用人胞质体对线粒体疾病进行基因治疗

用人胞质体对线粒体疾病进行基因治疗关键词胞质体线粒体ＤＮＡ基因治疗１．引言线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）的突变能引起罕见的线粒体脑性肌病和常见的心血管疾病、糖尿病等退行性疾病。由于线粒体疾病的根本原因为ｍｔＤＮＡ的突变及其蓄积,因此,治疗线粒体疾病的根本...     

转线粒体细胞模型

转线粒体细胞模型是由无线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞与mtDNA供体通过融合的方法而形成的融合细胞。随着转线粒体技术的发展,制备该细胞模型的方法也多种多样。现今,转线粒体模型的应用十分广泛,不仅可应用于线粒体相关疾病的基础研究,而且在线粒体相关疾病的临床研究中也发挥了重要的作用。融合细胞具有一致的核背景,可以消除核基因的作用,因而有助于判断mtDNA突变的致病作用及机制和线粒体缺陷的致病作用及机制。此外,利用该模型还可作为探讨线粒体相关疾病基因治疗和筛选疾病治疗药物的有效模型。     

荧光定量PCR精确检测人胚胎干细胞线粒体DNA拷贝数方法的建立

建立一种精确定量人胚胎干细胞线粒体DNA拷贝数的方法。构建包含线粒体DNANDl和核单拷贝基β-globin基因序列的重组质粒作为标准品;收集无饲养层培养体系下人胚胎干细胞DNA样本,结合2个单独的Taqman探针实时荧光定量PCR对待测样本中线粒体NDl和核β-globin基因分别进行定量,从而对人胚胎干细胞线粒体DNA的含量进行了精确定量。结果提示,人胚胎干细胞线粒体DNA的平均拷贝数／细胞为1321±228。研究表明,该技术可对人胚胎干细胞线粒体DNA拷贝数进行准确的测定,为研究培养条件对人胚胎干细胞线粒体DNA拷贝数的影响及优化体外培养条件奠定了基础。     

线粒体移植疗法

线粒体移植(mitochondrial transplantation)曾指利用显微操作,将分离获得的正常线粒体注射到卵细胞的辅助生殖技术。近年兴起的,将线粒体直接注射到组织器官的受损部位,或注射到血液循环系统,进而发挥治疗作用的技术,同样被称为线粒体移植。在细胞研究水平,则是直接将线粒体与培养细胞共同孵育。这些技术方法也统称为线粒体疗法。该文系统综述了线粒体移植在心、脑、肝、肾、肺、骨骼肌等多种组织器官损伤模型中,在小鼠、大鼠、兔、猪等多种实验动物模型中的研究成果,以及在心脏病患儿体内的初步临床研究成果;介绍了学界提出的线粒体进入细胞、产生ATP等作用机制,及对此机制的相关质疑;同时介绍了自己课题组关于线粒体移植治疗皮肤急性光损伤和烧伤的研究成果,提出并讨论了线粒体可能不需要进入细胞即可发挥作用的假说。该文提出线粒体移植机制的内化机制和非内化机制概念,为深化线粒体移植机制研究指出新方向。     

外源性线粒体DNA在细胞内的重建(简报)

近年来发现人类多种神经肌肉疾病存在线粒体电子传递链(electron transport chain,ETC)缺陷。由于线粒体在遗传上受核基因和线粒体基因双重控制,给确定ETC缺陷的来源造成困难。转线粒体DNA技术是线粒体同无线粒体DNA的细胞(ρ°cells)融合,形成转线粒体DNA细胞系(mtDNA-transferred cell line,也称cytoplasmic hybrids,简称cybrids),使病人的线粒体DNA(mito-     

胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化过程中能量代谢变化的研究

本文通过定向诱导人胚胎干细胞分化为心肌细胞,对分化过程中胚胎干细胞、心肌祖细胞和心肌细胞糖酵解能力和线粒体氧化磷酸化能力进行实时定量检测,旨在探索分化过程中细胞能量代谢表型的转换机制.用GSK3抑制剂CHIR99021和Wnt信号通路小分子抑制剂IWP2的方法定向分化人胚胎干细胞为心肌祖细胞和心肌细胞;细胞免疫荧光检测人胚胎干细胞标志物,流式细胞术检测人心肌祖细胞和心肌细胞标志物;应用细胞外流量分析(extracellular flux analysis)方法检测人胚胎干细胞、心肌祖细胞和心肌细胞能量代谢情况.研究发现,人胚胎干细胞干性保持稳定,均表达Nanog、OCT4、SOX2细胞标志物;在向心肌分化过程中,第7 d心肌祖细胞标志物Isl1表达99%以上,分化第14 d心肌细胞标志物cTnT表达83%以上;人胚胎干细胞糖酵解代谢能力最强,心肌细胞线粒体功能最强,心肌祖细胞处于两种代谢方式的过度阶段.因此推断,在人胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化的过程中,细胞糖酵解能力逐渐减弱,线粒体氧化磷酸化能力逐渐增强,细胞的能量代谢类型发生转变.本研究旨在优化人胚胎干细胞定向分化为心肌细胞的方法,揭示...     

小鼠类胚胎干细胞分离培养及用于制作嵌合体小鼠的实验研究

目的探讨分离小鼠囊胚内细胞群类胚胎干细胞及用于制作嵌合体小鼠的方法及应用价值。方法分离3.5d小鼠囊胚内细胞群的类胚胎干细胞作为供体细胞,通过显微注射方法将分离的类胚胎干细胞注射到供体小鼠的囊胚腔中,再将注射后的囊胚移植到假孕雌鼠的子宫中制作嵌合体小鼠。结果分离36枚囊胚的内细胞群类胚胎干细胞,注射256只昆明小鼠囊胚中,移植32只假孕雌鼠子宫中,获产崽2窝,共12只,其中2只获毛色嵌合体小鼠。结论采用该技术分离所获得的类胚胎干细胞作为供体细胞制作嵌合体小鼠获得成功,该方法为ES细胞介导的转基因动物制作增添了一条新的途径,在同种不同品系的动物改良及遗传病基因治疗中有一定的应用价值,尤其是对未能建立ES细胞系的大动物的遗传工程操作具有一定意义。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞建系技术研究进展

目前,对小鼠胚胎干细胞的研究较为深入,并已成为研究细胞分化及信号转导、新基因发现及功能鉴定、器官发生、人类疾病和药物开发等的有效手段。胚胎干细胞建系是一项基础性工作。虽然技术日趋成熟,有些品系小鼠的胚胎干细胞建系已是常规技术,但不同品系小鼠胚胎干细胞的建系效率仍有很大差异,建系途径和方法各有特点,一个品系胚胎干细胞的建系方法不一定都适用于其他品系。本文从小鼠胚胎干细胞建系的途径、分离操作技术、培养体系等方面进行综述,并就与之相关的有些问题提出思考和对策。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统在小鼠胚胎干细胞中进行miR-22的功能研究

旨在构造neomycin筛选标记的sgRNA表达载体,并利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建miR-22缺失的小鼠胚胎干细胞,探究miR-22在小鼠胚胎干细胞中的调控作用。首先通过点突变、搭桥PCR等手段,构造neomycin筛选标记的sgRNA表达载体,并获得靶向敲除miR-22的sgRNA表达载体,电转至稳转Cas9的小鼠胚胎干细胞中;其次经药物筛选、基因型鉴定等步骤筛选miR-22纯合缺失的小鼠胚胎干细胞。RT-qPCR手段证实miR-22在小鼠胚胎干细胞中被成功敲除,纯合突变体的比例约为6.67%。此外,miR-22缺失并未影响胚胎干细胞的细胞形态以及Oct4、Sox2和Nanog等干性基因的表达。因此,miR-22对小鼠胚胎干细胞的干性维持并非必需,而对胚胎干细胞谱系分化和命运决定的影响还有待进一步研究。     

Production of transmitochondrial mice

With the advancement of various gene transfer technologies, the establishment of mitochondria transfer as a viable technique to genetically engineer mouse models paradoxically lagged behind other genetic technologies. The lack of demonstrable recombination in mtDNA necessitates different approaches to conventional transgenesis-based techniques. Initially, heteroplasmic mice were created to explore disease pathogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics in an in vivo system. Ultimately, transmitochondrial mouse models will be used to explore the role of the mitochondrial genome in human disease processes and in the development of novel human gene therapies. Here, we describe methodology to produce transmitochondrial mice (both homoplasmic and heteroplasmic models) harboring foreign mitochondrial genomes, using both embryo microinjection and embryonic stem (ES) cell-based approaches. Specific modeling and the procedures for mitochondrial transfer will be of considerable importance toward our understanding of discrete mitochondrial mutations, as well as lead to the development of novel strategies and therapies for human diseases influenced by mitochondrial DNA mutations.     

Transmitochondrial embryonic stem cells containing pathogenic mtDNA mutations are compromised in neuronal differentiation

Objectives:  Defects of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) cause a series of rare, mainly neurological disorders. In addition, they have been implicated in more common forms of movement disorders, dementia and the ageing process. In order to try to model neuronal dysfunction associated with mitochondrial disease, we have attempted to establish a series of trans mitochondrial mouse embryonic stem cells harbouring pathogenic mtDNA mutations.
Materials and methods:  Trans mitochondrial embryonic stem cell cybrids were generated by fusion of cytoplasts carrying a variety of mtDNA mutations, into embryonic stem cells that had been pretreated with rhodamine 6G, to prevent transmission of endogenous mtDNA. Cybrids were differentiated into neurons and assessed for efficiency of differentiation and electrophysiological function.
Results:  Neuronal differentiation could occur, as indicated by expression of neuronal markers. Differentiation was impaired in embryonic stem cells carrying mtDNA mutations that caused severe biochemical deficiency. Electrophysiological tests showed evidence of synaptic activity in differentiated neurons carrying non-pathogenic mtDNA mutations or in those that caused a mild defect of respiratory activity. Again, however, neurons carrying mtDNA mutations that resulted in severe biochemical deficiency had marked reduction in post-synaptic events.
Conclusions:  Differentiated neurons carrying severely pathogenic mtDNA defects can provide a useful model for understanding how such mutations can cause neuronal dysfunction.     

Production of mitochondrial DNA transgenic mice using zygotes

Several animal models of human disease, which have been developed by random or targeted modifications of genomic DNA sequences, have furthered our understanding of pathogenesis and the development of therapeutics. However, these models have not facilitated studies on mitochondrial diseases, since modifications to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences are not possible using current recombination techniques. Consequently, information on human mitochondrial diseases is relatively sparse, and issues related to mitochondrial pathogenesis and inheritance remain unresolved. Recently, we reported the development of a new technique to generate mice carrying mutant mtDNA from a mouse cell line. In this report, we describe our techniques in detail, with emphasis on the preparation of donor cytoplasts and the micromanipulative procedures for electrofusion of cytoplasts and recipient zygotes. These steps are critically important for the successful introduction of exogenous mtDNA into embryos, and thereby into animals, so that the mutant mtDNA is efficiently propagated in subsequent generations.     

线粒体钾通道Kcna3基因敲除小鼠初步制备

目的 为观察线粒体钾通道在缺血再灌注(I/R)心肌损伤中的作用,探讨其和心衰的关系,制备基因敲除小鼠模型以探讨钾通道单分子作用.方法 用BAC载体制备同源重组载体,对129小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES)打靶筛选后,显微注射至C57 BL/6J小鼠囊胚获得嵌合小鼠.经尾基因组DNA PCR鉴定和测序,鉴别杂合子小鼠.结果 在40只灰色小鼠中初步鉴定出Kcna3+/-基因型F1小鼠8只.结论 在国内首先用ES同源重组基因打靶方法,成功育成Kcna3基因敲除鼠杂合子,为下一步获得纯合子鼠奠定了基础.对进一步用钾离子通道病模型研究心肌保护病理生理机制和药物筛选具重要意义.     

A method for mutagenesis of mouse mtDNA and a resource of mouse mtDNA mutations for modeling human pathological conditions

Mutations in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause mitochondrial disease and have been associated with neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes and aging. Yet our progress toward delineating the precise contributions of mtDNA mutations to these conditions is impeded by the limited availability of faithful transmitochondrial animal models. Here, we report a method for the isolation of mutations in mouse mtDNA and its implementation for the generation of a collection of over 150 cell lines suitable for the production of transmitochondrial mice. This method is based on the limited mutagenesis of mtDNA by proofreading-deficient DNA-polymerase γ followed by segregation of the resulting highly heteroplasmic mtDNA population by means of intracellular cloning. Among generated cell lines, we identify nine which carry mutations affecting the same amino acid or nucleotide positions as in human disease, including a mutation in the ND4 gene responsible for 70% of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathies (LHON). Similar to their human counterparts, cybrids carrying the homoplasmic mouse LHON mutation demonstrated reduced respiration, reduced ATP content and elevated production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). The generated resource of mouse mtDNA mutants will be useful both in modeling human mitochondrial disease and in understanding the mechanisms of ROS production mediated by mutations in mtDNA.     

Cloned mice derived from embryonic stem cell karyoplasts and activated cytoplasts prepared by induced enucleation

Our objective was to induce enucleation (IE) of activated mouse oocytes to yield cytoplasts capable of supporting development following nuclear transfer. Fluorescence microscopy for microtubules, microfilaments, and DNA was used to evaluate meiotic resumption after ethanol activation and the effect of subsequent transient treatments with 0.4 micro g/ml of demecolcine. Using oocytes from B6D2F1 (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) donors, the success of IE of chromatin into polar bodies (PBs) was dependent on the duration of demecolcine treatment and the time that such treatment was initiated after activation. Similarly, variations in demecolcine treatment altered the proportions of oocytes exhibiting a reversible compartmentalization of chromatin into PBs. Treatment for 15 min begun immediately after activation yielded an optimized IE rate of 21% (n = 80) when oocytes were evaluated after overnight recovery in culture. With this protocol, 30-50% of oocytes were routinely scored as compartmentalized when assessed 90 min postactivation. No oocytes could be scored as such following overnight recovery, with 66% of treated oocytes cleaving to the 2-cell stage (n = 80). Activated cytoplasts were prepared by mechanical removal of PBs from oocytes whose chromatin had undergone IE or compartmentalization. These cytoplasts were compared with mechanically enucleated, metaphase (M) II cytoplasts whose activation was delayed in nuclear transfer experiments using HM-1 embryonic stem cells. Using oocytes from either B6D2F1 or B6CBAF1 (C57BL/6 x CBA) donors, the in vitro development of cloned embryos using activated cytoplasts was consistently inferior to that observed using MII cytoplasts. Live offspring were derived from both oocyte strains using the latter, whereas a single living mouse was cloned from activated B6CBAF1 cytoplasts.     

Cytoplast containing reprogramming-related factors from human embryonic stem cells arrested at metaphase

Generating pluripotent stem cells directly from a patient's somatic cells is one of the major methods to avoid rejection in future regenerative medicine. It is reported that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are able to reprogram the nuclei of fully differentiated human somatic cells, apparently conferring on them a pluripotent state. However, the ability of the cytoplasts from enucleated hESCs to reprogram somatic cells causes much controversy. Here we detect the location of pluripotency-related factors such as Oct4/Nanog/Sox2 in the hESCs at division and non-division stage and obtain the cytoplasts of hESCs by centrifugation. We demonstrate for the first time that the cytoplast from hESCs arrested at the division phase of cell the cycle contains the reprogramming factors and this kind of cytoplast can be obtained through gradient centrifugation. These give us direct proof of the possibility of reprogramming somatic cell using cytoplast of hESCs and make this a possible method for getting patient-specific pluripotent cells without extrinsic DNA introduction.     

Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex III Blocks Neuronal Differentiation and Maintains Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency

The mitochondrion is emerging as a key organelle in stem cell biology, acting as a regulator of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. In this study we sought to understand the effect of mitochondrial complex III inhibition during neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. When exposed to antimycin A, a specific complex III inhibitor, embryonic stem cells failed to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons, maintaining high Oct4 levels even when subjected to a specific differentiation protocol. Mitochondrial inhibition affected distinct populations of cells present in culture, inducing cell loss in differentiated cells, but not inducing apoptosis in mouse embryonic stem cells. A reduction in overall proliferation rate was observed, corresponding to a slight arrest in S phase. Moreover, antimycin A treatment induced a consistent increase in HIF-1α protein levels. The present work demonstrates that mitochondrial metabolism is critical for neuronal differentiation and emphasizes that modulation of mitochondrial functions through pharmacological approaches can be useful in the context of controlling stem cell maintenance/differentiation.     

Expression of Rattus norvegicus mtDNA in Mus musculus cells results in multiple respiratory chain defects

The production of in vitro and in vivo models of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects is currently limited by a lack of characterized mouse cell mtDNA mutants that may be expected to model human mitochondrial diseases. Here we describe the creation of transmitochondrial mouse (Mus musculus) cells repopulated with mtDNA from different murid species (xenomitochondrial cybrids). The closely related Mus spretus mtDNA is readily maintained when introduced into M. musculus mtDNA-less (rho(0)) cells, and the resulting cybrids have normal oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). When the more distantly related Rattus norvegicus mtDNA is transferred to the mouse nuclear background the mtDNA is replicated, transcribed, and translated efficiently. However, function of several OXPHOS complexes that depend on the coordinated assembly of nuclear and mtDNA-encoded proteins is impaired. Complex I activity in the Rattus xenocybrid was 46% of the control mean; complex III was 37%, and complex IV was 78%. These defects combined to restrict maximal respiration to 12-31% of the control and M. spretus xenocybrids, as measured polarographically using isolated cybrid mitochondria. These defects are distinct to those previously reported for human/primate xenocybrids. It should be possible to produce other mouse xenocybrid constructs with less severe OXPHOS phenotypes, to model human mtDNA diseases.