呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗增强性疾病小鼠模型的建立与评价

呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)是导致婴幼儿严重下呼吸道感染的最重要病原体,但该病毒的灭活疫苗可引起RSV疫苗增强性疾病(RSV vaccine-enhanced disease,RVED),因此至今仍未研制出安全、有效的疫苗。RVED的发生机制目前仍不清楚。使用能有效模拟RVED的动物模型是探索RVED发生机制的主要手段,而本研究的目的就是建立能稳定模拟RVED表现的小鼠模型。将BALB/c小鼠分成3组,即甲醛灭活RSV疫苗接种组(FV组)、活RSV接种组(VV组)和对照组(BV组),并模拟自然感染对其攻毒。通过小鼠体重监测、肺组织苏木精-伊红染色、荧光定量聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)、流式细胞术等,观察FV组小鼠感染RSV后的病毒载量、肺部炎症和T细胞免疫状态。结果显示,与VV组和BV组相比,FV组小鼠RSV攻毒后的体重占初始体重百分比显著降低,肺部炎症最明显,且仅FV组出现支气管和毛细血管周围有大量淋巴细胞浸润及嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。荧光定量PCR显示,FV组小鼠的肺部RSV载量最低。流式细胞术显示,攻毒4d后FV组CD~(4+) T细胞数与其他两组相比显著增加,且CD~(4+) T细胞分泌的白细胞介素4(interleukin 4,IL-4)及IL-4/γ干扰素(interferonγ,IFN-γ)比值显著高于其他两组,而CD~(8+) T细胞分泌的肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)和IFN-γ低于VV组。结果提示,RVED小鼠呈现出Th2优势型免疫应答及CD~(8+) T细胞功能不足,模型初步建立成功,为RVED发生机制的探索和RSV疫苗的研发奠定了良好基础。     

人呼吸道合胞病毒感染的预防和治疗研究进展

呼吸道合胞病毒（respiratory syncytial virus, RSV）会引起呼吸道和肺部感染,尤其是婴幼儿和老人,容易出现严重感染。尽管RSV感染对医疗保健产生了全球性影响,目前仍以支持性的治疗为主。在过去的几十年中,随着对RSV发病机制和免疫病理学的了解不断加深,RSV的预防策略取得了重大进步。自1966年RSV疫苗首次试验以来已经过去50多年,目前有两种RSV疫苗获批上市。综述了当前RSV感染的治疗方案（包括RSV特异性和非特异性）以及RSV疫苗的研发进展,以期为RSV的治疗及疫苗的研发提供参考。     

非洲猪瘟病毒拮抗宿主cGAS-STING信号通路的研究进展

非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）拥有多种逃逸宿主免疫应答的策略,造成病毒难以被宿主清除。cGAS-STING信号通路介导的天然免疫在抗ASFV感染中发挥了重要作用,然而病毒编码的多个蛋白靶向该通路中的不同分子以拮抗宿主的I型干扰素应答。利用基因编辑技术敲除这些病毒基因后,ASFV对宿主的致病性降低,成为基因缺失疫苗的研制潜在靶点。本文对目前已知参与调控宿主cGAS-STING信号通路的病毒蛋白进行总结,旨在阐明这些蛋白免疫逃逸cGAS-STING信号通路的分子机制,加深对ASFV免疫逃逸策略的理解,以期为ASFV致病机制研究与疫苗创制提供参考。     

Toll样受体3激动剂在疫苗佐剂中的应用进展

模式识别受体（pattern recognition receptor,PRR）在先天免疫系统中起着至关重要的作用,是重要的宿主传感器,可识别入侵病原体所显示的病原体相关分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular pattern,PAMP）。PAMP是独立的免疫调节剂,且具有多种生化成分和特殊结构,逐渐被认为是许多现代疫苗的关键成分。Toll样受体（Toll-like receptor,TLR）3激动剂是一种合成的双链RNA（double-stranded RNA,dsRNA）,能够以与病毒感染相似的模式激活宿主免疫防御的多种通路。当与抗原适当混合时,TLR3激动剂可以用作PAMP-佐剂,以调节和优化抗原特异性免疫应答。基于此,主要讨论了TLR3及其激动剂的作用机制以及TLR3激动剂在疫苗佐剂中的应用进展,以期为动物疫苗的研究提供新的思路。     

评估首次接种人体的G蛋白缺失RSV减毒活疫苗的安全性、耐受性、脱落性和免疫原性：一项随机对照试验

正人呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)是婴幼儿和老年人下呼吸道感染的主要原因。针对呼吸道合胞病毒的儿童疫苗不仅可以预防呼吸道合胞病毒在婴幼儿中的发病和死亡,还可以减少其在老年人群的传播。由一种缺失G附着蛋白的减毒RSV活疫苗组成的RSVΔG与宿主细胞的结合严重受损,在临床前研究中显示其传染性降低。用RSVΔG疫苗对棉鼠进行鼻内免疫可防止野生型RSV的复制,从而不会诱发继发性疾病。作者进行了首次人体试验,     

基于聚合物结构的佐剂配伍呼吸道合胞病毒融合蛋白可诱导巨噬细胞产生多种信号传导途径

呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)在婴儿、老年人和免疫功能低下的人群中会引起急性呼吸道感染。目前没有针对RSV的许可疫苗上市销售。作者以前曾报道过,用RSV候选疫苗(ΔF/TriAdj)对啮齿动物和羔羊进行鼻内免疫可诱导产生具有良好安全性的保护性免疫应答。     

呼吸道合胞病毒感染上调Toll样受体7和3基因的早期表达

【目的】Toll样受体（Toll-like receptor,TLR）7和3是两个重要的模式识别受体,分别通过识别病毒的单股和双股RNA而活化细胞。呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）能被TLR7和TLR3识别。在RSV感染致病的早期阶段,对肺中TLR7、TLR3的表达动力学和表达丰度进行研究,并探讨其表达与肺部炎症反应的关系。【方法】我们以活RSV滴鼻感染BALB/c鼠诱导急性肺炎,在RSV感染0,1,4,8,16和24h的不同时间点,用半定量RT-PCR方法检测鼠肺TLR7、TLR3的mRNA表达,用western blot法检测核转录因子NF-κB的蛋白表达,HE染色观察肺的病理学改变。【结果】我们发现,RSV感染早期能快速上调TLR7和TLR3的基因表达水平,与正常组相比,其升高有显著性差异,并与RSV感染之间存在时间依赖关系;TLR7的反应（RSV感染1h）早于TLR3（RSV感染4 h）。肺中NF-κB在RSV感染的4 h即可被活化。RSV介导的TLR7和TLR3早期转录反应与RSV肺炎的严重程度是平行的。【结论】TLR7和TLR3确实可通过识别病毒RNA参与RSV肺炎的发生和发展,表明感染的器官在识别病毒感染和激发前炎反应时,可能经由多个TLRs。这将对开发制剂用以调节治疗性TLR配体的活性具有重要意义。     

呼吸道合胞病毒载体疫苗研究进展

人呼吸道合胞病毒(human respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)是引起婴幼儿下呼吸道感染的最重要的病毒病原,RSV载体疫苗可在人细胞内从头合成,形成的蛋白质构象与RSV自然感染后表达的完全相同,不会导致抗原表位的丧失或变化,形成的免疫力更利于抵抗随后的自然感染;经黏膜途径免疫不会产生疾病增强作用,且能突破母传抗体的干扰,因而受到广泛关注。对近年来RSV载体疫苗的研究进展进行了综述。     

MiRNA在TLR信号通路中的负性调控作用

TLR信号是生物体重要的病原体模式识别信号,在免疫识别和炎症反应中具有重要作用,其信号异常会导致许多免疫和炎症相关疾病的发生,因此探讨和明确TLR信号通路的调控机制具有非常重要的意义。近年来研究发现,作为重要的基因表达调控的小分子RNA,微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)能与TLR信号通路中众多靶基因mRNA的3’UTR区结合,从而抑制翻译过程或降解mRNA来发挥负性调控作用。本文就miRNA对TLR信号通路中的一些受体、信号分子、调节因子和细胞因子的负性调控作用方面进行阐述。     

RSV疫苗研发的挑战和机遇

<正>呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncyial virus,RSV)是引起婴幼儿严重急性下呼吸道感染最常见的病因,也是造成老年人和免疫功能不全人群疾病负担的重要原因。尚无许可的疫苗能解决这个重大公共卫生问题。虽然疫苗技术的进步导致最近重新掀起了RSV疫苗的研发,但防止RSV感染的免疫保护相关物和疫苗相关的加重呼吸道疾病的免疫学仍旧了解很少。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.