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Ruliang Pan Peng Yanzhang Ye Zhizhang Wang Hong Yu Fahong 《American journal of primatology》1995,35(4):271-281
The masticatory apparatus for two endemic species of golden monkey in China, Rhinopithecus bieti and Rhinopithecus roxellana, were compared with those of macaques, Macaca and leaf monkeys, Presbytis. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the two golden monkey species are distinct. Interspecies allometric analyses revealed that golden monkeys differ in their masticatory apparatus from both macaques and leaf monkeys. The prominent symphysial fusion, corpus, and sagittal condylar dimension of R. roxellana may produce efficient biting force on the incisal and posterior canine teeth, with the heavy reaction force born on the temporomandibular joint. However, the well-developed bizygamatic width and mandibular height in R. bieti suggest that posterior canine function is similarly prominent in R. roxellana, while incisal function is not. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
3.
本文在对金丝猴的三个种群作系统解剖的基础上,与其他灵长类以及金丝猴的三个种群之间进行了比较。结果表明:在金丝猴与其他灵长类进行比较的44个项目中,金丝猴特有者9项;与叶猴相同而与其他灵长类不同者4项;与疣猴类的共同特征9项;与叶猴、类人猿和人相似而为其他猴类所不具备的特征有5项;与类人猿和人相似而为叶猴和其他猴类所不具备的特征有17项。因此,我们认为金丝猴的地位在叶猴之上,是猴超科(Cercopithecoidea) 中最进化的一个属,在灵长类系统发育中处于猴类与猿类之间的中间地位。在金丝猴三个种群之间互异比较中,相互不同的特征均超过60%,似乎完全有理由把它分立为三个种。 相似文献
4.
Because they have been less studied than most other non-human primates (partly due to the difficulties in accessing their
habitat) the origins and phylogenetic relationships ofR. roxellana andR. bieti are controversial. These controversies may be clarified to some degree by adding information on the cranium. To this end,
ten cranial dimensions analysed morphometrically here provide data about cranial differences among species of the genusRhinopithecus, and between species ofRhinopithecus andPygathrix nemaeus. Though more similar to each other than to any others in the same genus, the results show a significant separation betweenR. roxellana andR. bieti to the degree that they may be regarded as two different species. This confirms the conclusions of prior studies of external
features, qualitative morphological characteristics and biochemical evidence (Yeet al, 1987; Zhang and Ryder, 1995; Jablonski, 1998; Penget al., 1988). The differences between these two species are mainly size-related, being highly correlated with cranial length. Other
differences, probably non-size related shape differences, however, are highly correlated with cranial width. Sexual dimorphism
plays a part in these findings. In relation to the other species, however, the results show that the Vietnam golden monkey
(R. avunculus) has closer craniometric relationships with the douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) rather than with the three Chinese golden monkey species. Of these, the Gouzhou species (R. brelichi) shares more similarity withR. avunculus and is more separate fromRhinopithecus roxellana and R. bieti. The smaller differentiation between the two latter species could be due to their more recent separation following the dramatic
elevation of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau after the Middle Pleistocene. 相似文献
5.
Shin'ichi Yoshikubo 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(3):285-299
There are 19 species in genusMacaca and some of them are living in sympatry (Fooden, 1980). Although inter-specific hybrids are relatively easy to produce under artificial conditions, hybridization does not
occur naturally. What is preventing that among the species of genusMacaca?
Three rhesus monkeys acquired a discrimination between pictures with rhesus monkeys and without rhesus monkeys. All subjects
showed positive transfer of this discrimination to new pictures with rhesus monkeys and without rhesus monkeys. A further
test showed that these monkeys could discriminate between pictures of rhesus monkeys and pictures of Japanese monkeys. The
results suggest that rhesus monkeys recognize rhesus monkeys as a class, independent of the actual stimuli such as a picture
or an individual monkey.
The ability to recognize members of their own species and the opportunities for such learning may be an important factor preventing
hybridization among the species of genusMacaca. 相似文献
6.
B Chiarelli 《American journal of physical anthropology》1966,24(2):155-169
The number and the morphology of chromosomes are a characteristic of the species. Knowledge of the mechanisms of chromosome breakage and rearrangement offers the possibility of understanding caryotype evolution. On the basis of this knowledge, we can trace the phylogeny and organize the taxonomy of a group of living forms. In the present paper, the available data on the number and morphology of the chromosomes of the Catarrhine monkeys have been analyzed from the standpoint of taxonomy and evolution. According to this karyological revision, the suborder Catarhine might be divided into two groups (superfamilies): Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea. Within the Cercopithecoidea the following main groups should be further distinguished: 1. a group which includes all the species of the genus Cercopithecus; 2. a group which includes the different species belonging to the genera Papic, Macaca, Theropithecus and Cercocebus; 3. a group which includes the genus Colobus, Presbytis and Hylobates. Within the Hominoidea, the three anthropoid apes (Pan, Pongo, Gorilla) can be distinguished from man by the difference in the number of chromosomes. Moreover, among the anthropoid apes, the Orang-outang can be differentiated from the others by the morphology of the chromosomes. 相似文献
7.
Federica Amici Filippo Aureli Josep Call 《American journal of physical anthropology》2010,143(2):188-197
Differences in cognitive skills across taxa, and between monkeys and apes in particular, have been explained by different hypotheses, although these often are not supported by systematic interspecific comparisons. Here, we directly compared the cognitive performance of the four great apes and three monkey species (spider monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and long‐tailed macaques), differing in their phylogenetic‐relatedness and socioecology. We tested subjects on their ability to remember object locations (memory task), track object displacements (transposition task), and obtain out‐of‐reach rewards (support task). Our results showed no support for an overall clear‐cut distinction in cognitive skills between monkeys and apes as species performance varied substantially across tasks. Although we found differences in performance at tracking object displacements between monkeys and apes, interspecific differences in the other two tasks were better explained in terms of differential socioecology, especially differential levels of fission–fusion dynamics. A cluster analysis using mean scores of each condition of the three tasks for each species suggested that the only dichotomy might be between members of the genus Pan and the rest of the tested species. These findings evidence the importance of using multiple tasks across multiple species in a comparative perspective to test different explanations for the enhancement of specific cognitive skills. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:188–197, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
8.
Histochemical studies on urate oxidase in several mammals with special reference to uricolytic ability of primates 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Strong reactivity for urate oxidase was found in the liver parenchymal cells of the prosimians (i.e. the tree shrew, slow loris, potto and galago) as well as those of lower mammals. The liver parenchymal cells of the platyrrhine monkeys (i.e. the marmoset, owl monkey, squirrel monkey, capuchin monkey and spider monkey) were moderately positive. There was no preferential distribution of granular reaction products in zones of liver lobules of these species. The prosimians and platyrrhine monkeys seem to be uricolytic as lower mammals are. On the other hand, the old world monkeys (i.e. Java monkey and rhesus monkey) and the apes (i.e. the orang-utan and chimpanzee) were histochemically negative. 相似文献
9.
对不同地区川金丝猴食物组成的比较有助于了解其对不同生境食物供应的适应性。本研究通过对陕西川金丝猴猴群食谱的长期记录,并汇集了国内对四川-甘肃和湖北的川金丝猴食性研究结果,集成了这三个地理种群川金丝猴各自的地域性食谱,共计有136 种植物(隶属35 科)被该物种作为采食对象。对来自这三个不同区域(陕西、四川-甘肃、湖北)的川金丝猴食谱组成的比较,发现有近半数的植物是三个地理种群共同的采食对象,但其食谱组成差异明显。这可能源于各地植物本身的多样性差异,及不同地理种群对各种食物采食偏好的不同所致。对其相关聚类分析结果显示,陕西和湖北的猴群在食谱组成上相近,但四川-甘肃的猴群与前两个地区猴群的食谱组成差异极大。然而湖北和四川-甘肃种群在食物的选择上采用了近乎相同的偏好倾向,而陕西的猴群与它们明显不同。我们初步分析认为造成食谱组成和采食偏好差异的原因可能是各地理种群活动地海拔带重叠度不同、森林类型不同、它们在不同林型中活动的时间分配不一。很明显,就我们目前所掌握的有关川金丝猴食谱组成来看,该物种不应该仅仅被认为是一个叶食性灵长类动物,而应该是一个泛化采食者。 相似文献
10.
The cross-reactivity of five different rabbit polyclonal antibodies to human IgG and IgG subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4)
was determined by competitive ELISA with nine nonhuman primate species including five apes, three Old World monkeys, and one
New World monkey. As similar to those previously reported, the reactivity of anti-human IgG antibody with plasma from different
primate species was closely related with phylogenic distance from human. Every anti-human IgG subclass antibody showed low
cross-reactivity with plasma from Old World and New World monkeys. The plasma from all apes except for gibbons (Hylobates spp.) showed 60 to 100% of cross-reactivity with anti-human IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies. On the other hand, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes andPan paniscus) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) plasma showed 100% cross-reactivity with anti-human IgG1 antibody, but gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and gibbon plasma showed no cross-reactivity. The chimpanzee and gorilla plasma cross-reacted with anti-human IgG4 antibody
at different reactivity, 100% in chimpanzee and 50% in gorilla, but no cross-reactivity was observed in orangutan and gibbon
plasma. These results suggest the possibilities that the divergence of “human-type” IgG subclasses might occur at the time
of divergence ofHomo sapience fromHylobatidae, and that the molecular evolution of IgG1 as well as IgG4 is different from that of IgG2 and IgG3 in great apes, this is
probably caused by different in development of immune function in apes during the course of evolution. 相似文献
11.
Deogratias Tuyisingize W. Eckardt D. Caillaud B. A. Kaplin 《American journal of primatology》2022,84(1):e23347
Many primates exhibit behavioral flexibility which allows them to adapt to environmental change and different habitat types. The golden monkey (Cercopithecus mitis kandti) is a little-studied endangered primate subspecies endemic to the Virunga massif and the Gishwati forest in central Africa. In the Virunga massif, golden monkeys are mainly found in the bamboo forest, while in the Gishwati forest they live in mixed tropical montane forest. Here we describe and compare the diet of golden monkeys in both fragments. Over 24 consecutive months from January 2017 we used scan sampling to record feeding and ranging behavior of two Virunga groups and one Gishwati group totaling ca. 240 individuals. We also examined the phenology of bamboo and fruit trees, key seasonal food plant species for the monkeys. Golden monkeys fed on more than 100 plant species. The Virunga groups were mostly folivorous (between 72.8% and 87.16% of the diet) and fed mostly on young bamboo leaves and bamboo shoots, while 48.69% of the diet of the Gishwati group consisted of fruit from 22 different tree and shrub species. Bamboo shoots and fruit are seasonally available foods and were consumed regularly throughout the period when they were available. Despite being the smallest of the three study groups, the Gishwati group had a larger home range area (150.07 ha) compared to both Virunga groups (25.24 and 91.3 ha), likely driven by the differences in availability and distribution of fruit and bamboo in the habitats. Like other blue monkey subspecies, golden monkeys appear to have a flexible dietary strategy enabling them to adjust diet and ranging behavior to local habitats and available food resources. Additional studies and continuing conservation efforts are needed to better understand how variation in feeding and ranging ecology affects reproduction, population growth, and carrying capacity. 相似文献
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Donna Robbins Colin A. Chapman Richard W. Wrangham 《Primates; journal of primatology》1991,32(3):301-305
Gibbons and spider monkeys have similar diets, body size, and locomotor patterns. They are therefore expected to be subject
to similar socioecological rules. However their grouping patterns differ. Gibbons live in small stable groups, whereas spider
monkey form unstable sub-groups that vary from small to large during different seasons. If similar principles apply to the
two species, food abundance should vary more for spider monkeys than for gibbons; food density should be similar for the two
species when spider monkey sub-groups are the same size as gibbon groups; and the highest level of food abundance should be
higher for spider monkeys than for gibbons. These predictions are upheld for a comparison of particular populations ofHylobates muelleri andAteles geoffroyi. 相似文献
14.
Evolution of hominoid locomotion is a traditional topic in primate evolution. Views have changed during the last decade because
a number of crucial differences between early and advanced hominoid morphologies have been demonstrated. Increasing evidence
on primate behaviour and ecology show that any direct analogies between living and fossil hominoids must be made extremely
carefully. The necessity of synthesizing data on primate behaviour, locomotion, morphology and ecology and simultaneously
defining the framework in which the data should be interpreted are explained. Results of our studies of ontogeny of locomotor
and behavioural patterns (LBP) are presented that could help identify the main features of early hominoid locomotor patterns
(LP) and the mechanisms of their changes. The early hominoid LP was different from those of pronograde monkeys and specialized
antipronograde living apes. Some similar features could be expected between early hominoid LP and the LP of ceboid monkeys.
Analogous mechanisms of change of LBP exist in all groups of living higher primates. Crucial early mechanisms of change are
the ontogenetic shifts in LBP connected with ethoecological changes. Analysis of fossil evidence has shown that Miocene hominoids
differ morphologically from any group of living primates. Certain features present in Miocene hominoids could be found in
Atelinae and living Asian apes but they are limited to some functional regions of the postcrania only. Consequently the early
hominoid general LP can not be strictly analogous either to that of any monkey group or to the LP of apes. We suppose that
certain pronograde adaptations, such as climbing, bipedality, limited suspensory activity and sitting constituted the main
part of their LP. 相似文献
15.
Karanth KP 《Journal of genetics》2010,89(4):393-399
Numerous morphology-based classification schemes have been proposed for langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia but there is
very little agreement between them. An incorrect classification scheme when used as a basis for biogeographic studies can
support erroneous hypotheses. Further, lack of taxonomic resolution will also confound conservation efforts, given that conservation
biologists use traditional morphology-based-classification schemes to prioritize species for conservation. Here, I have revisited
recent molecular phylogenetic studies done on langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia. Results from these studies are in turn
used to derive a rational and scientific basis for prioritizing species for conservation. Molecular data support the classification
of langurs of the Indian subcontinent—Hanuman, Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs—in the genus Semnopithecus, whereas Phayre’s
leaf monkey along with other Southeast Asian leaf monkeys form another distinct clade (Trachypithecus). The phylogenetic position
of capped and golden langurs remains unresolved. Molecular data suggest that they are closely related to each other but this
group might have evolved through past hybridization between Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus. Additionally, genetic data also
support the splitting of the so-called Hanuman langurs into at least three species. The scores for taxonomic uniqueness of
langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia were revised using this molecular phylogeny-based classification. According to the
revised scores, Phayres leaf monkey and golden langur are priority species for conservation followed by capped and Nilgiri
langurs. 相似文献
16.
The evolution and taxonomic relationships in theTriticeae are discussed with the view to highlight aspects of this agronomically important group of plants, which may be of interest to molecular biology. Some of these aspects are addressed in more detail in adjoining papers in which specific genomic loci have been examined at the DNA sequence or isozyme level. Aspects discussed include the systematics and geographic distribution of theTriticeae species, isozyme and chromosome pairing studies on some of the species as well as more recent developments in DNA analyses. A survey of the systematics of theTriticeae indicated that the genomic system ofLöve is probably the most useful starting point for interpreting molecular data even though the system has many problems from a taxonomic point of view. The geographical distribution ofTriticeae species, using both published and unpublished data, suggested that information of this type taken together with the theory of continental drift provides a broad time-span for considering data from DNA sequence studies. The significance, and modes of analyses, of isozyme studies were assessed because they often provide valuable characters in determining relationships between species. The main character underlyingLöve's andDewey's analyses of theTriticeae, namely chromosome pairing, is discussed with particular reference to isozyme studies to show that in some cases, such as species ofHordeum sensu lato, consistent relationships are obtained. Finally, new developments in understanding chromosome structure are considered in relation to the above variables in the taxonomy and evolution of theTriticeae. 相似文献
17.
Wen Wang Michael R. J. Forstner Ya-ping Zhang Zi-min Liu Yu Wei Hua-qiang Huang Hong-guang Hu You-xin Xie Deng-hu Wu Don J. Melnick 《International journal of primatology》1997,18(3):305-320
The phylogeny of Chinese leaf monkeys, especially the snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus), has not been thoroughly investigated using molecular sequence data, perhaps due to their rarity in the wild and their poor representation in institutional collections. Despite several proposed classifications, systematic relationships of these species remain poorly defined and this has hindered their conservation. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the leaf monkey clade in China, we sequenced the mitochondrial ND3, ND4L, ND4, tRNA
Arg
, tRNA
His
, tRNA
Ser
, and tRNA
Leu
genes for Rhinopithecus bieti, R. roxellana, Trachypithecus francoisi, T. f. leucocephalus, and T. phayrei as well as Pygathrix nemaeus and Colobus guereza. We included a total of 2252 characters for each individual, excluding gaps in primary sequences. Our interpretation of the results from character-and distance-based phylogenetic analyses suggest that (1) Pygathrix nemaeus is sister to Rhinopithecus rather than to Trachypithecus though it is quite divergent from the former; (2) the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus bieti, represents a valid species; (3) the white-headed leaf monkey is not a distinct species, but instead is a subspecies of Trachypithecus francoisi (T. f. leucocephalus), though it should still be considered a separate evolutionary significant unit (ESU); and (4) because two individuals of the Phayrei's leaf monkey, T. phayrei, are genetically distinct from one another, a more extensive revision of the taxonomy of this putative species in China is needed. These results, plus ongoing work on the molecular systematics of the entire Asian leaf monkey radiation, can provide a sound basis for identifying the appropriate units of conservation for this endangered group of primates. 相似文献
18.
Lu Qingwu 《Human Evolution》2004,19(3):217-226
The juvenile mandible ofLufengpithecus lufengensis (PA869) discovered in 1980 at back to latest Miocene lignite rich deposit in Shihuiba Village, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province
in southwest of China is described in this study. The specimen was compared with the juvenile mandibles ofSivapithecus, Australopithecus, earlyHomo and extant great apes. Some characteristics of the juvenile mandible ofLufengpithecus indicate that the proportional relation between the length, the height and the thickness of the mandibular corpus are very
similar to those of the adult mandible of same species. This Lufeng juvenile mandible is of a 3–3.5 years old female individual. 相似文献
19.
ALAN R. MOOTNICK CLARE CUNNINGHAM ELAINE BAKER 《American journal of primatology》2012,74(11):1035-1043
Although there have been few studies of self‐scratching in primates, some have reported distinct differences in whether hands or feet are used, and these variations seem to reflect the evolutionary history of the Order. Monkeys and prosimians use both hands and feet to self‐scratch while African great apes use hands almost exclusively. Gibbons represent an evolutionary divergence between monkeys and great apes and incidental observations at the Gibbon Conservation Center pointed to a difference in self‐scratching among the four extant gibbon genera (Hoolock, Nomascus, Symphalangus, and Hylobates). To validate and further explore these preliminary observations, we collected systematic data on self‐scratching from 32 gibbons, including nine species and all four genera. To supplement gibbon data, we also collected self‐scratching information from 18 great apes (four species), five prosimians (two species), 26 New World Monkeys (nine species) and 20 Old World Monkeys (seven species). All monkeys and some prosimians used both hands and feet to self‐scratch, whereas one prosimian species used only feet. All African great apes used hands exclusively (orangutans were an exception displaying occasional foot‐use). This appears to represent a fundamental difference between monkeys and great apes in limb use. Interestingly, there was a clear difference in self‐scratching between the four gibbon genera. Hylobates and Symphalangus self‐scratched only with hands (like all African great apes), while Hoolock and Nomascus self‐scratched with both hands and feet (like monkeys and prosimians). This difference in gibbon behavior may reflect the evolutionary history of gibbons as Hoolock and Nomascus are thought to have evolved before both Hylobates and Symphalangus. What evolutionary pressures led to this divergent pattern is currently opaque; however, this shift in limb preference may result from niche separation across the order facilitating differences in the behavioral repertoire associated with hind and forelimbs. Am. J. Primatol. 74:1035‐1043, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
20.
Wolfgang Schatz 《Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift》2001,75(1):51-70
The middle Triassic bivalve genusDaonella
Mojsisovics, 1874 would be an ideal guide fossil (worldwide distribution, high evolutionary rates); however, the classification of daonellas
is difficult. Most daonellas lack distinct characters and have a wide range of morphologic variation. A new taxonomic attempt
was necessary to get a coherentDaonella classification.
The new taxonomic concept proposed herein consists of four steps. (1) Biometric characters are defined unambiguously, based
on landmarks and pseudolandmarks. (2) The taxonomic significance of biometric characters is analyzed. Several characters depend
significantly on growth stage of specimens or on the lithology of fossil localities. In addition, the intercorrelations between
biometric characters are studied to exclude weighting in some morphologic features. The study of the taxonomic significance
of biometric characters shows, how important a careful selection of taxonomic characters is. (3) Most daonellas are not determinable
by univariate or bivariate methods. The principle component analysis (PCA) is applied to detect groups of similar holomorphs
in multivariate space. (4) The interpreted groups from PCA are applied to a canonical discriminant function analysis. This
analysis helps in deciding whether two groups are sufficiently distinct to be separated as different species.
This new taxonomic concept was applied to moussoneliform daonellas of the middle Triassic from the Southern Alps. Three different
forms were used for the study herein:Daonella moussoni (Mérian, 1853) from the Varenna Limestone (Perledo-Varenna Formation, Grigna, Italy),D. aff.moussoni (Mérian)Rieber, 1969 from the lower Meride Limestone (Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland) andD. pseudomoussoni
Rieber, 1969 from the Grenzbitumenzone (Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland). The new classification shows thatD. pseudomoussoni is a separate species and distinguishable fromD. moussoni andD. aff.moussoni, which belong to the same species.
A coherent systematics ofDaonella becomes possible on the basis of newly defined taxonomic characters. Daonellas can now be used as relevant guide fossils
for the middle Triassic. The presented example demonstrates a biostratigraphic correlation between the lower Meride Limestone
at Monte San Giorgio and the Varenna Limestone at Grigna. The stratigraphic distribution ofD. moussoni can be assigned to thegredleri Zone. 相似文献