中国鳖属的分类历史简述

鳖属Pelodiscus隶属于鳖科Trionychidae,是我国分布较多的龟鳖类动物.现生龟鳖类物种繁多,中国已报道了鳖属动物4种,分别是中华鳖Pelodiscus sinensis、东北鳖Pelodiscus maackii、砂鳖Pelodiscus axenaria和小鳖Pelodiscus parviformi...     

海南岛龟鳖资源保护与可持续利用

目的 海南岛地处热带,具有丰富的龟鳖物种多样性.为了有效保护这一珍贵资源,对该地区龟鳖的多样性、养殖现状及保护管理需求进行总结和讨论.方法 根据有关文献和我们的调查结果,从龟鳖多样性、养殖现状、保护和可持续利用的管理等方面进行分析.结果 海南岛现有龟鳖6科14属18种,占中国龟鳖的50%,其中有1种野外灭绝,有5种处于极度濒危状态,有11种处于濒危状态;国家一级重点保护的有1种,二级保护的有9种.海南岛是我国龟鳖养殖种类最多、规模最大的地区,有龟鳖养殖户330多户,养殖龟鳖120余种.结论 海南岛龟鳖资源丰富,养殖规模巨大.应进一步加强野生龟鳖资源的保护和管理,将龟鳖纳入国家重点保护的野生动物范围,继续开展保护繁育放归活动.同时,从多方面加强龟鳖养殖的产业化发展,促进龟鳖资源的可持续利用.     

新书介绍——《中国龟鳖分类原色图鉴》

<正>2013年11月中国农业出版社出版发行的国家出版基金项目图书《中国龟鳖分类原色图鉴》由周婷女士、李丕鹏教授合著,赵尔宓院士、马建章院士等人作序。全书285页,约45万字,1000多幅彩色照片,12开本,铜版纸彩色印刷,硬壳精装。两位作者对中国龟鳖的分类等问题作了梳理,力图将国内外最新的中国龟鳖分类研究成果呈现在读者面前。全书由六章主要内容和附录组成。首先扼要概述了古人对龟鳖的认识、龟鳖演化、生物学特性、物种多样性、分类专用术语和测量方法等内容;重点描述了6科19属36种中国龟鳖,内容包括模式标本、种名词源、色斑、主要特征、生活习性、野生资源状况、养殖状况和保护级别等;讨论了龟鳖的杂交和中国野生及人工杂交的龟鳖;介绍了中国野外和市场上常见的20种外国龟鳖动物,最后阐述了中国龟鳖的资源与保     

新书介绍——《中国龟鳖分类原色图鉴》

<正>2013年11月中国农业出版社出版发行的国家出版基金项目图书《中国龟鳖分类原色图鉴》由周婷女士、李丕鹏教授合著,赵尔宓院士、马建章院士等人作序。全书285页,约45万字,1000多幅彩色照片,12开本,铜版纸彩色印刷,硬壳精装。两位作者对中国龟鳖的分类等问题作了梳理,力图将国内外最新的中国龟鳖分类研究成果呈现在读者面前。全书由六章主要内容和附录组成。首先扼要概述了古人对龟鳖的认识、龟鳖演化、生物学特性、物种多样性、分类专用术语和测量方法等     

两栖爬行动物短讯4则

我曾在“中国龟鳖动物的分类与分布研究”一文介绍我国当时已知龟鳖动物6科22属36种。赵尔宓等(2000)列出我国龟鳖动物6科22属40种。最近,英国杂志“NATURE”(2003)撰文指出,美国学者James Parham和我国学者史海涛试验证实：艾氏拟水龟是黄喉拟水龟与三线闭壳龟的     

中国吸虱昆虫区系及物种多样性研究

吸虱是寄生于真兽类哺乳动物体表的专性吸血寄生虫,广布于世界各地.我国已知吸虱11科22属96种.分别占世界已知科、属、种的64.71%、45.83%、17.14%.从分类阶元、特有物种、动物地理区划和宿主动物4个方面分析了我国吸虱的物种多样性.中国特有种吸虱27种.中国横跨古北和东洋两界,吸虱分布以东洋界和占北界共有属级分布型最丰富,有13属29种;其次为东洋界特有分布型,有6属41种,种类丰富;古北界特有分布型仅2属,但种类丰富,有24种.吸虱在7个地理区分布,以华中区、华南区、西南区3个地理区的吸虱物种多样性较高,其它4个区的物种多样性较低.我国吸虱物种多样性较为丰富,吸虱的物种分布受宿主动物地域分布的影响较大.吸虱的宿主动物种类丰富,但宿主动物体表吸虱的物种多样性低,一科(属)阶元的吸虱其宿主多为相对应的一科(亚科)动物阶元,反映了吸虱宿主特异性较高的事实,是吸虱与其宿主协同进化的生态学表现.     

中国外来入侵生物的空间分布格局及其影响因素

不同地理区域影响生物分布格局的因子不同,对外来入侵物种也是如此。在区域尺度上分析外来入侵生物的空间分布格局及其影响因子对预测生物入侵的影响及入侵种的控制管理具有重要意义。本研究应用中国外来入侵物种数据库、自然环境数据库和社会人文环境数据库,分析了我国外来入侵动植物的空间格局;并运用主成分分析（PCA）和典范对应分析（CCA）探讨了自然环境和人类活动等因素对外来入侵动植物分布格局的影响;同时研究了外来入侵物种多样性与本地物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明,我国现有外来入侵动物138种、入侵植物384种,其数量和密度都呈现出由东南沿海向西北内陆减少的趋势,且入侵动物和入侵植物空间格局基本一致;降水（MAP）是决定我国外来入侵动植物分布格局的主要自然环境因子,国民生产总值（GDP）是主要社会经济影响因子。在全国尺度上,外来入侵物种多样性与本地物种多样性之间呈显著的正相关关系,但地域间存在较大差异。不同区域外来入侵物种与本土物种多样性的相关关系表现出不同,与研究尺度有密切关系。     

龟鳖动物疾病的研究进展

随着养殖规模的扩大,龟鳖动物的疾病日益增多,许多养殖场遭受了巨大的经济损失。为此,一些学者对龟鳖动物的疾病进行了大量研究。本文总结了龟鳖动物疾病的致病因素、诊断及防治等应用方面的研究,指出了龟鳖动物疾病研究中存在的主要问题并提出了相应的建议。     

基于CO Ⅰ基因的龟鳖目动物鉴定与分类进化分析

为探索COⅠ基因条形码技术在龟鳖目物种分类与鉴定中的适用性,本研究应用通用引物PCR扩增获得龟鳖目动物9科26属45种共205个样品的634 bp COⅠ基因序列片段进行研究分析。结果显示,COⅠ基因在龟鳖目动物中存在少量的碱基插入和缺失,共计12种20个位点,物种占比34.28%;平均碱基含量(A+T)为55.42%,显著高于(G+C)的44.58%。通过Kimura's 2-parameter计算45个物种的种内遗传距离为0～0.023 98,平均为0.003 2;种间遗传距离为0.022 3～0.334 9,平均为0.1 637,种间平均遗传距离约为种内平均遗传距离的51.16倍;有3个物种的种内遗传距离大于Hebert推荐区分物种的最小种间遗传距离0. 02,其中1个物种的种内遗传距离大于45个物种的种间最小遗传距离0.022 3。同科内不同属间及同目内不同科间的遗传距离分别为0.146 7、0.212 7,显示物种间遗传距离随着分类阶元的上升而逐步扩大。系统进化树聚类结果显示,不同个体依据亲缘关系程度不同分别聚为独立的一支,没有出现物种交叉分布,能准确反映个体间的亲缘关系。结果表明利用COⅠ基因鉴定龟鳖目物种具有可行性,但科内属间及以上分类阶元进化节点自展率不高,无法通过COⅠ基因明确其进化关系,须结合其他DNA指标加以确认。     

基于全基因组的龟鳖目Hox基因序列特征及进化分析

为对Hox基因在龟鳖目物种中进行系统地序列比较分析和进化研究，文章对目前具有染色体水平的龟鳖目基因组进行了Hox基因的鉴定,序列特征、进化和转录组分析。研究结果表明龟鳖物种的Hox基因簇是高度保守的。非重复序列的缺失导致鳖科HoxB9—HoxB13基因间区相对龟科短了10 kb。大量Hox基因编码区发生了鳖科或龟科特异的序列替换、插入和缺失。胸部骨骼发育相关的Hox基因在鳖科祖先发生了快速进化和受到正选择。Hox基因的表达具有组织、时期特异性,主要在胚胎时期的顶端外胚层嵴、背甲嵴和性腺表达。研究为龟鳖目Hox基因不同胚胎时期的多组学及表达调控分析提供了靶标,也为进一步厘清龟鳖物种演化创新提供了参考。     

Frugivory and seed dispersal by chelonians: a review and synthesis

In recent years, it has become clear that frugivory and seed dispersal (FSD) by turtles and tortoises is much more common than previously thought. We here review published and unpublished records of chelonian FSD, and assess the role of chelonians as seed dispersers, from individual species to the community level. We first discuss the distribution of chelonian FSD and the characteristics of the fruit and/or seed species eaten and dispersed by chelonians. We then use the seed dispersal efficiency framework to explore the quantitative and qualitative components of seed dispersal by tortoises and turtles, embarking on a journey from when the fruits and/or seeds are consumed, to when and where they are deposited, and assess how efficient chelonians are as seed dispersers. We finally discuss chelonian FSD in the context of communities and of chelonians as megafauna. A substantial proportion of the world's aquatic and terrestrial turtles and a major part of testudinid tortoises (71 species in 12 families) include fruits and/or seeds in their diet; fruits of at least 588 plant species in 121 families are ingested and/or dispersed by chelonians. For some chelonians, overall or in certain seasons, fruit may even form the largest part of their diet. Contrary to seed dispersal by lizards, the other major reptilian frugivores, chelonian FSD is not an island phenomenon in terms of geographic distribution. Nevertheless, on islands tortoises are often among the largest native terrestrial vertebrates – or were until humans arrived. We synthesise our knowledge of chelonian FSD, and discuss the relevance of our findings for conservation and restoration, especially in relation to rewilding with large and giant tortoises.     

Ranavirus infection of free-ranging and captive box turtles and tortoises in the United States

Iridoviruses of the genus Ranavirus are well known for causing mass mortality events of fish and amphibians with sporadic reports of infection in reptiles. This article describes five instances of Ranavirus infection in chelonians between 2003 and 2005 in Georgia, Florida, New York, and Pennsylvania, USA. Affected species included captive Burmese star tortoises (Geochelone platynota), a free-ranging gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), and a Florida box turtle (Terrepene carolina bauri). Evidence for Ranavirus infection was also found in archived material from previously unexplained mass mortality events of eastern box turtles from Georgia in 1991 and from Texas in 1998. Consistent lesions in affected animals included necrotizing stomatitis and/or esophagitis, fibrinous and necrotizing splenitis, and multicentric fibrinoid vasculitis. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were rarely observed in affected tissues. A portion of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene was sequenced from each case in 2003-2005 and found to be identical to each other and to Frog virus 3 (FV3) across 420 base pairs. Ranavirus infections were also documented in sympatric species of amphibians at two locations with infected chelonians. The fragment profiles of HindIII-digested whole genomic DNA of Ranavirus, isolated from a dead Burmese star tortoise and a southern leopard frog (Rana utricularia) found nearby, were similar. The box turtle isolate had a low molecular weight fragment that was not seen in the digestion profiles for the other isolates. These results suggest that certain amphibians and chelonians are infected with a similar virus and that different viruses exist among different chelonians. Amphibians may serve as a reservoir host for susceptible chelonians. This report also demonstrated that significant disease associated with Ranavirus infections are likely more widespread in chelonians than previously suspected.     

Two new species of Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) from the South American snake-necked turtle Hydromedusa tectifera (Testudines, Chelidae)

Temnocephala brevicornis Monticelli, 1889 is the only species of the genus Temnocephala Blanchard, 1849 reported from chelonians to date. During a survey of the species of Temnocephala extant in southern Uruguay, two new species were found on the chelonian Hydromedusa tectifera Cope, 1869. They are described here as Temnocephala pereirai n. sp. and Temnocephala cuocoloi n. sp. Both resemble T. brevicornis, but differ in the morphometry of the penial stylet, and in qualitative details of the reproductive complex. Temnocephala pereirai n. sp. differs from T. brevicornis by having a massive, cylindrical sphincter in the distal portion of the vagina, and a seminal vesicle that opens into the subpolar to equatorial portion of the contractile vesicle. In addition, the penial stylet in Temnocephala pereirai n. sp. is large in relation to body size, straight and more slender, having the distal portion of its shaft slightly sinuous, and a smaller introvert equipped with about 16 distal crowns of smaller spines. Temnocephala cuocoloi n. sp. is most similar to T. brevicornis, but differs by having a smaller, curved penial stylet that has a smaller introvert in relation to stylet size, with about 10 distal crowns of smaller spines. A key to the species of the Temnocephala from chelonians is provided. This study supports the validity of the following characters previously proposed for the taxonomy of the genus Temnocephala: the shape of the sphincters in the female reproductive system, the shape of the penial stylet, and the number, size, and position of spines in the introvert.     

中国东北地区棘跳科(弹尾纲,原跳目)新纪录族一新种及一新纪录种

记述采自中国东北地区棘跳科1新纪录族小角棘跳族Oligaphorurini1新种,三江双型棘跳Dimorphaphorura sanjiangensis sp.nov.及1新纪录种,北极小角棘跳Oligaphoruraursi Fjellberg,1984,附详细描述及特征图。研究标本保存于中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所湿地生态与环境重点实验室。三江双型棘跳,新种Dimorphaphorura sanjiangensis sp.nov.(图1～11)鉴定特征假单眼模式:身体背面32/033/333430,腹面11/000/000000,3对足第1亚基节分别具1个。拟单眼模式:身体背面不存在,腹面00/000/122203,3对足第1亚基节分别具两个。腹部第4节背面具2根中间毛(a0和m0),第5节背面不具中间毛,第6节背面具2根中间毛(a0和p0)。腹管每侧具7根远端毛,2根基部毛,不具前端毛。弹器退化为1个颗粒状的区域,后面具1+1根毛。具臀刺,乳突不明显。正模♀,采自黑龙江省洪河农场的旱田大豆地土壤层中;2010-10-01,常亮等采。副模:3♀♀,1♂,特征与正模相同,采集地点及时间同正模。词源:新种种名源自模式标本采集地三江平原。北极小角棘跳Oligaphorura ursi Fjellberg,1984中国新纪录(图12～19)鉴定特征假单眼模式:身体背面32/133/333430,腹面11/000/000000,3对足第1亚基节上分别具1个。拟单眼模式:身体背面不存在,腹面00/000/122200,3对足第1亚基节上不存在。腹部第3、4节背面具或不具中间毛,数目存在变异;第5节背面通常不具中间毛,很少具中间毛m0;第6节背面具2根中间毛(a0和p0)。腹管每侧具7根远端毛,2～5根基部毛,不具前端毛。弹器退化为一个表皮皱褶状结构,后面具2+2根毛呈两排排列。具臀刺,乳突较明显。检视标本:15♀♀,采自黑龙江省前进农场的旱田大豆地土壤层中,2010-10-01,常亮等采;11♀♀,5♂♂,采自黑龙江省前进农场的小叶章草甸湿地土壤中,2011-05-26,武海涛等采。     

我国中药材植物保护研究70年——基于文献计量分析

建国70年来,我国在中药材植物保护研究领域取得了长足进展.笔者利用中国知网(CNKI)数据库,以国家中药材产业技术体系确定的28个“十三五”重点中药材品种为基础,检索了1949—2019年中药材植物保护研究的有关文献;并对检索文献进行分析,总结建国70年来中药材植物保护研究的发展历程和研究进展;同时对中药材植物保护研究存在的问题进行梳理并提出相应的解决思路.以期为中药材植物保护事业未来发展提供参考.     

Field Observations of the Vulnerable Impressed Tortoise,Manouria impressa,from Southern Laos and Notes on Local Chelonian Trade

Observations of wild chelonians in Indochina are uncommon with most records and specimens coming from the commercial wildlife trade. During the surveys of the Xe Sap National Protected Area in southern Laos between February and May 2012, four impressed tortoises, Manouria impressa(IUCN Red List: Vulnerable) were found in three separate field locations. There are few published observations of this species in the wild. We also present data on threats and local value of chelonians in the wildlife trade.     

Unique arrangement of carapace bones in the South American chelid turtle Hydromedusa maximiliani (Mikan)

The discovery of fossil chelid fragments from the Eocene of South America initiated a study of the shells of Hydromedusa maximiliani (Mikan) 1820, and Hydromedusa tectifera Cope 1869, the only living species of this genus. These species are poorly documented and ill described with no detailed characterization available for consultation. Our investigation revealed that the nuchal bone of H. maximiliani is recessed from the anterior border of the carapace, a condition unique amongst chelonians. A number of previously unrecognized characters important for taxonomy at both the generic and species level are also identified and discussed.     

中国龟鳖动物的分布

本文依据1997年以来的文献,对中国龟鳖动物新增加的分布作了归纳和讨论;并对中国龟鳖动物的分布区系及特征作了初步分析和总结.     

中国植物分类学者的历史与现状

中国植物资源丰富, 长期以来被外国人所关注和研究。直到1916年, 中国植物分类学者才开始独立研究本国植物, 并经历了从民国时期开始自立、到1949年后自主完成《中国高等植物图鉴》《中国植物志》等国家级和相对完整的地方植物志以及中外合作完成英文版的国家植物志Flora of China、再到21世纪新一代学者每年更新《中国生物物种名录》并且开始主导国际性植物分类学研究工作等3个主要时期。统计表明, 超过3,000位中国学者参与过植物命名或植物名称处理等命名相关工作, 近些年更是达到每年新增100人左右的新高。但这种繁荣局面与中国植物分类学的衰退状况彼此矛盾。为了解释这个矛盾, 结合对历史回顾的深入分析说明, 真正能够反映分类学发展程度的量化指标应当是“活跃”分类学者数目。这个数目在21世纪停滞不前, 表明当今的分类学人才队伍建设仍存在不少问题, 特别是新分类群的发表与系统学研究脱节, 对分子系统学证据的应用仍有不足, 以及科研评价体系偏重于论文影响因子等。本文因此提出了当今分类学者应该具备的6条技能标准: (1)具有科学精神和全球视野; (2)掌握学科内知识; (3)掌握学科外知识; (4)具备野外工作技能; (5)具备标本馆和实验室工作技能; (6)掌握文献和数据库检索技能。     

Bergmann's rule in nonavian reptiles: turtles follow it,lizards and snakes reverse it

Abstract Bergmann's rule is currently defined as a within-species tendency for increasing body size with increasing latitude or decreasing environmental temperature. This well-known ecogeographic pattern has been considered a general trend for all animals, yet support for Bergmann's rule has only been demonstrated for mammals and birds. Here we evaluate Bergmann's rule in two groups of reptiles: chelonians (turtles) and squamates (lizards and snakes). We perform both nonphylogenetic and phylogenetic analyses and show that chelonians follow Bergmann's rule (19 of 23 species increase in size with latitude; 14 of 15 species decrease in size with temperature), whereas squamates follow the converse to Bergmann's rule (61 of 83 species decrease in size with latitude; 40 of 56 species increase in size with temperature). Size patterns of chelonians are significant using both nonphylogenetic and phylogenetic methods, whereas only the nonphylogenetic analyses are significant for squamates. These trends are consistent among major groups of chelonians and squamates for which data are available. This is the first study to document the converse to Bergmann's rule in any major animal group as well as the first to show Bergmann's rule in a major group of ectotherms. The traditional explanation for Bergmann's rule is that larger endothermic individuals conserve heat better in cooler areas. However, our finding that at least one ectothermic group also follows Bergmann's rule suggests that additional factors may be important. Several alternative processes, such as selection for rapid heat gain in cooler areas, may be responsible for the converse to Bergmann's rule in squamates.