共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 593 毫秒
1.
Mutagenesis of Embryogenic Cultures of Soybean and Detecting Polymorphisms Using RAPD Markers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Embryogenic suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Iroquois) were subjected to mutagenesis using varying concentrations (1, 3, 10, and 30 mM) of ethyl methanesulfonate
(EMS). Depending on the concentration of EMS used, the mean survival rate of embryogenic cultures decreased from 74 % (1 mM
EMS) to 43 % after 30 mM EMS treatment. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to determine whether induction
of genetic variability in embryogenic cultures in response to the different EMS treatments may result in identification of
polymorphic markers. Two of 35 ‘core’ primers tested revealed polymorphisms. One of the primers, OPO-01/1150, revealed polymorphism
in tissue treated with 10 mM EMS, while the other primer, OPO-05/1200, revealed polymorphism in tissue treated with either
1 or 30 mM EMS. These results suggest that RAPD markers are useful in detecting mutations in embryogenic cultures of soybean.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
S. Jayasankar Richard E. Litz Dennis J. Gray Pamela A. Moon 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1999,35(6):475-479
Summary
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., the causal agent of mango anthracnose, produces a phytotoxin in vitro. The partially purified phytotoxin, presumably
colletotrichin, caused anthracnose-like symptoms on young mango leaves, was toxic to embryogenic suspension cultures of two
mango cultivars, ‘Hindi’ and ‘Carabao,’ and inhibited in vitro seed germination of two nonhosts, lettuce and tobacco. There
were linear relationships between concentration of the partially purified phytotoxin and mortality of mango embryogenic cultures.
Embryogenic cultures grown in the presence of the partially purified phytotoxin showed significantly lower growth rates than
the controls. Similarly, embryogenic cultures grown in the presence of 40% (vol/vol) fungal culture filtrate showed significantly
lower growth rates than unchallenged controls. Medium containing 40% (vol/vol) Czapek-Dox fungal broth did not reduce growth
of embryogenic cultures, indicating the production of phytotoxin in vitro. The results suggest that either fungal culture
filtrate or purified phytotoxin can be used as in vitro selection agents to screen for resistance to this fungus. 相似文献
3.
V. G. M. Bus D. Chagné H. C. M. Bassett D. Bowatte F. Calenge J.-M. Celton C.-E. Durel M. T. Malone A. Patocchi A. C. Ranatunga E. H. A. Rikkerink D. S. Tustin J. Zhou S. E. Gardiner 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2008,4(2):223-236
Woolly apple aphid (WAA; Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm.) can be a major economic problem to apple growers in most parts of the world, and resistance breeding provides a sustainable
means to control this pest. We report molecular markers for three genes conferring WAA resistance and placing them on two
linkage groups (LG) on the genetic map of apple. The Er1 and Er2 genes derived from ‘Northern Spy’ and ‘Robusta 5,’ respectively, are the two major genes that breeders have used to date
to improve the resistance of apple rootstocks to this pest. The gene Er3, from ‘Aotea 1’ (an accession classified as Malus sieboldii), is a new major gene for WAA resistance. Genetic markers linked to the Er1 and Er3 genes were identified by screening random amplification of polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA; RAPD) markers across DNA
bulks from resistant and susceptible plants from populations segregating for these genes. The closest RAPD markers were converted
into sequence-characterized amplified region markers and the genome location of these two genes was assigned to LG 08 by aligning
the maps around the genes with a reference map of ‘Discovery’ using microsatellite markers. The Er2 gene was located on LG 17 of ‘Robusta 5’ using a genetic map developed in a M.9 × ‘Robusta 5’ progeny. Markers for each of
the genes were validated for their usefulness for marker-assisted selection in separate populations. The potential use of
the genetic markers for these genes in the breeding of apple cultivars with durable resistance to WAA is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Recovery and regeneration of embryogenic cultures from female flowers of False Horn Plantain 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Grapin A. Ortíz J-L. Lescot T. Ferrière N. Côte F.X. 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2000,61(3):237-244
Somatic embryogenesis from immature male flowers in Musa is only suitable for genotypes with a male bud. Six friable embryogenic cultures were obtained from 28 cultured buds of female
flowers of the AAB False Horn Plantains, ‘Curraré’ and ‘Curraré Enano’. Embryogenic suspensions were established from these
embryogenic cultures. Somatic embryogenesis was demonstrated histologicaly. Regeneration of plants was obtained either from
somatic embryos directly isolated from embryogenic cultures or from suspensions after plating on a semi-solid medium. This
study demonstrates that somatic embryogenesis from immature flowers is suitable for genotypes of Musa with or without male buds.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Betelvine (Piper betle L., family Piperaceae) is an important, traditional and widely cultivated crop of India. The cultivators and consumers recognize
more than 100 cultivars (landraces) based on regional and organoleptic considerations, while in terms of phytochemical constituents
only five groups have been identified for all the landraces. Since betelvine is an obligate vegetatively propagated species,
genomic changes, if any, may have become ‘fixed’ in the landraces. We carried out random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
analysis in several landraces considered in four groups, namely, ‘Kapoori’, ‘Bangla’, ‘Sanchi’ and ‘Others’ in order to ascertain their genetic diversity. On the basis of the data from eleven RAPD primers, we distinguished genetic
variation within and among the four groups of landraces. The results indicate the’Kapoori’ group is the most diverse. The neighbour joining (NJ) tree after a bootstrap (500 replicate) test of robustness clearly shows
the four groups to be well separated. Interestingly, all known male or female betelvine landraces have separated in the NJ
tree indicating an apparent gender-based distinction among the betelvines. 相似文献
6.
G. A. Moore M. J. Miller Kenneth Cline 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1988,24(12):1205-1208
Summary The effects of the antibiotics methotrexate and chloramphenicol on somatic embryogenesis inCitrus were evaluated. Relatively low levels (0.1 to 1.0 μg/ml) of these antibiotics did not inhibit embryo production from undeveloped
ovules of ‘Key’ lime [C. aurantifolia) (Christm.) Swing.]. Surprisingly, both antibiotics induced the formation of embryogenic callus in these cultures. This is
usually a rare event in cultures of undevelopedCitrus ovules, and ‘Key’ lime is especially recalcitrant. The effects of these antibiotics on embryogenic callus appeared to be
limited to the induction stage, because there was no consistent effect, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on established,
lines of embryogenic callus.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 8958. This research was supported in part by a grant to Moore and
Cline from the Competitive Grants Office of the SEA, USDA (85-CRCR-1-1623). 相似文献
7.
Alonzo G. Saiano F. Tusa N. Fatta Del Bosco S. 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2001,66(1):31-34
Volatile compounds released from callus and nucellar embryo tissues of ‘Valencia late’ and ‘Washington Navel’ sweet oranges
(Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) were collected/concentrated by head space solid phase micro extraction and analysed by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry. Friable, white embryogenic cultures released a number of volatile compounds, including some essential oils.
Different samples of the same embryogenic culture showed variability, possibly related to the presence of tissues undergoing
differentiation. Analyses of the somatic embryos permitted the identification of several components, including limonene and
methyl anthranilate. Considering the simplicity and the very small sample required (0.3 g of fresh tissue) head space solid
phase micro extraction is suitable for studies and comparisons of volatile metabolites released from in vitro Citrus tissue cultures suggesting its potential in Citrus biochemical, genetic and breeding research.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
This study analyzed genetic differences of 19 cultivars selected from somaclonal variants of Syngonium podophyllum Schott along with their parents as well as seven additional Syngonium species and six other aroids using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers generated by 12 primer sets. Among the 19 somaclonal cultivars, ‘Pink Allusion’ was selected from ‘White Butterfly’. Tissue culture of ‘Pink Allusion’ through organogenesis resulted in the development of 13 additional cultivars. Self-pollination of ‘Pink Allusion’ obtained a cultivar, ‘Regina Red Allusion’, and tissue culture propagation of ‘Regina Red Allusion’ led to the release of five other cultivars. The 12 primer sets generated a total of 1,583 scorable fragments from all accessions, of which 1,284 were polymorphic (81.9%). The percentages of polymorphic fragments within ‘White Butterfly’ and ‘Regina Red Allusion’ groups, however, were only 1.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Jaccard's similarity coefficients among somaclonal cultivars derived from ‘White Butterfly’ and ‘Regina Red Allusion’, on average, were 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. Seven out of the 15 cultivars from the ‘White Butterfly’ group and three out of six from the ‘Regina Red Allusion’ group were clearly distinguished by AFLP analysis as unique fragments were associated with respective cultivars. The unsuccessful attempt to distinguish the remaining eight cultivars from the ‘White Butterfly’ group and three from the ‘Regina Red Allusion’ group was not attributed to experimental errors or the number of primer sets used; rather it is hypothesized to be caused by DNA methylation and/or some rare mutations. This study also calls for increased genetic diversity of cultivated Syngonium as they are largely derived from somaclonal variants. 相似文献
9.
Summary Anthers and ovaries of six grapevine cultivars (three Vitis vinifera L., two V × Labruscana L. H. Bailey, and one complex hybrid) were extracted from flower buds over 2 yr and cultured on three media reported to promote
somatic embryogenesis in Vitis tissues. The highest percent embryogenesis from the hybrid ‘Chancellor’ and V. vinifera ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Merlot’, and ‘Pinot Noir’ occurred on medium C [Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969, basal medium with 3.0% (w/v) sucrose,
0.01% (w/v) inositol. 0.3% (w/v) Phytagel, 2.5 μM 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2.5μM β-naphthoxyacetic acid, 5.0μM N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea, and 0.05% (w/v) glutamine]. Regardless of the media, the labrusca cultivars ‘Concord’ and ‘Niagara’ produced
soft non-embryogenic callus that was sometimes mixed with well-developed somatic embryos. Nine vinifera genotypes were further
tested for several different years on medium C. Embryogenic cultures suitable for transformation were obtained from all genotypes
in more than 1 yr. The average percent embryogenesis from ovaries was 7-fold higher than from anthers. There was significant
annual variation in percent embryogenesis, demonstrating the need for media comparisons to be replicated for more than one
season. Suspension cultures suitable for use in genetic transformation were initiated from ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Merlot,’ and ‘Pinot
Noir’ pro-embryogenic masses. ‘Chardonnay’ suspension cultures plated and grown under conditions developed for recovery of
plants after biolistic transformation yielded approximately 500 non-transformed embryos per plate after 4 mo. of culture,
with 68.6% of the embryos converting to plants. This is the first reported protocol for embryogenesis from ‘Concord,’ ‘Cabernet
Franc,’ and ‘Pinot Noir’ grapevines. 相似文献
10.
Summary Somatic embryos could be induced from embryogenic callus originating from mesocotyl as well as leaf-base segments of Paspalum scrobiculatum on Murashige and Skoog (MS) or Chu et al. (N6) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, and 22.5 μM). N6 medium was better than MS, for both explants, for high-frequency somatic embryogenesis. Also, mesocotyl tissues were relatively
more totipotent than leaf-base segments. The somatic embryos ‘germinated’ and formed plantlets on transfer of embryogenic
calluses to hormone-free MS or N6 regeneration medium. Embryogenic cultures could be maintained on low hormone medium which readily regenerated to form plantlets
on hormone-free medium. A higher frequency of plantlet formation occurred on MS than on N6 medium. In vitro-formed plantlets were gradually acclimatized in the culture room and on transfer to soil flowered and set seed. Somatic embryogenesis
and plantlet regeneration from mesocotyl and leaf-base segments are potentially simpler systems than regeneration from ‘embryonic’
explants such as immature embryos and unemerged inflorescences. 相似文献
11.
In coniferous species, including Greek fir (Abies cephalonica Loud), the involvement of somatic embryo plants in breeding and reforestation programs is dependent on the success of long-term cryostorage of embryogenic cultures during clonal field testing. In the present study on Greek fir, we assayed the recovery, morphological characteristics and genetic fidelity of embryogenic cell lines 6 and 8 during proliferation and maturation after long-term cryostorage. Our results indicate successful recovery of both cell lines after 6 years in cryostorage. In the maturation phase, both cell lines were capable of producing somatic embryos although some differences were detected among experiments. However, these changes were more dependent on the differences in the components of the maturation media or in the experimental set-up than on the long-term cryostorage. During both proliferation and maturation phases, the morphological fidelity of the embryogenic cultures as well as of the somatic embryos were alike before and after cryopreservation. The genetic fidelity of the cryopreserved cell line 6 that was assayed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (i.e. RAPD) markers demonstrated some changes in the RAPD profiles. The results indicate possible genetic aberrations caused by long-term cryopreservation or somaclonal variation during the proliferation stage. However, in spite of these changes the embryogenic cultures did not lose their proliferation or maturation abilities. 相似文献
12.
Characterization of embryogenic mango cultures selected for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides culture filtrate and phytotoxin 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
S. Jayasankar R. E. Litz 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1998,96(6-7):823-831
Embryogenic nucellar cultures of two polyembryonic mango cultivars, ‘Hindi’ and ‘Carabao’, were selected for resistance to
the culture filtrate and phytotoxin of a virulent strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. that was isolated from mango leaves. The cultures were recurrently selected either with progressively increasing concentrations
of culture filtrate or by continuous challenge with the same concentration of either culture filtrate phytotoxin. Mycelium
growth was inhibited when the pathogen was cocultured with the selected, resistant embryogenic cultures. Conditioned plant
growth medium containing macerated resistant embryogenic cultures did not inhibit mycelium growth, confirming that extracellular
antifungal compounds were involved in the defense response. Enhanced secretion of chitinase and glucanase was observed in
the plant growth medium in which resistant embryogenic cultures and regenerated somatic embryos were grown in comparison with
the controls.
Received: 6 February 1997 / Accepted: 4 November 1997 相似文献
13.
Xingguo Zhang Chaozhi Ma Tingdong Fu Yuanyuan Li Tonghua Wang Qingfang Chen Jinxing Tu Jinxiong Shen 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2008,21(3):305-315
‘SI1300’ is a self-incompatible Brassica napus line generated by introgressing an S haplotype from B. rapa ‘Xishuibai’ into a rapeseed cultivar ‘Huayou No. 1’. Five S-locus specific primer pairs were employed to develop cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) markers linked the S haplotype of ‘SI1300’. Two segregating populations (F2 and BC1) from the cross between ‘SI1300’ and self-compatible European spring cultivar ‘Defender’, were generated to verify the molecular
markers. CAPS analysis revealed no desirable polymorphism between self-incompatible and self-compatible plants. Twenty primer
pairs were designed based on the homology-based candidate gene method, and six dominant sequence characterized amplified region
(SCAR) markers linked with the S-locus were developed. Of the six markers, three were derived from the SRK and SP11 alleles of class II B. rapa
S haplotypes and linked with S haplotype of ‘SI1300’. The other three markers were designed from the SLG-A10 and co-segregated with S haplotype of ‘Defender’. We successfully combined two pairs of them and characterized two multiplex PCR markers which could
discriminate the homozygous and heterozygous genotypes. These markers were further validated in 24 F3 and 22 BC1F2 lines of ‘SI1300 × Defender’ and another two segregating populations from the cross ‘SI1300 × Yu No. 9’. Nucleotide sequences
of fragments linked with S-locus of ‘SI1300’ showed 99% identity to B. rapa class II S-60 haplotype, and fragments from ‘Defender’ were 97% and 94% identical to SLG and SRK of B. rapa class I S-47 haplotype, respectively. ‘SI1300’ was considered to carry two class II S haplotypes and the S haplotype on the A-genome derived from B. rapa ‘Xishuibai’ determines the SI phenotype, while ‘Defender’ carry a class I S haplotype derived from B. rapa and a class II S haplotype from B. oleracea. SCAR markers developed in this study will be helpful for improving SI lines and accelerating marker-assisted selection process
in rapeseed SI hybrid breeding program. 相似文献
14.
Unopened leaves, petioles and fully opened leaves from micropropagation cultures of five Vitis rotundifolia Michx. varieties were cultured on induction medium to study their embryogenic response. Among the various explants tested,
the maximum number of varieties produced embryogenic cultures from unopened leaves followed by fully opened leaves and petioles.
Based on morphological differences, two types of embryogenic cultures were identified. Friable cultures typically arose as
proembryonic masses (PEM) on induction medium, whereas somatic embryo production without an intervening PEM stage was observed
in compact cultures. Of the five varieties tested, the highest frequency of embryogenic response was observed from fully opened
leaves of ‘Supreme’ and unopened leaves and petioles of ‘Delicious’. Attempts to initiate suspension cultures from varieties
resulted in proliferation and maintenance of ‘Alachua’ and ‘Carlos’ cultures in liquid medium for 16 weeks. Embryogenic potential
of varieties was studied on cultures growing on embryo development medium. The maximum number of cotyledonary stage somatic
embryos from 0.2 g proembryonic masses were observed in ‘Carlos’ (379.3) followed by ‘Alachua’ (350.0) and ‘Delicious’ (305.0).
Cotyledonary stage somatic embryos germinated when cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1 μM Benzyladenine (BA).
Although high embryo germination rates (80–100%) were observed in the varieties tested, plant recovery from germinated somatic
embryos ranged from 6–47%. Embryogenic cultures could be maintained on X6 medium and used in genetic engineering studies. 相似文献
15.
K. K. Nkongolo 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》1999,215(1-4):229-239
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to determine genetic relationships amongP. mariana (black spruce),P. rubens (red spruce), andP. glauca (white spruce) and to assess the degree of polymorphism within populations from different provenances and among spruce hybrids. Eleven arbitrary decamer primers were used to amplify genomic DNAs extracted from embryogenic cultures and seedlings. Species-specific RAPD markers were identified.Picea mariana andP. rubens showed similar RAPD profiles confirming their close genetic relationship. Species-specific RAPD markers were identified and were useful in distinguishing white spruce from black and red spruces. RAPD differentiation between populations within each species was small. The level of polymorphism was much higher in spruce hybrid populations than in the pure species. Cytological analysis ofP. mariana ×P. rubens hybrids showed normal mitotic behaviour at prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. All the hybrids analyzed from different cross combinations were euploids. 相似文献
16.
Zhentu Ying Thomas L. Davenport Taifang Zhang Raymond J. Schnell Cecile L. Tondo 《Plant Molecular Biology Reporter》2009,27(3):374-380
‘Hass’ is the most popular avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cultivar in the world. It has been characterized as a crop requiring cross-pollination. However, the potential extent
of self-pollination and the most effective pollen donors (best cross-pollinizing cultivars) have not been determined. In this
study, 56 markers were screened against ‘Hass’ and nine commonly used pollinizing cultivars grown in southern California:
‘Bacon,’ ‘Ettinger,’ ‘Fuerte,’ ‘Harvest,’ ‘Lamb Hass,’ ‘Marvel,’ ‘Nobel,’ ‘Sir Prize,’ and ‘Zutano.’ Seventeen microsatellite,
i.e., simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, were found to be very promising for paternity analysis. Four highly informative
SSR markers were selected to accurately and unequivocally identify pollen parents of ‘Hass’ fruit from an orchard interplanted
with these pollinizing cultivars. From 2003 to 2006, 7,984 ‘Hass’ fruit were analyzed for their paternity. Overall, the pollen
parents of 99.55% of the analyzed fruit could be unequivocally identified with a single multiplex polymerase chain reaction
(PCR). Only 36 fruits (<0.45%) required a second PCR reaction to reach unequivocal identification of the pollen parents. 相似文献
17.
Population genetic diversity in the polyploid complex of wheatgrasses using isoenzyme and RAPD data 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Thirty five bands (alleles) from six enzyme systems and fifty seven random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments were
selected to analyse the genetic diversity of 33 polyploid wheatgrasses (Triticeae) populations of species Thinopyrum junceiforme and Elytrigia pycnantha, and two hybrids, one pentaploid and one novel 9-ploid. Dice’s similarity coefficient, the UPGMA-derived phenograms from
RAPD, and allozymes markers showed that the clustering of wheatgrass populations was based on ploidy level. These markers
had similar levels of diversity between populations, with high genetic similarity within the same ploidy-level and within
population’s individuals. The tetraploid Th. junceiforme populations are closely related, with a large similarity distances varied from 0.8 to 1. Based on the isozyme and RAPD analyses,
diploid taxa are related to polyploids with similarity coefficients 0.4. 相似文献
18.
19.
N. Friesen R. Fritsch K. Bachmann 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,95(8):1229-1238
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) methods have been used to verify the hybridogenic
origin and to identify the parental species of some ornamental cultivars in the subgenus Melanocrommyum of the genus Allium. The cultivars had been selected from seed obtained after uncontrolled pollination in breeders’ fields. The combination of
GISH analysis with RAPD markers is very suitable for testing the hybridogenic origin of plants and to ascertain the parental
species of the hybrids in such cases. As suspected, A. macleanii and A. cristophii are the parental species of ‘Globemaster’. The parental species of cultivar ‘Globus’ are A. karataviense and A. stipitatum, and not A. cristophii and A. giganteum as has been assumed on morphological grounds. Cultivars ‘Lucy Ball’ and ‘Gladiator’ are of hybrid origin, though only one
of the parental species, A. hollandicum, could be confirmed. The cultivars ‘Purple Sensation’, ‘Mount Everest’, ‘White Giant’, ‘Michael H. Hoog’ and ‘Mars’ are not
hybrids since neither GISH nor RAPD suggest the presence of a second genome. ‘Purple Sensation’ belongs to A. hollandicum, ‘Mount Everest’, ‘White Giant’ and ‘Mars’ to A. stipitatum,‘Michael H. Hoog’ to A. rosenorum.
Received: 3 July 1997 / Accepted: 9 October 1997 相似文献
20.
Carthamus tinctorius (2n = 2x = 24), commonly known as safflower, is widely cultivated in agricultural production systems of Asia, Europe, Australia, and
the Americas as a source of high quality vegetable and industrial oil. Twenty-two RAPD primers, 18 SSR primers, and 10 AFLP
primer combinations were used to assess: (1) the genetic diversity of 85 accessions (originating from 24 countries) representing
global germplasm variability of safflower and (2) the interrelationships among safflower ‘centers of similarity’ or ‘regional
gene pools’ proposed earlier. The RAPD and SSR primers and AFLP primer combinations revealed 57.6, 68.0, and 71.2% polymorphism,
respectively, among 111, 72, and 330 genetic loci amplified from the accessions. The sum of effective number of alleles (66.44),
resolving power (59.16), and marker index (51.3) explicitly revealed the relative superiority of AFLP as a marker system in
uncovering variation in safflower. Overall, AFLP markers could recognize ‘centers of similarity’ or ‘regional gene pools’.
Analysis of molecular variance and Shannon’s information index provided corroborating evidences for the present and previous
studies that concluded fragmentation of safflower gene pool into many gene pools. Divergent directional selection is likely
to have played an important role in shaping the diversity. From the practical applications standpoint, the diversity of Iran–Afghanistan
gene pool is very high, equivalent to the total diversity of the species. The Far East gene pool is the least diverse. The
present comprehensive input, first of its own kind in safflower, will assist marker based improvement programmes in the crop. 相似文献