地衣芽孢杆菌胞外蛋白酶的纯化及特性分析

研究不同条件对地衣芽孢杆菌De株产生胞外蛋白酶的量及其酶活性的影响,结果表明在pH为7.4—8.2范围内,温度为30℃时,培养8—12h的菌株所分泌胞外产物中的蛋白酶活性最高。实验先以半透膜法收集芽孢杆菌的胞外产物,然后再经过硫酸铵沉淀过夜S、ephadex G-100凝胶层析和DEAE-Cellulose离子交换层析及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳等四个步骤的分离纯化后,可以得到含有3种主要蛋白质(BLP1、BLP2、BLP3)成分的胞外蛋白酶,其分子量分别为66.2KD、31.0KD及约20.1KD,所得纯化蛋白酶的蛋白浓度为0.773μg/mL,蛋白回收率为11.66%。实验还发现,纯化的胞外蛋白酶在100℃下作用30min,仍可保持其活力,可见具有相当的热稳定性,而其酶活最佳的pH和温度条件分别为7.8和45—65℃。酶活抑制实验显示EDTA、铜、钴、镁离子等均可成为其酶活抑制因子;而丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)、铁、锰、钡、钙离子等对酶活性没有明显影响;锌则会令之酶活性其部分丧失。     

地衣芽孢杆菌类细菌素的分离、鉴定及其原核表达

目前,我国饲料中全面禁止添加抗生素,寻找新型的抗生素替代物成为科学研究的热点之一.为获得新的细菌素,本研究以大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌和单增李斯特氏菌为指示菌,通过牛津杯扩散法从羊驼粪便中筛选到高产抑菌物质的芽孢杆菌.基于菌落特征、革兰氏染色和16SrRNA的鉴定结果,将分离到的产抑菌...     

Detection and characterization of naturally occurring plasmids in Bacillus licheniformis

Twenty-two Bacillus licheniformis strains, freshly isolated from pasture-land, were studied for the presence of plasmid DNA. Among these strains, 14 were shown to harbor one or more plasmids of different size. Southern-hybridization experiments showed a high homology between all plasmids investigated and a 2.2-kb PvuII/HindIII fragment of pBL1, a B. licheniformis plasmid previously isolated. Three fragments of pBL1, including the 2.2-kb PvuII/HindIII region, were cloned into pJH101 vector. The resulting chimeras were able to transform Bacillus subtilis. The fragment with high homology probably contains the region with the replicative functions of plasmids from B. licheniformis species.     

地衣芽孢杆菌D-1产碱性蛋白酶培养条件的优化

为了对产碱性蛋白酶的地衣芽孢杆菌D-1的培养条件进行优化,利用10 L发酵罐,采用正交设计19(34)试验,对培养温度、pH值、搅拌转速、通气量4条件进行优化,得到地衣芽孢杆菌D-1发酵产碱性蛋白酶的最优培养条件为:培养温度37.0℃,pH值7.5,通气量4L/min,搅拌转速300r/min.利用最优条件组合进行验证...     

Cloning and characterization of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene in Bacillus licheniformis

The gdhA genes of IRC-3 GDH-strain and IRC-8 GDH+ strain were cloned,and they both successfully complemented the nutritional lesion of an E.coli glutamate auxotroph,Q100 GDH-.However,the gdhA gene from the mutant IRC-8 GDH+ strain failed to complement the glutamate deficiency of the wild type strain IRC-3.The gdhA genes of the wild type and mutant origin were sequenced separately.No nucleotide difference was detected between them.Further investigations indicated that the gdhA genes were actively expressed in both the wild type and the mutant.Additionally,no GDH inhibitor was found in the wild type strain IRC-3.It is thus proposed that the inactivity of GDH in wild type is the result of the deficiency at the post-translational level of the gdhA expression.Examination of the deduced amino acid sequence of Bacillus licheniformis GDH revealed the presence of the motifs characteristic of the familyⅠ-type hexameric protein,while the GDH of Bacillus subtilis belongs to family II.     

地衣芽孢杆菌DSM13分泌蛋白信号肽分析

地衣芽孢杆菌是重要的工业微生物,对于其分泌途径及信号肽进行预测和分析,有助于改善影响蛋白分泌的关键因素,高效生产异源蛋白。本研究首次在全基因范围内,利用SignalPv3.0等方法识别了地衣芽孢杆菌DSM13中各种分泌蛋白的信号肽。DSM13信号肽类型包括分泌型Sec信号肽、双精氨酸Tat信号肽、脂蛋白信号肽、IV型纤毛结构信号肽及生物信息素信号肽。同时分析了分泌途径组成,信号肽长度,氨基酸组成,各分泌信号肽特征,与枯草芽孢杆菌的异同以及重要工业酶制剂的分泌途径。该研究对使DSM13成为更有效分泌表达外源蛋白表达系统,具有重要的理论指导意义。     

Production of tannase by the immobilized cells of Bacillus licheniformis KBR6 in Ca-alginate beads

AIMS: The present study was aimed at finding the optimal conditions for immobilization of Bacillus licheniformis KBR6 cells in calcium-alginate (Ca-alginate) beads and determining the operational stability during the production of tannin-acyl-hydrolase (tannase) under semicontinous cultivation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The active cells of B. licheniformis KBR6 were immobilized in Ca-alginate and used for the production of tannase. The influence of alginate concentration (5, 10, 20 and 30 g l(-1)) and initial cell loading on enzyme production were studied. The production of tannase increased significantly with increasing alginate concentration and reached a maximum enzyme yield of 0.56 +/- 0.03 U ml(-1) at 20 g l(-1). This was about 1.70-fold higher than that obtained by free cells. The immobilized cells produced tannase consistently over 13 repeated cycles and reached a maximum level at the third cycle. Scanning electron microscope study indicated that the cells in Ca-alginate beads remain in normal shape. CONCLUSIONS: The Ca-alginate entrapment is a promising immobilization method of B. licheniformis KBR6 for repeated tannase production. Tannase production by immobilized cells is superior to that of free cells because it leads to higher volumetric activities within the same period of fermentation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report of tannase production from immobilized bacterial cells. The bacterium under study can produce higher amounts of tannase with respect to other fungal strains within a short cultivation period.     

地衣芽孢杆菌原生质体电转化方法的研究

为了解决地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)工业菌株难以转化的问题,将原生质体制备、电穿孔和原生质体再生技术相结合,建立了一种地衣芽孢杆菌原生质体电击转化方法。在对菌体生长状态、溶菌酶作用时间、电转电压、渗透压保护剂等条件进行优化后,试验了将不同类型的表达载体,即游离型质粒p GJ103(3.3kb)和整合型质粒p AX01(9.3kb),分别转入两株地衣芽孢杆菌工业生产菌株B.licheniformis CICC 10181和B.licheniformis CICC 20204中。实验结果显示,对数生长期后期的菌体酶解40min后制备的地衣芽孢杆菌原生质体得率为96%,再生率达25%以上。原生质体与质粒DNA在最适电压0.6k V/mm下电击转化,并以0.5mol/L山梨醇或甘露醇作为渗透压保护剂进行再生培养后,最终游离型质粒的转化率可达0.88×102~1.1×102CFU/μg p GJ103,整合型质粒的转化率达到0.45×102~0.52×102CFU/μg p AX01。该方法为地衣芽孢杆菌野生工业菌株的遗传改造提供了一种新的、高效的转化手段。     

Isolation and characterization of Tn917-generated bacitracin deficient mutants of Bacillus licheniformis

Abstract Two Tn917-generated bacitracin deficient mutants of Bacillus licheniformis were isolated. Southern blot analysis of chromosomal DNA extracted from both insertional mutants showed that Tn917 inserted in the vicinity of the gene coding for the enzyme BA2 of the bacitracin synthetase enzyme complex. Measurements of bacitracin synthetase activity in cell-free extracts and positive hybridization signals in the vicinity of the BA2 gene indicate that in both bacitracin deficient mutants Tn917 could be inserted in the BA1 gene or in segments involved in regulation. Thus, it could be possible that the genes for bacitracin synthetase are clustered in the B. licheniformis genome.     

地衣芽胞杆菌活菌制剂的临床应用进展

整肠生是应用二十多年的地衣芽胞杆菌活菌制剂,已有大量的研究报道其临床有效性和安全性。地衣芽胞杆菌大量分泌种类丰富的消化酶,通过抑制肠道有害菌生长和促进有益菌增殖调节肠道菌群,并产生杆菌肽、地衣素和乙酸等生物活性物质发挥益生作用。本文总结了益生菌的益生特点,并重点分析了芽胞杆菌的益生特点,归纳了整肠生的作用机制与临床研究现状,揭示了其在肝脏疾病、溃疡性结肠炎、肠易激综合征、幽门螺旋杆菌感染以及病毒感染等疾病中的治疗作用,并对整肠生未来的临床应用方向进行了展望。     

Production and characterization of a low‐molecular‐weight bacteriocin from Bacillus licheniformis MKU3

Aims: Enhancing production and characterization of a low‐molecular‐weight bacteriocin from Bacillus licheniformis MKU3. Methods and Results: The culture supernatant of B. licheniformis MKU3 exhibited bacteriocin‐like activity against Gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria and different fungi and yeast. SDS–PAGE analysis of the extracellular proteins of B. licheniformis MKU3 revealed a bacteriocin‐like protein with a molecular mass of 1·5 kDa. This bacteriocin activity was found to be stable under a pH range of 3·0–10·0 and at temperatures up to 100°C for 60 min, but inactivated by proteinase K, trypsin or pronase E. An experimental fractional factorial design for optimization of production medium resulted in a maximum activity of bacteriocin (11 000 AU ml^?1) by B. licheniformis MKU3. Conclusions: A low‐molecular‐weight bacteriocin‐like protein from B. licheniformis MKU3 exhibited a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity against several Gram‐positive bacteria, several fungi and yeast. A 3·6‐fold increase in the production of bacteriocin was achieved using the culture medium optimized through a fractional factorial design. Significance and Impact of the Study: A bacteriocin with wide spectrum of activity against Gram‐positive bacterial pathogens, filamentous fungi and yeast suggested its potential clinical use. Statistical method facilitated optimization of cultural medium for the improved production of bacteriocin.     

Production, purification and characterization of thermophilic lipase from Bacillus sp. THL027

A low-cost medium, MGRS, has been developed for growth and lipase production from Bacillus THL027 at 65 degrees C and pH 7.0. MGRS was composed of 2% (v/v) buffer solution (7.3% (w/v) Na(2)HPO(4), 3.2% (w/v) KH(2)PO(4), pH 7.2), 40 microg ml(-1) FeSO(4) and 40 microg ml(-1) MgSO(4), 0.1% (w/v) (NH(4))(2)SO(4) supplemented with 3% NaCl, 0.1% glucose, 1.0% rice bran oil and 0.5% (w/v) rice bran. The lipase was purified 2.6-fold to apparent homogeneity by ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. Its molecular mass was 69 kDa. The purified enzyme was characterized for its general physical properties.     

Co-linear scaffold of the Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis genomes and its use to compare their competence genes

We have established the co-linear regions of Bacillus licheniformis, an industrially important bacterium, and Bacillus subtilis, a model bacterium. In the co-linear regions, revealed by PCR, gene content and order are presumed to be conserved. These regions constitute approximately 60% of the compared chromosomes. Sequencing of the competence genes of B. licheniformis allowed us to validate the approach, and to demonstrate how it can be used for the comparative analysis of complex genetic systems. A new insertion sequence, designated IS3Bli1, was discovered in the competence region of the analyzed B. licheniformis strain.     

Development of an asporogenic Bacillus licheniformis for the production of keratinase

AIMS: Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 is a keratin-degrading, spore-forming bacterium isolated from a poultry waste digester. A sporulation-deficient mutant of B. licheniformis PWD-1, named B. licheniformis WBG, was developed and characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS: The mutation was generated using the splicing by overlap extension PCR method (Gene SOEing) to create 256 bp deletion in the spoIIAC gene, which encodes an essential sporulation-specific sigma factor. In vivo gene replacement was accomplished with the use of a temperature-sensitive plasmid that is able to integrate and excise the nucleotide fragment 256 bp from the B. licheniformis chromosome. PCR analysis and DNA sequencing confirmed the spoIIAC gene deletion. Heat-treatment assays and electron microscopy verified the absence of spores. CONCLUSIONS: This asporogenic strain is able to express normal levels of keratinase when compared with its wild-type host. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In this study, a method of constructing a stable sporulation-defective strain was developed. It can be potentially useful as a tool to generate asporogenic strains of Bacillus that retain their industrial capabilities for production of exoproteases and other exozymes.     

强化底物利用酶系表达,提升地衣芽孢杆菌生产碱性蛋白酶性能

地衣芽孢杆菌2709由于易于培养、GRAS状态和完善的蛋白质分泌能力,是已经投入工业生产碱性蛋白酶的菌株.为改善该菌株的发酵生产性能,提高菌体对培养基成分的利用和碱性蛋白酶产量,对菌株的胞外分泌酶系进行完善.利用同源重组机制,在基因组复制起始位点附近引入了来源于短小芽孢杆菌的木聚糖酶基因xynA和在复制起始位点中心对称...     

地衣芽胞杆菌培养条件的研究

应用单因素和正交试验设计试验法对地衣芽胞杆菌在摇瓶水平上进行了培养基配方和培养条件的研究。结果表明：最适培养基配方为山芋淀粉1．0％,豆粕0．6％,玉米芯粉0．8％,K2HPO4 0．1％,MgSO40．1％。最适培养条件为37℃,摇床转速150r／min,250mL三角瓶装液50mL,接种量5．0％,振荡培养48h,pH7．0。在20L自动发酵罐中进行了扩大培养试验,考察溶氧对菌体生长的影响,并根据试验结果进一步扩大至1m^3发酵罐,通过控制搅拌速度和通气量,1m^3发酵罐中地衣芽胞杆菌培养液菌浓为7．2×10^9efu／mL,芽胞率达到90％。     

Structural Characterization of Lipopeptide Methyl Esters Produced by Bacillus licheniformis HSN 221

Lipopeptides and their analogues are of increasing interest due to their amphiphilic structures and potential applications in various fields. Three purified lipopeptides analogues were obtained at the same time after two‐step column‐chromatographic purification from cell‐free broth cultivated by Bacillus licheniformis HSN 221. Analysis by ESI‐MS, GC/MS, HPLC, and Q‐TOF MS/MS revealed their primary structures as anteiso‐C₁₅‐ and iso‐C₁₅‐β‐hydroxy fatty acid‐Gln‐Leu‐Leu‐Val‐MeAsp‐Leu‐Ile, anteiso‐C₁₅‐ and iso‐C₁₅‐β‐hydroxy fatty acid‐MeGlu‐Leu‐Leu‐Val‐Asp‐Leu‐Ile and iso‐C₁₆‐β‐hydroxy fatty acid‐Glu‐Leu‐Leu‐Val‐MeAsp‐Leu‐Ile, respectively. The production of two surfactin monomethyl esters and one lichenysin monomethyl ester directly from microorganisms is helpful to understand the variants of metabolites.     

Destruction of Bacillus licheniformis spores by microwave irradiation

Aims:  To investigate the sporicidal mechanisms of microwave irradiation on Bacillus licheniformis spores.
Methods and Results:  We measured spore viability and the release of DNA and proteins, and performed transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A microwave oven (0·5 kW) was modified to output power at 2·0 kW, which allowed a shorter sterilization cycle. A 2·0 kW microwave treatment at the boiling temperature for 1 min did not kill all spores, but killed most spores. The spore inactivation rate was faster than that of boiling and 0·5 kW microwave oven. In contrast to boiling and 0·5 kW microwave treatments, the 2·0 kW microwave resulted in significant leakage of proteins and DNA from spores due to injury to the spore structure. TEM revealed that 2·0 kW microwave irradiation affected spore cortex hydrolysis and swelling, and ruptured the spore coat and inner membrane.
Conclusions:  These results suggest that 2·0 kW microwave irradiation ruptures the spore coat and inner membrane, and is significantly different from boiling.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This study provides information on the sporicidal mechanisms of microwave irradiation on B. licheniformis spores.     

微生态系统中地衣芽孢杆菌消长的研究

采用不同接种培养方法,研究了地衣芽孢杆菌在微生态系统的消长状况．结果表明,在健康人体内该菌能迅速增殖,菌数为１．４９×１０８～１．８３×１０８个·ｇ－１,并能较长时间定植下来,３０ｄ后菌数为１．２７×１０７～１．５１×１０７个·ｇ－１．在病人体内增殖相对较慢些,菌数为１．４０×１０８～１．６７×１０８个·ｇ－１,３０ｄ后菌数为１．１５×１０７～１．３１×１０７个·ｇ－１．在人工模拟微生态系统中,当ｐＨ为５．０～９．０,营养物为食物匀浆培养基、牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基时,其菌数为３．０５×１０８、３．４２×１０８个·ｍｌ－１．