石竹属植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对石竹属12个种的植物叶表皮特征进行观察,统计并测量叶表皮气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔指数。结果表明,石竹属植物叶表皮细胞形态(表面观)为长方形和不规则多边形。乳突只存在于针叶石竹、高石竹和细茎石竹中。按气孔形状可将其分为了3个类型:椭圆形、卵圆形和长方形。研究结果对石竹属的系统分类和种间亲缘关系研究具有一定的参考价值。     

甘草属植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

应用叶片离析法和石蜡切片法,在光学显微镜下观察了国产甘草属植物10种1变种共16个代表植物的叶表皮特征。统计并测量叶表皮气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔指数。结果表明,该属植物叶表皮细胞形态(表面观)为多边形和不规则形,垂周壁式样为平直、浅波缘、深波缘;气孔器有6种类型,以无规则型、不等型、短平列型为主,一种植物往往具有2~3种气孔器;毛状体为单毛和鳞片毛两种类型。以上特征在属以下、种以上的分类等级具有一定规律性,有的也表现出种间差异,对甘草属属以下等级的划分有重要价值,同时也为本属一些分类群间的系统关系的探讨提供佐证。     

中国西南地区独活属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国西南地区独活属16种1变种植物(分隶于中国独活属的全部4个组)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察,测量并统计气孔器大小、密度和气孔指数,并用统计学方法对远轴面气孔器长轴进行显著差异性分析.结果显示:无规则型气孔器普遍存在于所有研究类群的叶远轴面及个别类群叶近轴面,气孔器的分布和密度具有种间特异性.表皮毛普遍存在于远轴面及大部分类群近轴面,长短和覆盖密度因种而异.近轴面表皮细胞为多边形或者不规则形,垂周壁平直、浅波状或波状;远轴面表皮细胞形态多不规则形,表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状或波状.在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的附有颗粒状、鳞片状蜡质等结构.气孔器外拱盖形态以及蜡质类型是稳定的鉴别特征.研究表明独活属植物叶表皮特征存在较大的种间差异,对独活属的系统分类及进化研究具有重要意义,文中对叶表皮特征在独活属植物分类处理中的应用及系统进化问题等进行了讨论,并建立了以叶表皮微形态特征为依据的分类检索表.     

鹿药属植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对鹿药属12种植物的叶表皮进行了观察,首次报道了12种鹿药属(Sm ilaci-na)植物叶表皮的微形态特征。结果表明:气孔器普遍存在于叶的下表皮,少数种的上表皮也有分布,均为不规则形。叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁式样可区分为近平直、浅波状和波状。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的条纹隆起,有的条纹上附有颗粒和晶簇。气孔器的分布、气孔器外拱盖内缘形态以及角质膜等特征对该属部分种的区分具有一定的参考价值。     

珍珠菜属植物叶表皮纹饰特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对21种珍珠菜属植物叶表皮纹饰特征进行了研究。根据叶表皮外壁纹饰特征,可以明显的划分为两种类型,即黑腺珍珠菜型和细梗香草型。这两种类型与以雄蕊群的构造为主要依据的属下分类系统的对应关系不密切,表明叶表皮纹饰特征在亚属级水平上分类学意义不大。但该属植物叶腺体的有无,颜色和分布以及叶表皮纹饰特征在种内相当稳定,种间差异较大,在种级水平上具有重要的分类学意义。     

中国杜鹃花属的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜对国产杜鹃花属Rhododendron6个亚属48种4变种植物的叶表皮特征进行观察,结果表明叶表皮的鳞片、腺体、表皮毛的有无和气孔器的类型具有一定的系统学意义。光学显微镜下可见：叶表皮细胞形状为多边形、不规则形,垂周壁式样为较平直、浅波状和波状．气孔器普遍存在于下表皮,上表皮未见气孔器分布,其类型均为无规则形。杜鹃亚属subgen．Rhododendron叶表皮具有鳞片,在扫描电镜下可见气孔器散生于指状突起之间,有别于无鳞类杜鹃花。常绿杜鹃亚属subgen．Hymenanthes和映山红亚属subgen．Tsutsusi有多种不同叶表皮类型;除了凯里杜鹃R．westlandii和弯蒴杜鹃R．henryi形态较特殊之外,马银花亚属subgen．Azaleastrum的马银花组sect．Azaleastrum和长蕊杜鹃组sect．Choniastrum微形态区别不明显。羊踯躅亚属subgen．Pentanthera的羊踯躅R．molle叶表皮有表皮毛,无腺体,气孔器密生,外拱盖形状不对称,外围有多层波形条纹突起可与其他亚属区分：而叶状苞亚属subgen．Therorhodion的叶状苞杜鹃R．redowskianum保卫细胞有明显的T型加厚,与其他亚属种类明显不同,与分子系统发育研究得到的“叶状苞亚属是杜鹃花属的基部类群”的结果吻合。本研究还依据叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘种类的关系。     

国产润楠属植物的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

对45种国产润楠属(Machilus Nees)植物的叶表皮进行光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,其中31种为首次报道.结果表明:润楠属植物叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形,气孔复合体均为平列型且仅分布在下表皮;上下表皮细胞的垂周壁式样有5种类型:平直、圆滑、浅波、波状、平直-弓形;下表皮毛被有(稀疏、密集或非常密集)或无;上表皮平周壁纹饰类型有:点状、平滑、条纹(或波浪条纹);下表皮内面平周壁纹饰类型有:不规则、平滑、粗糙网状、微毛状、颗粒状、鳞片状.这些特征在本属种间存在较显著的差异,可作为区分种类的辅助特征和种间亲缘关系,因而对润楠属植物的分类学研究和亲缘关系的确定有较大意义.     

中国蔷薇属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和电子显微镜,对30种中国蔷薇属植物叶表皮的微形态特征进行了观察。结果表明:叶表皮细胞一般为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁平直、平直弓状、波状、浅波状和深波状式样;该属植物的叶表皮细胞大小种间差异较大,总体来看上表皮几乎全为多边形细胞,且上表皮细胞比下表皮细胞略大;在扫描电镜下观察,大部分细胞的平周壁下陷,仅部分细胞的平周壁突起;叶表皮角质层纹饰多样、即使同一个种的上下表皮细胞角质层纹饰微形态特征也有差异;大多植物叶片表面具柔毛,均为单毛,有长柔毛和短柔毛,大部分种类的柔毛基部无特化,其基部由普通的表皮细胞围绕着,少部分种类的柔毛基部由几个特化的辐射状细胞围绕着,少数植物无毛;有些植物叶表面或叶脉上还分布有腺毛;除了单叶蔷薇亚属的小蘗叶蔷薇1个种的上下表皮均分布有气孔器外,其余蔷薇亚属的29种植物的气孔器均分布在下表皮,形状为椭圆形、宽椭圆形和长椭圆形三种,气孔器类型有无规则型、不规则四细胞型、对位四细胞型、环列型和辐射型;气孔器外拱盖内缘近平滑或呈深浅不同的波状、气孔器外拱盖纹饰光滑或粗糙,大多植物气孔器的保卫细胞两级T型加厚;另外,只有小蘗叶蔷薇的气孔器具双层外拱盖且仅上表皮被毛等特征也说明了其在演化上的特殊地位,蔷薇属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内各组间无明确的规律性,但可为探讨该属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

国产野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对29种野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察。结果显示：叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种,垂周壁式样有深波状、浅波状和平直-弓形;表皮角质层纹饰微形态多样,大多数植物叶片表面不具有腺毛或仅中脉有,少数植物叶片表面具腺毛;部分叶表皮上有柔毛,少数植物无毛。气孔器存在于上表皮、下表皮、或上下表皮均有,形状为椭圆形、卵圆形,均为无规则型。野豌豆属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内组间没有明确的规律性,但可为探讨本属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

29种中国野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对29种野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察。结果显示:叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种,垂周壁式样有深波状、浅波状和平直-弓形;表皮角质层纹饰微形态多样,大多数植物叶片表面不具有腺毛或仅中脉有,少数植物叶片表面具腺毛;部分叶表皮上有柔毛,少数植物无毛。气孔器存在于上表皮、下表皮、或上下表皮均有,形状为椭圆形、卵圆形,均为无规则型。野豌豆属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内组间没有明确的规律性,但可为探讨该属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

中国梅花草属( 梅花草科) 一些种类的订正

在标本研究和野外观察的基础上, 对中国分布的梅花草属( Parnassia) 的一些种类进行了修订, 将披针瓣梅花草( P. lanceolata) 、窄瓣梅花草( P . angustipetala) 与德格梅花草( P. degeensis) 归并入云南梅花草( P. yunnanensis) ; 将贵州梅花草( P. petimenginii ) 归并入峨眉梅花草( P. faberi ) ; 将矮小梅花草( P. humillis ) 归并入三脉梅花草( P. trinervis) ; 将青海梅花草( P . qinghaiensis) 归并入高山梅花草( P. cacuminum); 将康定梅花草( P . kangdingensis) 归并入类三脉梅花草( P. pusilla) 。     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. （Parnassiaceae） and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type I, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type II, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type III, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassiafaberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

中国梅花草属(梅花草科)一些种类的订正

在标本研究和野外观察的基础上,对中国分布的梅花草属(Parnassia)的一些种类进行了修订,将披针瓣梅花草(P.lanceolata)、窄瓣梅花草(P.angustipetala)与德格梅花草(P.degeensis)归并入云南梅花草(P.yunnanensis);将贵州梅花草(P.petimenginii)归并入峨眉梅花草(P.faberi);将矮小梅花草(P.humillis)归并入三脉梅花草(P.trinervis);将青海梅花草(P.qinghaiensis)归并入高山梅花草(P.ca-cuminum);将康定梅花草(P.kangdingensis)归并入类三脉梅花草(P.pusilla)。     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. (Parnassiaceae) and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type Ⅰ, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type Ⅱ, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type Ⅲ, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassia faberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

梅花草属四个种的新异名

将丽江梅花草(Parnassia lijiangensis Ku)处理为凹瓣梅花草(P．mysorensis Heyne ex Wight et Am．)的异名;彝良梅花草(P．yiliangensis Ku)处理为大叶梅花草(P．monochorifolia Franch．)的异名;思茅梅花草(P．simaoensis Y．Y．Qian)处理为鸡眼草(P．wightiana Wall．ex Wight ＆ Am．)的异名;龙胜梅花草(P．longshengensis Ku)处理为宽叶梅花草(P．dilatata Hand．-Mazz．)的异名。     

Leaf epidermal morphology of Zanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae) from China

Leaf epidermis characters in 40 of ca. 250 species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stomata are anomocytic and exist only on the abaxial epidermis except in Z. nitidum, which also has stomata on the adaxial surface. The epidermal cells are usually polygonal or irregular in shape, with anticlinal walls straight, arched, repand, or sinuous. Under the SEM, the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim is nearly smooth, sinuolate or erose, and the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis is smooth, striate, or sometimes striate to wrinkled. These data of leaf epidermis of Zanthoxylum demonstrated that there exist many common characters between subgen. Fagara and subgen. Zanthoxylum, sug-gesting a close relationship between the two subgenera. The utility of some characters in identifying some species of Zanthoxylum was also discussed.     

Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in the Chloranthaceae

Leaf epidermis of 23 samples representing 16 species of all the four extant genera of the Chloranthaceae, i.e. Sarcandra, Chloranthus, Ascarina and Hedyosmum , were investigated under both light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Characters of leaf epidermis in this family, such as pattern of epidermal cells, type of stomata, shape of guard cell pairs and cuticular ornamentation, are usually constant in species and thus of great significance in understanding the relationships between and within genera. The previous viewpoints with either Hedyosmum or Chloranthus shown as having the closest affinity with Ascarina seem to be unreasonable. The phylogeny indicated by DNA sequence analysis, which suggested that Ascarina be the sister group of Sarcandra and Chloranthus , and Hedyosmum the sister of the above three genera, is well supported. Within Chloranthus , the traditional division of the genus on the basis of habit seems to be quite unnatural. Evidence from leaf epidermis, just as that from stem anatomy and cytology as well as sequence analysis of ITS region, strongly suggests the separation of the genus into two groups according to the characteristics of androecial organs.     

葡萄科植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,对葡萄科Vitaceae11属37种代表植物的叶表皮特征进行了观察,发现该科植物叶表皮细胞形状为无规则形或多边形,垂周壁一般为平直、弓形或浅波状;气孔器通常仅分布在下表皮（火筒树属Leea偶尔可在上表皮观察到）,除无规则型（地锦属Parthenocissus、俞藤属Yua、葡萄属Vitis、蛇葡萄属Ampelopsis和酸蔹藤属Ampelocissus）最为常见外,不等细胞型（火筒树属）、短平列型（白粉藤属Cissus、乌蔹莓属Cayratia和崖爬藤属Tetrastigma）、     

Applying plant DNA barcodes to identify species of Parnassia (Parnassiaceae)

DNA barcoding is a technique to identify species by using standardized DNA sequences. In this study, a total of 105 samples, representing 30 Parnassia species, were collected to test the effectiveness of four proposed DNA barcodes (rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA and ITS) for species identification. Our results demonstrated that all four candidate DNA markers have a maximum level of primer universality and sequencing success. As a single DNA marker, the ITS region provided the highest species resolution with 86.7%, followed by trnH-psbA with 73.3%. The combination of the core barcode regions, matK+rbcL, gave the lowest species identification success (63.3%) among any combination of multiple markers and was found unsuitable as DNA barcode for Parnassia. The combination of ITS+trnH-psbA achieved the highest species discrimination with 90.0% resolution (27 of 30 sampled species), equal to the four-marker combination and higher than any two or three marker combination including rbcL or matK. Therefore, matK and rbcL should not be used as DNA barcodes for the species identification of Parnassia. Based on the overall performance, the combination of ITS+trnH-psbA is proposed as the most suitable DNA barcode for identifying Parnassia species. DNA barcoding is a useful technique and provides a reliable and effective mean for the discrimination of Parnassia species, and in combination with morphology-based taxonomy, will be a robust approach for tackling taxonomically complex groups. In the light of our findings, we found among the three species not identified a possible cryptic speciation event in Parnassia.     

中国黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了国产黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属16种1变种的叶表皮特征。结果表明,气孔器在各种植物的上、下表皮均有分布,多为无规则型,也有不等细胞型;叶表皮细胞形状有不规则形与多边形,表皮细胞垂周壁有平直、浅波状、波状或深波状。叶表皮细胞形状与垂周壁的式样可以分为四种类型,这四种类型与亚属的分组有一定的对应关系。在扫描电镜下可见表皮细胞上有角质层,气孔下陷,气孔的外拱盖及其内缘特征在亚属内都比较一致。表皮细胞角质层的纹饰在个别类群中有一定的变异,对种类的鉴定有一定的意义。