present work was to determine total selenium
in the serum of 506 healthy volunteers that participated in the ATTICA study. Selenium was determined in serum by using the
technique of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The mean serum selenium concentration was determined to be 91.8 ± 33.7 μg/L
(N = 506); 87.6% of women and 88.5% of men had serum selenium concentration below 125 μg/L, the cutoff considered to be required
for optimal glutathione peroxidase activity. No association was found between serum selenium levels and the gender of the
participants while a significant decline of selenium with age (p < 0.0001) was observed. According to our results, no anthropometric, lifestyle, nutritional, or biochemical indices were
able to affect the association between serum selenium and age. This result may indicate that other factors such as selenium
distribution as well as retention may be affecting the relationship between serum selenium and age. 相似文献
6.
Micropropagation has been achieved in a promising larvicidal asteraceous taxon Spilanthes acmella L. using seedling leaf explants. The explants were reared on a variety of growth regulators, namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid, 1-naphthalene acetic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, N6-benzyladenine, and kinetin either alone or in combination on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium. The best green and compact
callus was obtained on 1 μM NAA and 10 μM benzyladenine (BA) in 15 d. The callus on subculture to the same but fresh medium
after every 30 d differentiated an average of 12.90 ± 0.32 shoot buds in 50% cultures. Elongation in shoot buds occurred only
if they were transferred to NAA lacking MS+BA medium. An average number of 4.22 ± 0.83 shoots and 15 ± 0.84 shoot buds per
explant were obtained in 70.3% cultures on MS + 10 μM BA in 30 d. One hundred percent excised shoots rooted in MS(1/2) + 0.1 μM
IBA within 2 wk. The plants were gradually hardened and established in soil where they flowered and set viable seeds. The
regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the field grown plants and showed 100% larvicidal activity against malaria
and filarial vectors. 相似文献
7.
Bogumiła Pilarczyk Diana Hendzel Renata Pilarczyk Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak Barbara Błaszczyk Marta Dąbrowska-Wieczorek Małgorzata Bąkowska Ewa Adamowicz Tomasz Bujak 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2010,56(5):797-802
The aim of this study was to determine liver and kidney concentrations of selenium in wild boars from the northwest part of
Poland, depending on season of the year, age, sex, and body weight. Altogether, samples of livers and kidneys from 172 wild
boars that were shot in 2005–2008 were investigated. Liver and kidney concentrations of selenium were determined using spectrofluorometric
method. In all the animals studied, selenium concentration was several times lower in the liver than in the kidneys. Selenium
concentration averaged 0.19 μg/g wet weight (w.w.) in the liver and 1.20 μg/g w.w. in kidneys. The present study showed that
season (P ≤ 0.05), age (P ≤ 0.01), and body weight (P ≤ 0.01) have a significant effect on selenium concentration in the liver of wild boars. Liver selenium concentration was
the highest in spring (0.23 μg/g w.w.) and the lowest in autumn (0.16 μg/g w.w). Young animals (up to 1 year of age) and those
with the lowest body weight (up to 20 kg) were characterized by a slightly lower selenium concentration in the liver compared
to older and heavier animals. No significant differences were found in organ selenium concentration between males and females.
According to biochemical criteria for the diagnosis of selenium deficiency in pig liver, which were used to evaluate selenium
concentration in the liver of wild boars, no individuals were found to have optimal levels. Considering that in Se deficiency
higher selenium concentrations are found in kidneys than in the liver, it can be presumed that the wild boars had Se deficiency.
However, this is difficult to state conclusively because there are no reference values for this species. 相似文献
8.
Woravimol Krittaphol Arlene McDowell Christine D. Thomson Momir Mikov J. Paul Fawcett 《Biological trace element research》2011,139(2):188-196
l-Selenomethionine (SeMet) and sodium selenite are widely used selenium nutritional supplements with potential benefit in preventing
cancer. However, supplementation is not without risks of toxicity if intake is too high. The aim of the present study was
to investigate SeMet and selenite metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract with particular focus on the formation of the volatile
selenium excretion products, dimethylselenide (DMSe) and dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe). Adult male Wistar rats (n = 5) were euthanized, their intestinal tracts removed and the contents of jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon used to prepare
10% suspensions in saline. SeMet and selenite (0.5–0.6 mM) were then incubated with these suspensions at 37°C for 3 h. Caecum
and colon contents were the most metabolically active towards SeMet with 30% and 15% metabolized over 3 h. DMDSe was the only
volatile selenium metabolite detected accounting for 8.7 ± 1.3% of the selenium lost in caecum contents. Selenite was completely
metabolized by caecum contents and 73% by colon contents under the same conditions forming DMSe (5.7 ± 0.9% of the selenium
lost in caecum) and a precipitate of red amorphous elemental selenium. Based on previous literature and these results, we
conclude that the gut microbiota contributes to the excretion of excess selenium through the production of methylated selenium
compounds and elemental selenium. 相似文献
9.
10.
Characteristics of Se-Enriched Mycelia by Stropharia rugoso-annulata and its Antioxidant Activities in vivo 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhen Song Le Jia Feng Xu Fanyun Meng Peng Deng Keming Fan Xiaonan Liu 《Biological trace element research》2009,131(1):81-89
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals. Stropharia rugoso-annulata is a nutritional and functional mushroom containing many kinds of bioactive ingredients. The aims of this study were to investigate
the Se-enrichment characteristics of S. rugoso-annulata in submerged culture and evaluate the antioxidant activities of Se-enriched mycelia in vivo in terms of the values of glutathione
peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The optimum parameters of Se-enrichment under
the optimal Se concentration (150 μg/mL) in media were as follows: biomass 8.11 ± 0.25 g/L, Se content in mycelia 4,727.68 ± 13 μg/g,
Se-accumulated rate 24.68 ± 1.67%, and percentage of organic Se 96.27 ± 3.26%. The mainly subsistent forms of selenium in
Se-enriched mycelia were selenoprotein and selenium-polysaccharide. The contents of total amino acids (TAA) and essential
amino acids (EAA) in Se-enriched mycelia were increased by 13.5 ± 1.09% and 12.8 ± 0.89%, respectively. It was efficient for
Se-enriched mycelia to elevate GSH-Px and SOD activities and decrease MDA content. These results indicated that Se-enriched
mycelia of S. rugoso-annulata represent a novel dietary source of bioavailable supplemental selenium. 相似文献
11.
Maeda-Yamamoto M Ema K Tokuda Y Monobe M Tachibana H Sameshima Y Kuriyama S 《Cytotechnology》2011,63(2):171-179
Tea polyphenols, e.g., (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl gallate (EGCG3”Me), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECG), and (-)-epicatechin (EC), are believed to be responsible for the beneficial effects of tea. ‘Benifuuki’, a
tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cultivar grown in Japan, is rich in the anti-allergic molecule epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3”Me). Pulverized Benifuuki green tea powder (BGP) is more widely distributed than leaf tea in Japan.
Japanese people mix their pulverized tea with water directly, whereas it is common to drink leaf tea after extraction. However,
few studies of the effects of BGP particle size on polyphenol bioavailability have been performed. This study was conducted
to investigate the absorption of catechins in rats after the intragastric administration of Benifuuki green tea. Therefore,
we assessed the plasma concentrations of catechins following the ingestion of BGP with different mean particle sizes (2.86,
18.6, and 76.1 μm) or Benifuuki green tea infusion (BGI) as a control in rats. The bioavailabilities of EGCG3”Me, EGCG, ECG,
EGC, and EC were analyzed after the oral administration of a single dose of Benifuuki green tea (125 mg/rat) to rats. The
plasma concentrations of tea catechins were determined by HPLC analysis combined with of electrochemical detection (ECD) using
a coulometric array. The AUC (area under the drug concentration versus time curve; min μg/mL) of ester-type catechins (EGCG3”Me,
EGCG, and ECG) for the BGP 2.86 μm were significantly higher than those in the infusion and 18.6 and 76.1 μm BGP groups, but
the AUC of free-type catechins (EGC and EC) showed no differences between these groups. Regarding the peak plasma level of
EGCG3”Me adjusted for intake, BGP 2.86 μm and BGI showed higher values than the BGP 18.6 and 76.1 μm groups, and the peak
plasma levels of the other catechins displayed the same tendency. The present study demonstrates that the bioavailability
of ester-type catechins (EGCG and ECG) can be improved by reducing the particle size of green tea, but the plasma level of
EGCG3”Me in the BGI group was similar to that in the BGP 2.86 μm group. This result suggests that drinking Benifuuki green
tea with a particle size of around 2 μm would deliver the anti-allergic EGCG3”Me and the anti-oxidant EGCG efficiently. 相似文献
12.
Lau Wai-Hoe Leong Wing-Seng Zhari Ismail Gam Lay-Harn 《Biological procedures online》2009,11(1):145-160
Kidney stone disease is a common health problem in industrialised nations. We developed a SDS-PAGE-based method to quantify
Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) for screening of kidney stone disease. Urinary proteins were extracted by using ammonium
sulphate precipitation at 0.27 g salt/mL urine. The resulted pellet was dissolved in TSE buffer. Ten microliters of the urinary
proteins extract was loaded and separated on 10% SDS-PAGE under reducing condition. THP migrated as single band in SDS-PAGE.
The assay reproducibility and repeatability were 4.8% CV and 2.6% CV, respectively. A total of 117 healthy subjects and 58
stone patients were tested using this assay, and a distinct cut-off (P < 0.05) at 5.6 μg/mL THP concentration was used to distinguish stone patients from healthy subjects. The sensitivity and
specificity of the method were 92.3% and 83.3%, respectively. 相似文献
13.
S. A. Webster S. A. Mitchell W. A. Gallimore L. A. D. Williams M. H. Ahmad 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2008,44(2):112-118
A procedure for producing somatic embryos enriched with dibenzyl trisulfide (DTS) using a hormone-dependent culture system
is reported for Petiveria alliacea L. (Guinea hen weed). Leaf explants were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with a range of naphthaleneacetic
acid (NAA) concentrations and a fixed concentration of benzyladenine (BAP) at 11.0 μM and sucrose or glucose at 30 g l−1. Leaf explants cultured on all media types started to form callus at the cut surfaces of the discs 10–14 d after initiation.
The type of sugar used influenced average fresh weight, the propensity to form roots, as well as the embryogenic response.
The highest mean fresh weight (337.7 ± 26.18 mg) and mean root number (23.7 ± 1.69) was produced on media enriched with sucrose
and supplemented with 53.7 μM NAA and 11.0 μM BAP. An ethanol extract of rhizogenic/embryogenic callus or somatic embryos
was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, which revealed the presence of DTS in both extracts. UV
spectral analysis and the use of standard quantitation procedures showed that the quantity of DTS in the somatic embryo extract,
at 0.16% (w/v), was approximately 30-fold higher than in rhizogenic/embryogenic callus (0.0055% w/v) of similar fresh weight. These results indicate that it is possible to biosynthesize approximately 6 mg of natural DTS from
3,808 mg of fresh somatic embryos within 10 wk from less than three leaf explants. 相似文献
14.
15.
A dipping method was developed to extract the catechins (EGCG) and alkaloids (caffeine) from green tea (Korea) and black tea
(Sri Lanka). The effects of the solvent composition (water vs. ethanol), extraction time, temperatures, and solvent pH on
the amount of catechins (EGCG) and alkaloids (caffeine) extracted from green and black tea were investigated. Reversedphase
high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to analyze the catechins (EGCG) and alkaloids (caffeine) extracted.
The content of EGCG and caffeine in green tea extracts was in the range of 2.04∼0.30 and 10.22∼0.85 mg/g, respectively. The
amount of EGCG and caffeine in black tea extracts was in the range of 0.32∼0.24 and 5.26∼1.01 mg/g, respectively. The amount
of caffeine extracted from green and black tea was greater than the amount of EGCG. Pure water is the best solvent for extracting
EGCG and caffeine from green tea. The amount of caffeine extracted from green and black tea increased as the temperature,
extraction time, and hydrogen ion concentration of the solvent increased. Although the amount of EGCG extracted from green
tea increased as the temperature increased, the amount of EGCG extracted from black tea was not affected by temperature. The
extraction of EGCG from both green and black tea was not affected by the hydrogen ion concentration of the solvent. 相似文献
16.
The Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TA) was quantified in fruit juices (n = 50), cereals (n = 12) and spices (n = 38) using a recently developed stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA). [13 C6,15 N]-TA was used as the internal standard. Method validation revealed low limits of detection (LODs) of 0.15 μg/kg (fruit juices),
1.0 μg/kg (cereals) and 17 μg/kg (spices). The respective limits of quantitation were about three times higher. Recovery was
about 100% for all matrices. The precision (relative standard deviation of replicate analyses of naturally contaminated samples)
was 4.2% (grape juice; 1.7 μg/kg), 3.5% (whole wheat flour; 36 μg/kg) and 0.9% (curry powder; 215 μg/kg). The median content
of TA in the analyzed samples was 1.8 μg/kg (fruit juices), 16 μg/kg (cereals) and 500 μg/kg (spices). Positive samples amounted
to 86% (fruit juices), 92% (cereals) and 87% (spices). 相似文献
17.
Ping Su Anders Henriksson Christina Nilsson Hazel Mitchell 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(9):1837-1842
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a commercial green tea extract (TEAVIGO™) on the microbial growth of three
probiotic strains (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium), as well as three pathogenic bacteria. MIC and co-culture studies were performed. The MICs of the green tea extract against
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (100 μg ml−1) were considerably lower than those against the probiotic strains tested (>800 μg ml−1) and Escherichia coli (800 μg ml−1). In co-culture studies, a synergistic effect of the probiotic strains and the green tea extract was observed against both
Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes. Green tea extract in combination with probiotics significantly reduced the viable count of both pathogens at 4 h and by
24 h had completely abolished the recovery of viable Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes. These reductions were more significant than the reductions induced by probiotics or green tea extracts used separately.
These results demonstrate the potential for combined therapy using the green tea extract plus probiotics on microbial infections
caused by Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes. As probiotics and the green tea extract are derived from natural products, treatment with these agents may represent important
adjuncts to, or alternatives to, conventional antibiotic therapy. 相似文献
18.
Alma E. Rodriguez Estrada Hyun-Ju Lee Robert B. Beelman Maria del Mar Jimenez-Gasco Daniel J. Royse 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(9):1597-1607
Antioxidants are molecules that may reverse, prevent or slow cellular damage caused by free radicals. Increasing dietary intake
of antioxidants is thought to reduce oxidative stress that may contribute to the development of several diseases. Mushrooms
are known to contain antioxidants such as selenium, ergothioneine and phenolics that may serve this role. Here we sought to
enhance selenium and ergothioneine concentration in Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii basidiomata by modifying the techniques used for their commercial cultivation. To enhance selenium content in mushrooms,
substrates were supplemented with sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) to reach selenium concentrations of 5 and 10 μg/g. Basidiomata of one commercial isolate (WC888) accumulated selenium up
to 4.6 and 9.3 μg/g (d.w.), respectively. Therefore, a serving size (85 g) of fresh P. eryngii mushrooms produced on substrates supplemented with 5 and 10 μg/g of Na2SeO3 would supply 70.4 and 116.3% of the daily value of selenium (DV = 70 μg), respectively. Since selenium-enriched mushrooms
would supply more than 20% of the DV, they could be considered an excellent source of selenium. Ergothioneine concentration
was enhanced in mushrooms produced on low-moisture (55%) substrate compared to the commonly used 60% (high-moisture) in commercial
cultivation. Mushrooms produced on low-moisture substrate had ergothioneine concentrations of 3.0 mg/g, while mushrooms produced
on high-moisture substrate contained 2.2 mg/g or less. Use of a casing overlay for mushroom production resulted in significant
yield increases on low-moisture substrate but not on high-moisture substrate. 相似文献
19.
Liu J Liu H Zhang Y Qiu L Su F Li F Su Z Li J 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2007,74(1):249-255
Soybean hull peroxidase (SHP) was crystallised from an enzyme solution with low purity by a simple method. The enzyme solution
was purified by cooperation salting out of acetone and ammonium sulphate, and lumpy crystals were obtained with the size of
about 40 × 30 μm when ammonium sulphate was quickly added to the enzyme solution. The crystal was examined and confirmed to
be an SHP crystal by the method of activity test. The result shows that, though the purity of the enzyme solution was not
high, crystals could be formed when the enzyme solution rapidly reached to a degree of supersaturation, which was different
from the traditional methods of protein crystallisation. Additionally, a purification method of acetone and ammonium sulphate
fractional salting out was also studied, in which the procedure was simplified, and a satisfactory purification effect was
obtained. 相似文献
20.
Selenium concentrations in the blood of 112 (56 females and 56 males) normal subjects, from different regions of the Punjab
(Pakistan), have been determined using the technique of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The whole blood selenium
concentrations were found to be 452 ± 12 ppb (parts per billion or nano-gram of Se per gram freeze-dried blood or 96 ± 3 μg/L
), with 470 ± 16 ppb (or 100 ± 4 μg/L) in female and 435 ± 16 ppb (or 92 ± 4 μg/L) in male population. Compared with other
populations of the world, these levels are amongst the lowest. 相似文献