Inhibition of copepod feeding by exudates and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) derived from a Phaeocystis globosa dominated phytoplankton community

We investigated if (1) dissolved compounds excreted by Phaeocystis globosa and (2) transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) formed from carbohydrates excreted into the water affect the feeding of nauplii and females of the calanoid copepod Temora longicornis during a P. globosa bloom. Copepod grazing on the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii in the presence of these possible grazing deterrents was measured during three successive weeks of a mesocosm study, simulating the development of a P. globosa bloom. Our results demonstrate no indication for the presence of feeding deterrents in the dissolved phase, but a strong inhibitory effect of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) on the consumption of algae by both nauplii and adult copepods. The inhibitory effect of TEP was connected to the accumulation of DOM during the progress of the bloom. We suggest that a reduction in the grazing pressure of zooplankton may increase the survival of the liberated single cells during disruption of colonies and allow seeding populations to persist. Furthermore, P. globosa reduces the trophic efficiency of the food web not only by withdrawal of its colonies from grazing but also by a relaxation of the grazing pressure on co-occurring phytoplankton and by alteration of the food web structure via TEP production.     

A mesocosm study of Phaeocystis globosa population dynamics: I. Regulatory role of viruses in bloom control

The regulatory role of viruses on population dynamics of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis globosa was studied during a mesocosm experiment in relation to growth and loss by microzooplankton grazing and cell lysis. The mesocosms were conducted under varying light conditions (20 and 150 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) and nutrient regime (inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus ratios of 4, 16 and 44). Overall, viruses infecting P. globosa (PgV) were found to be an important cause of cell lysis (30–100% of total lysis) and a significant loss factor (7–67% of total loss). We demonstrate that the morphology of P. globosa cells (solitary versus colonial) differently regulated viral control of P. globosa bloom formation. Reduced irradiance (20 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) was provided for 11 days to select for the solitary cell morphotype. Viruses were able to restrict P. globosa bloom formation even after irradiance became saturating again (150 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹). Saturating light conditions from the start of the experiment allowed colony formation and because the colony-morphotype acted as a mechanism reducing viral infection bloom formation succeeded. Nutrient depletion, however, affected specifically the colonies that disintegrated while releasing single cells. Virus infection of these solitary cells resulted in the termination of the bloom. The nature of phytoplankton growth-limiting nutrient (nitrate and/or orthophosphate) did not seem to noticeably affect the level of viral control.     

摄食信息对球形棕囊藻和布氏双尾藻竞争结果的影响

浮游动物的摄食信息能增大棕囊藻囊体体积,囊体形成被认为是棕囊藻的诱导性防御机制。利用桡足类火腿伪镖水蚤和异养甲藻海洋尖尾藻释放的摄食信息,研究了诱导性防御对球形棕囊藻和布氏双尾藻的竞争的影响。结果表明,球形棕囊藻接收了火腿伪镖水蚤和海洋尖尾藻释放的摄食信息之后形成更大的囊体。防御启动后的球形棕囊藻比未接收摄食信息的球形棕囊藻更快地形成囊体,且囊体维持的时间更长。对照组和火腿伪镖水蚤摄食信息诱导的球形棕囊藻的生物体积比布氏双尾藻更高,且球形棕囊藻在竞争中占优势;而海洋尖尾藻摄食信息诱导的球形棕囊藻生物体积低于布氏双尾藻,且球形棕囊藻相对布氏双尾藻的竞争力下降。微型浮游动物海洋尖尾藻摄食信息导致球形棕囊藻相对硅藻布氏双尾藻的竞争力的下降,有利于解释硅藻先于棕囊藻发生藻华。     

A mesocosm study of Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae) population dynamics: II. Significance for the microbial community

The impact of Phaeocystis globosa population decline on the microbial community was studied during a mesocosm experiment, with irradiance regime and inorganic N:P ratios (4, 16, and 44) as controlling factors. Heterotrophic bacterial activity was closely related to enhanced (viral) lysis rates of P. globosa cells and disintegration of the colonies. Up to 85% of the bacterial C demand could be supplied by P. globosa-specific cellular C release. The bacterial populations with high DNA content became dominant (>70% of total). The bacterial community showed a rapid shift in composition to take advantage of the changing conditions during the demise of the P. globosa bloom. Members of the Alphaproteobacteria and the Bacteroidetes group emerged directly upon bloom decay. Multidimensional scaling analysis in conjunction with DGGE fingerprinting implied that clustering was more related to the availability of organic carbon (the collapse of the P. gobosa bloom) than to the nature of the phytoplankton growth-controlling nutrient. Reduced irradiance delayed the development of the P. globosa population and subsequently changes in the bacterial community composition. Disintegration of P. globosa colonies resulted in the formation of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) and aggregates, more so under P-depletion than under N-deficient conditions. The colonial matrix transformed into big aggregates under P-depleted conditions but remained largely as ghost colonies under N-depleted conditions. In the mesocosm with initial nitrogen and phosphorus supplied in the Redfield ratio, features intermediate to conditions with either N- or P-depletion were observed. It was hypothesized that TEP affected microbial population dynamics directly through bacterial colonization and indirectly through scavenging of predators and viruses.     

Effects of chlorophyll concentration and temperature variation on the reproduction and survival of Temora longicornis (Copepoda, Calanoida) in the Eastern English Channel

The influence of temperature and chlorophyll concentration on egg production, hatching success, female survival and body size of the copepod Temora longicornis was investigated in situ in the coastal waters of the Eastern English Channel. Twenty samples were collected between February and July 2003 three to four times per month. The maximum daily level of egg production of 75.5 eggs female⁻¹ was observed in March, with minima of 10 eggs female⁻¹ in February and July. Between February and March egg production increased with chlorophyll concentration. At the end of March a decrease in egg production corresponded to a strong increase in chlorophyll concentration that indicated a Phaeocystis-dominated bloom. After this period egg production closely followed the temporal variation in chlorophyll concentration with a maximum of 55.3 eggs female⁻¹ in April during a second peak of chlorophyll concentration. Hatching success varied between 60% and 80% and was not influenced by chlorophyll concentration, in situ temperature or any other biological parameter considered in this study. Increases in temperature from February to July paralleled a decrease in body length and an increase in the percentage of spawning females. Mean female survival followed the variation of both temperature and chlorophyll concentration only between April and July. Temperature and chlorophyll concentration affected the reproductive parameters of T. longicornis differently. Female survival and body size were negatively correlated with temperature, while the highest chlorophyll concentrations were not always favourable for egg production. Therefore the quality of food should not be associated with chlorophyll quantity. Furthermore, the maximum values of egg production in this study are the highest recorded for T. longicornis. This study, conducted for the first time in the Eastern English Channel, showed high levels of productivity of T. longicornis despite a decrease of egg production during a Phaeocystis sp. dominated bloom in April.     

Cross immunity with Haemaphysalis longicornis glutathione S-transferase reduces an experimental Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation

Recombinant Glutathione S-transferase of Haemaphysalis longicornis (rGST-Hl) was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography and used in the immunization of cattle. Western blot analysis showed positive antibody response in cattle immunized with rGST-Hl. The tests also showed that immunized bovine sera recognize native Rhipicephalus microplus proteins in different tissue extracts. Furthermore, the vaccine potential of rGST-Hl was investigated against infestation of Hereford cattle by R. microplus. Vaccination of cattle with rGST-Hl conferred partial cross-protection immunity against R. microplus. Considering the effect on number of engorged ticks, egg laying capacity and egg fertility, the overall efficacy of vaccination was of 57%, as compared with control group.     

涠洲岛海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程中营养盐及浮游植物群落组成分析

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)是近年来北部湾常见的有害藻华原因种,涠洲岛海域作为广西沿海藻华的高发区之一,目前仍缺乏关于该海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程的相关研究。为探究涠洲岛海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程中营养盐的状况及藻华的发生对浮游植物群落组成的影响,对2017年3月下旬涠洲岛周边发生的球形棕囊藻藻华区域进行取样调查。结果表明,藻华期间水体中溶解有机磷含量与细胞及囊体密度呈显著正相关。本次藻华主要受水体中溶解态无机氮含量影响,多个调查站点的无机氮/无机磷(DIN/DIP)<10,且硅酸盐/无机氮(SiO₃^2–/DIN)>1,表明这些站点存在氮限制现象,而氮限制可能是本次藻华消亡的主要因素。调查区域共鉴定出浮游植物4门58种,球形棕囊藻细胞密度最高可达1.04×10⁸ cells/L,占浮游植物总细胞密度的98.28%。球形棕囊藻细胞密度与物种多样性指数存在显著的负相关关系。在营养缺乏条件下,有利于球形棕囊藻成囊的链状硅藻种类具有相对较大的细胞密度。     

Living in a Phaeocystis colony: a way to be a successful algal species

Evidence is provided showing that in two species of Phaeocystis (P. globosa and P. pouchetii) the colonial cells possess a much higher growth rate than the single cells when grown under identical conditions. Based on the DNA-cell-cycle method gross growth rate of colony cells exceeded those of co-occurring single cells by a factor 1.5 up to 3.8. The dominance of colonies in blooms of Phaeocystis can therefore be primarily due to their significantly high growth rate allowing a rapid bloom formation.Both Phaeocystis species showed ultradian growth but differed in timing of the initiation of the second DNA replication phase. In both species the first DNA-replication period started at the end of the (local) light period and was completed in the early dark period. In P. globosa this was immediately followed by the second DNA-replication period (first half of the dark period). In P. pouchetii this process was delayed by ca. 12 h until the middle of the light period (local noon).Flow cytometric analysis of the cell size and chlorophyll fluorescence showed little variation in colony and single cells of P. pouchetii. In contrast, colonies of P. globosa showed often the presence of two cell morphs, co-occurring in the same colony. The size of both morphs was identical but they differed in chlorophyll fluorescence up to a factor 4. In general the high chlorophyll cell morph dominated (>70% of the total colony cells). Both colony cell morphs were observed in cultures, mesocosms differing in N/P ratio but also in the field.     

The Plasmodium parasite—a ‘new’ challenge for insect innate immunity

Though lacking adaptive immunity, insects possess a powerful innate immune system, a genome-encoded defence machinery used to confront infections. Studies in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster revealed a remarkable capacity of the innate immune system to differentiate between and subsequently respond to different bacteria and fungi. However, hematophagous compared to non-hematophagous insects encounter additional blood-borne infectious agents, such as parasites and viruses, during their lifetime. Anopheles mosquitoes become infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium during feeding on infected human hosts and may then transmit the parasite to new hosts during subsequent bites. Whether Anopheles has developed mechanisms to confront these infections is the subject of this review. Initially, we review our current understanding of innate immune reactions and give an overview of the Anopheles immune system as revealed through comparative genomic analyses. Then, we examine and discuss the capacity of mosquitoes to recognize and respond to infections, especially to Plasmodium, and finally, we explore approaches to investigate and potentially utilize the vector immune competence to prevent pathogen transmission. Such approaches constitute a new challenge for insect immunity research, a challenge for global health.     

Effects of Protoceratium reticulatum yessotoxin on feeding rates of Acartia hudsonica: A bioassay using artificial particles coated with purified toxin

Paralytic shellfish toxins produced by dinoflagellates are known to deter copepod grazing. Dinoflagellate species, including Protoceratium reticulatum, also produce disulfated polyether yessotoxins that were previously referred to as diarrheic shellfish toxins. However, the role of yessotoxins in predator–prey relationships is not yet clear. In the present study, the effects of purified yessotoxin (YTX) on feeding activities of Acartia hudsonica (Copepoda, Calanoida) were experimentally investigated. Polystyrene fluorescent microspheres (10 μm in diameter) colored bright blue or yellow-green were coated with cell extracts of P. reticulatum that do not produce yessotoxins. The bright blue microspheres were further coated with YTX, and the yellow-green microspheres were used as the reference. The microspheres were then given to the copepods separately or in combination to measure clearance rates and feeding selectivity. A. hudsonica was found to feed on the yellow-green microspheres without YTX at twice the rate of the bright blue microspheres with YTX. We also confirmed that microsphere color per se did not affect the feeding rates. The bright blue microspheres adsorbed 1.8–43.3 pg of YTX per microsphere, which is similar to the cell-specific yessotoxin content of toxic P. reticulatum found in natural environments. These results suggest that production of yessotoxin is advantageous for P. reticulatum by deterring predation by copepods.     

The role of host semiochemicals in parasitoid specificity: a case study with Trissolcus brochymenae and Trissolcus simoni on pentatomid bugs

The role of semiochemicals on host specificity of two egg parasitoid species, the European Trissolcus simoni and the American Trissolcus brochymenae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), was studied in an olfactometer and in different arenas. Cues from two allopatric pests of cabbage, the European Eurydema ventrale and the American Murgantia histrionica (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), and from the polyphagous and cosmopolitan Nezara viridula were tested. Both T. simoni and T. brochymenae responded to volatile and contact cues from their co-evolved hosts E. ventrale and M. histrionica, respectively, thus confirming the role of host semiochemicals in host location and recognition. When cues of non-co-evolved hosts were presented, a partial “new association” was obtained, as T. simoni probed and oviposited in M. histrionica eggs and some adult emergence occurred. However, this association is unlikely to occur in the field because T. simoni did not respond to volatile cues of M. histrionica. Instead T. brochymenae partially responded to volatile and contact cues from E. ventrale, but eggs were rarely accepted and parasitoids did not develop in this host. When N. viridula was tested, T. simoni responded only to contact cues, whereas T. brochymenae partially responded to volatile and contact cues, but N. viridula eggs were not suitable for development. Therefore, the N. viridula–T. brochymenae association reported from the literature appears unreliable. Understanding the mechanisms that result in host specificity may help increase parasitoid safety and predict their efficacy in biological control with old or new associations.     

Physiological responses of Aureoumbra lagunensis and Synechococcus sp. to nitrogen addition in a mesocosm experiment

Aureoumbra lagunensis is the causative organism of the Texas brown tide and is notable because it dominated the Laguna Madre ecosystem from 1990 to 1997. This species is unusual because it has the highest known critical nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (N:P) for any microalgae ranging from 115 to 260, far higher than the 16N:1P Redfield ratio. Because of its high N:P ratio, Aureoumbra should be expected to respond to N additions that would not stimulate the growth of competitors having the Redfield ratio. To evaluate this prediction, a mesocosm experiment was performed in the Laguna Madre, a South Texas coastal lagoon, in which a mixed Aureoumbra–Synechococcus (a cyanobacterium) community was enclosed in 12 mesocosms and subjected to nitrogen addition (6 controls, 6 added ammonium) for 16 days. After day 4, added nitrogen did not significantly increase Aureoumbra specific growth rate but the alga retained dominance throughout the experiment (64–75% of total cell biovolume). In control mesocosms, Aureoumbra became less abundant during the first 4 days of the experiment but rebounded by the end of the experiment and was dominant over Synechococcus. Despite the lack of a strong positive growth response, Aureoumbra did respond physiologically to N addition. By the end of the experiment, the average N:P ratio of the Aureoumbra-dominated community was 86 in the N+ treatment and 41 in the control, indicating that the alga became less N-limited in the N+ treatment. The average C:N ratio was 6.6 in the N+ treatment (8.6 in the control) and suggests that the alga was not N-limited, however, C:N ratio may not be a good indicator of nitrogen limitation since this alga can produce significant quantities of carbon-containing extracellular polysaccharides, depending on growth conditions. Both Aureoumbra cellular chlorophyll fluorescence and cell size increased in response to added N, indicating a reduction in N limitation. It appeared that the N additions were not large and/or frequent enough to stimulate Aureoumbra growth. The main competitor, the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus, responded positively to the nitrogen addition by increased specific growth rate. Unlike Aureoumbra, no significant effect on Synechococcus cellular pigment fluorescence or cell size was noted. Literature data suggest that Synechococcus, like Aureoumbra, may have a critical N:P ratio much higher than 16:1, which could explain its response.     

Short-term variation of nutritive and metabolic parameters in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Temora longicornis</Emphasis> females (Crustacea,Copepoda) as a response to diet shift and starvation

Changes in fatty acid patterns, digestive and metabolic enzyme activities and egg production rates (EPR) were studied in the small calanoid copepod Temora longicornis. Female copepods were collected in spring 2005 off Helgoland (North Sea). In the laboratory one group of copepods was fed with the cryptophycean Rhodomonas baltica for a period of 3 days. Another group of copepods was maintained without food. According to the fatty acid patterns, animals from the field were feeding on a more detrital, animal-based and to a minor extent to a diatom-based diet. Under laboratory conditions, females rapidly accumulated fatty acids such as 18:4 (n-3), 18:3 (n-3) and 18:2 (n-6) which are specific of R. baltica. Diatom-specific fatty acids such as 16:1 (n-7) were strongly reduced. In fed animals the activities of digestive and metabolic enzymes remained constant and egg production rates were highest on day 2. Starving animals, in contrast, showed significantly reduced faecal pellet production and EPR. Proteolytic enzyme activity decreased rapidly within 24 h and remained at a low level until the end of the experiment. Citrate synthase decreased continuously as well. T. longicornis rapidly reacts to dietary changes and food depletion. It has limited energy stores and, thus, strongly depends on continuous food supply.     

Karlotoxin mediates grazing by Oxyrrhis marina on strains of Karlodinium veneficum

Karlodinium veneficum is a common member of temperate, coastal phytoplankton assemblages that occasionally forms blooms associated with fish kills. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the cytotoxic and ichthyotoxic compounds produced by K. veneficum, karlotoxins, can have anti-grazing properties against the heterotrophic dinoflagellate, Oxyrrhis marina. The sterol composition of O. marina (>80% cholesterol) renders it sensitive to karlotoxin, and does not vary substantially when fed different algal diets even for prey that are resistant to karlotoxin. At in situ bloom concentrations (10⁴–10⁵ K. veneficum ml⁻¹), grazing rates (cells ingested per Oxyrrhis h⁻¹) on toxic K. veneficum strain CCMP 2064 were 55% that observed on the non-toxic K. veneficum strain MD5. At lower prey concentrations typical of in situ non-bloom levels (<10³ cells ml⁻¹), grazing rates (cells ingested per Oxyrrhis h⁻¹) on toxic K. veneficum strain CCMP 2064 were 70–80% of rates on non-toxic strain MD5. Growth of O. marina was significantly suppressed when fed the toxic strain of K. veneficum. Experiments with mixed prey cultures, where non-toxic strain MD5 was fluorescently stained, showed that the presence of toxic strain CCMP 2064 inhibited grazing of O. marina on the co-occurring non-toxic strain MD5. Exogenous addition of a sub-lethal dose (100 ng ml⁻¹) of purified karlotoxin inhibited grazing of O. marina by approximately 50% on the non-toxic K. veneficum strain MD5 or the cryptophyte S. major. These results identify karlotoxin as an anti-grazing compound for those grazers with appropriate sterol composition (i.e., desmethyl sterols). This strategy is likely to be an important mechanism whereby growth of K. veneficum is uncoupled from losses due to grazing, allowing it to form ichthyotoxic blooms in situ.     

Effects of different Beauveria bassiana isolates on field populations of Lygus lineolaris in pigweed (Amaranthus spp.)

The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is a pest of various fruit, vegetable, fiber, and seed crops; including cotton. Lygus spp. populations often build on alternate host plants before moving to cotton, and in the midsouthern U.S. wild host plants, such as pigweed (Amaranthus spp.), play a major role in L. lineolaris population development. Three isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) were evaluated for L. lineolaris control in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.): one from L. lineolaris in Mississippi (TPB3); one from Lygus hesperus (Knight) in California (WTPB2); and one commercial isolate from Mycotrol^® (GHA). Fungal applications resulted in moderate to high mycosis in adults (33 to 80%) and moderate mycosis in nymphs (36 to 53%) that were collected from field plots at 2 days post-treatment and incubated under laboratory conditions. Although TPB3 was previously found to be more pathogenic in laboratory bioassays, there was not a consistent separation of this isolate from the other two isolates in field trials. Where differences in adult mycosis or mortality were observed, TPB3 was the most pathogenic. However, in one field trial 7 day mortality for nymphs treated with GHA was higher than those treated with TPB3 or WTPB2. Infection rates at 2, 7, and 14 days post-treatment from caged and non-caged adults suggested that movement of adults among plots occurred, which could have masked some treatment effects. Fungal treatments did not significantly reduce populations relative to controls. This may have been caused by delayed mortality rates under field conditions and/or difficulties with estimating population change under field conditions characteristic of wild host plant populations (e.g., heterogeneous populations, adult movement, and small plot size). Further work evaluating time–dose–mortality over dynamic temperatures, spring and fall field trials on this and other wild hosts, and improved methods for estimating populations on wild hosts are needed.     

广叶绣球菌不同生长阶段栽培基质中代谢物差异分析

【背景】栽培基质的利用是广叶绣球菌(Sparassis latifolia)栽培中重要的生理过程,但栽培过程中基质代谢物的变化尚不清楚。【目的】通过不同生长阶段栽培基质中差异代谢物分析挖掘关键代谢物,为广叶绣球菌基质利用机理研究提供理论参考。【方法】利用UHPLC-MS/MS技术分析广叶绣球菌菌丝(Myc)、原基(Pri)和子实体(FB)生长阶段栽培基质中代谢产物的变化,通过不同数据库进行代谢物注释并进行KEGG通路富集分析。利用LC-MS/MS技术检测不同发育阶段绣球菌中植物类激素含量。【结果】三个不同栽培阶段基质中共鉴定出代谢产物1 360个。不同比较组(Pri vs. Myc、FB vs. Myc和FB vs. Pri)间共有的差异代谢产物179个,含量最高的50个代谢物主要包括氨基酸、脂质、吡喃酸、吡喃酮和植物类激素等物质。其中氨基酸含量在Myc、Pri和FB阶段基质中逐渐降低,而吡喃酸和吡喃酮类化合物含量逐渐升高。植物类激素中的赤霉素在Pri和FB阶段基质中含量较高,茉莉酸在Myc阶段基质中含量较高。对不同发育阶段绣球菌植物类激素进行检测,发现赤霉素GA7仅在原基中检测到,1...     

不同生活史阶段秦岭细鳞鲑与同域物种拉氏鱥爆发游泳能力比较研究

爆发游泳能力是表征鱼类生存适合度的重要组分。栖息地破碎化对溪流鱼类(尤其是洄游性鱼类)的生存繁衍构成了严重威胁,同时也对鱼类爆发游泳能力提出了更高要求。秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax tsinlingensis)是我国珍稀特有种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,常需要进行多次重复爆发游泳运动以穿越激流甚至堤坝阻隔,因此爆发游泳能力及其可持续性对该物种生存至关重要。相较于秦岭细鳞鲑显著的洄游性,其分布区最为常见的同域物种拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)则趋于定居性,二者既是研究同域物种适应进化理论的优越动物模型,又是鱼类栖息地保护与修复实践中十分理想的受试目标。为探究秦岭细鳞鲑及其同域物种拉氏鱥爆发游泳能力的种间差异与种内变异,采用自制的仿生态鱼类爆发游泳能力测定装置,分别测定了不同生活史阶段两种实验鱼的绝对爆发游泳速度(Burst swimming speed, U_burst)、相对爆发游泳速度(Relative burst swimming speed,rU_burst)及其可持续性。结果表明:(1)两种实验鱼U_burst、rU_burst均具有较高的可持续性(ICC系数 ＞ 0.75),但秦岭细鳞鲑U_burst和rU_burst具有更强的恢复力;(2)总体上秦岭细鳞鲑的U_burst高于拉氏鱥,二者U_burst差异显著、不存在趋同适应;(3)生活史阶段效应对秦岭细鳞鲑和拉氏鱥U_burst、rU_burst均影响显著,两物种爆发游泳能力种内变异模式相近,U_burst随发育年龄增加而增加、rU_burst随发育年龄增加而减少。研究结果提示,未来鱼类游泳能力关联的鱼道设计或涉水工程评价中,应综合考虑生活史阶段效应和不同物种的生态习性及其种间差异。     

不同光照条件下米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻生长的温度生态幅

米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻是我国东南沿海地区赤潮的主要优势种。为定量获取米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻生长的温度生态幅,根据3个光照水平(28.32,75.06,111.66μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))条件下4个温度水平(18,22,25,28℃)对米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻生长特性的室内培养实验结果,并结合Shelford耐受性定律建立了基于温度的米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻比生长率的耐受性模型,最后根据前期的研究成果分别获取了米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻生长的最适温度、适温范围及耐受温度范围。结果表明,无论是米氏凯伦藻还是东海原甲藻,在相同培养光照条件下,在设定的温度水平范围内,分别存在一个适宜米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻的最适生长温度T_(opt),且当T≤T_(opt)时,米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻细胞密度和比生长率随着温度的升高而显著增大;而当T≥T_(opt)时,米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻细胞密度和比生长率随着温度的升高而显著减小。随着培养光照强度的升高,米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻细胞密度和比生长率均呈现"先升后降"的变化趋势。建立的藻类生长温度耐受性模型与谢尔福德耐受定律较为吻合,定量获取米氏凯伦藻在3个光照水平(28.32,75.06,111.66μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))下的最适生长温度分别为22.48,22.37,22.33℃;适温范围分别为17.93—27.03,17.82—26.92,17.78—26.88℃;耐受温度范围分别为13.38—31.58,13.27—31.47,13.23—31.43℃;东海原甲藻在3个光照水平(28.32,75.06,111.66μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))下的最适生长温度分别为22.10,21.99,21.93℃;适温范围分别为17.59—26.61,17.48—26.5,17.42—26.44℃;耐受温度范围分别为13.08—31.12,12.97—31.01,12.91—30.95℃。     

Relations of intraspecific variations in fecundity, clutch size, and oviposition frequency to the body size in three species of stoneflies, Sweltsa sp., Isoperla aizuana, and Stavsolus japonicus

Most stoneflies oviposit several times during their adult stage. In this study, the relations among oviposition frequency, the number of eggs per egg mass, and body size were examined in the chloroperlid stonefly Sweltsa sp. and two perlodid stoneflies, Isoperla aizuana and Stavsolus japonicus. It was found that larger individuals tended to oviposit more frequently than smaller ones, but the relation was significant only in Isoperla aizuana. In Sweltsa sp. and Isoperla aizuana, the number of eggs per egg mass was higher for the less-frequently ovipositing individuals than for those ovipositing more frequently, and the number of eggs per egg mass decreased with successive oviposition events. Stavsolus japonicus showed the same tendency but it was not statistically significant.