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1.
Hilde MH Braakman Jan Lodder Alida A Postma Lambert FR Span Werner H Mess 《BMC neurology》2010,10(1):30
Background
The aetiology of central nervous system lesions observed in cerebral cyclosporine neurotoxicity remains controversial.Case presentation
We report a 48-year-old woman with a non-severe aplastic anaemia who presented with stroke-like episodes while on cyclosporine treatment.Transcranial Doppler ultrasound revealed severely elevated flow velocities in several cerebral vessels, consistent with vasospasm. Immediately after reducing the cyclosporine dose, the stroke-like episodes disappeared. Only after cyclosporine withdrawal the transcranial Doppler ultrasound abnormalities fully resolved.Conclusions
This case demonstrates a significant role of vasospasm in the pathway of cyclosporine-induced neurotoxicity. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound is an effective tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of cyclosporine-induced vasospasm.2.
Zichen?Yang Jian?Sun Xiaofeng?Yang Zhiyuan?Zhang Bangwei?Lou Jian?Xiong Hermann?J?Schluesener Zhiren?Zhang
Background
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-known animal model of human demyelinating polyneuropathies and is characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the peripheral nervous system. Fascin is an evolutionarily highly conserved cytoskeletal protein of 55 kDa containing two actin binding domains that cross-link filamentous actin to hexagonal bundles.Methods
Here we have studied by immunohistochemistry the spatiotemporal accumulation of Fascin?+?cells in sciatic nerves of EAN rats.Results
A robust accumulation of Fascin?+?cell was observed in the peripheral nervous system of EAN which was correlated with the severity of neurological signs in EAN.Conclusion
Our results suggest a pathological role of Fascin in EAN.Virtual slides
The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticphatology.diagnomx.eu/vs/67345934511148113.
Jacopo Troisi Annamaria Landolfi Laura Sarno Sean Richards Steven Symes David Adair Carla Ciccone Giovanni Scala Pasquale Martinelli Maurizio Guida 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2018,14(6):77
Background
Central nervous system anomalies represent a wide range of congenital birth defects, with an incidence of approximately 1% of all births. They are currently diagnosed using ultrasound evaluation. However, there is strong need for a more accurate and less operator-dependent screening method.Objectives
To perform a characterization of maternal serum in order to build a metabolomic fingerprint resulting from congenital anomalies of the central nervous system.Methods
This is a case–control pilot study. Metabolomic profiles were obtained from serum of 168 mothers (98 controls and 70 cases), using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Nine machine learning and classification models were built and optimized. An ensemble model was built based on results from the individual models. All samples were randomly divided into two groups. One was used as training set, the other one for diagnostic performance assessment.Results
Ensemble machine learning model correctly classified all cases and controls. Propanoic, lactic, gluconic, benzoic, oxalic, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric, acetic, lauric, myristic and stearic acid and myo-inositol and mannose were selected as the most relevant metabolites in class separation.Conclusion
The metabolomic signature of second trimester maternal serum from pregnancies affected by a fetal central nervous system anomaly is quantifiably different from that of a normal pregnancy. Maternal serum metabolomics is therefore a promising tool for the accurate and sensitive screening of such congenital defects. Moreover, the details of the most relevant metabolites and their respective biochemical pathways allow better understanding of the overall pathophysiology of affected pregnancies.4.
Annett Markus-Koch Oliver Schmitt Susanne Seemann Jan Lukas Dirk Koczan Mathias Ernst Georg Fuellen Andreas Wree Arndt Rolfs Jiankai Luo 《Cellular & molecular biology letters》2017,22(1):16
Background
ADAM23 is widely expressed in the embryonic central nervous system and plays an important role in tissue formation.Results
In this study, we showed that ADAM23 contributes to cell survival and is involved in neuronal differentiation during the differentiation of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). Upregulation of ADAM23 in hNPCs was found to increase the number of neurons and the length of neurite, while its downregulation decreases them and triggers cell apoptosis. RNA microarray analysis revealed mechanistic insights into genes and pathways that may become involved in multiple cellular processes upon up- or downregulation of ADAM23.Conclusions
Our results suggest that ADAM23 regulates neuronal differentiation by triggering specific signaling pathways during hNPC differentiation.5.
Jamie V. de Seymour Stephanie Tu Xiaoling He Hua Zhang Ting-Li Han Philip N. Baker Karolina Sulek 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2018,14(6):79
Introduction
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a common maternal liver disease; development can result in devastating consequences, including sudden fetal death and stillbirth. Currently, recognition of ICP only occurs following onset of clinical symptoms.Objective
Investigate the maternal hair metabolome for predictive biomarkers of ICP.Methods
The maternal hair metabolome (gestational age of sampling between 17 and 41 weeks) of 38 Chinese women with ICP and 46 pregnant controls was analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.Results
Of 105 metabolites detected in hair, none were significantly associated with ICP.Conclusion
Hair samples represent accumulative environmental exposure over time. Samples collected at the onset of ICP did not reveal any metabolic shifts, suggesting rapid development of the disease.6.
Jiann-Her Lin Chih-Hsien Hung Der-Sheng Han Shih-Ting Chen Cheng-Han Lee Wei-Zen Sun Chih-Cheng Chen 《Journal of biomedical science》2018,25(1):85
Background
Sensing tissue acidosis is an important function of the somatosensory nervous system to response to noxious stimuli.Main body
In the pain clinic, acid or soreness sensation is a characteristic sensory phenotype of various acute and chronic pain syndromes, such as delayed onset muscle soreness, fibromyalgia, and radicular pain. However, soreness sensation is a sign of successful analgesia for acupuncture and noxipoint therapy. Thus, the nature of acid or soreness sensation is not always nociceptive (or painful) and could be anti-nociceptive. To facilitate the investigation of the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms of soreness sensation, we propose a concept called “sngception (sng- ception)” to describe the response of the somatosensory nervous system to sense tissue acidosis and to distinguish it from nociception. “Sng” is a Taiwanese word that represents the state of soreness while at the same time imitates the natural vocalization of humans feeling sore.Conclusion
Here we propose sngception as a specific somatosensory function that transmits the acid sensation from the peripheral to the central nervous system. Sngception could partially overlap with nociception, but it could also transmit antinociception, proprioception, and pruriception.7.
Background
Long-term exposure to drugs of abuse causes an upregulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens and other forebrain regions, this common neuroadaptation is thought to underlie aspects of drug tolerance and dependence. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is an enzyme that the selective hydrolyzes intracellular cAMP. It is expressed in several brain regions that regulate the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse.Objective
Here, we review the current knowledge about central nervous system (CNS) distribution of PDE4 isoforms and the effects of systemic and brain-region specific inhibition of PDE4 on behavioral models of drug addiction.Methods
A systematic literature search was performed using the Pubmed.Results
Using behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference and drug self-administration as behavioral models, a large number of studies have shown that local or systemic administration of PDE4 inhibitors reduce drug intake and/or drug seeking for psychostimulants, alcohol, and opioids in rats or mice.Conclusions
Preclinical studies suggest that PDE4 could be a therapeutic target for several classes of substance use disorder. We conclude by identifying opportunities for the development of subtype-selective PDE4 inhibitors that may reduce addiction liability and minimize the side effects that limit the clinical potential of non-selective PDE4 inhibitors. Several PDE4 inhibitors have been clinically approved for other diseases. There is a promising possibility to repurpose these PDE4 inhibitors for the treatment of drug addiction as they are safe and well-tolerated in patients.8.
Mariana?Mazza Graciela?O.?Davel Constanza?G.?Taverna Nicolás?Refojo Cristina?E.?Canteros Nadia?S.?Bueno Guillermina?Isla Ruben?A.?Abrantes Alejandra?I.?Hevia Adriana?I.?Toranzo National Mycology Laboratory Network of Argentina 《Current fungal infection reports》2017,11(4):209-219
Purpose of Review
Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common fungal infection of the central nervous system and the third most frequent neurological complication in AIDS patients. To understand the Argentinean epidemiology of cryptococcosis, several efforts have been made by the National Reference Laboratory in Clinical Mycology.Recent Findings
In Argentina, reports of distribution and frequency of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates are scarce and very little is known about its circulating genotypes and mating types. The National Mycology Laboratory Network and the National Reference Laboratory in Clinical Mycology joined forces to estimate the prevalence of cryptococcosis and to obtain and to analyse epidemiological data of this important fungal infection.Summary
Data presented here were recovered from 1998 to 2016 and represents an approximation to the actual situation of cryptococcosis in Argentina. These results could be useful to design future investigations.9.
Purpose of review
Candida infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a life-threatening complication of invasive infections that most often affect vulnerable groups of patients, including neonates and children with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID). Here, we review the currently known risk factors for CNS candidiasis, focusing predominantly on the PID caused by biallelic mutations in CARD9.Recent findings
How the CNS is protected itself against fungal invasion is poorly understood. CARD9 promotes neutrophil recruitment and function, and is the only molecule shown to be critical for protection against CNS candidiasis in humans thus far.Summary
Fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of CNS candidiasis gained from studying rare CARD9-deficient patients has significant implications for other patients at risk for this disease, such as CARD9-sufficient neonates. These findings will be important for the development of adjunctive immune-based therapies, which are urgently needed to tackle the global burden of invasive fungal diseases.10.
N. Cesbron A.-L. Royer Y. Guitton A. Sydor B. Le Bizec G. Dervilly-Pinel 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(8):99
Introduction
Collecting feces is easy. It offers direct outcome to endogenous and microbial metabolites.Objectives
In a context of lack of consensus about fecal sample preparation, especially in animal species, we developed a robust protocol allowing untargeted LC-HRMS fingerprinting.Methods
The conditions of extraction (quantity, preparation, solvents, dilutions) were investigated in bovine feces.Results
A rapid and simple protocol involving feces extraction with methanol (1/3, M/V) followed by centrifugation and a step filtration (10 kDa) was developed.Conclusion
The workflow generated repeatable and informative fingerprints for robust metabolome characterization.11.
Background
Erythropoiesis is regulated by a range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including different cytokines. Recently, the role of catecholamines has been highlighted in the development of erythroid cell lineages.Objective
This study focuses on the biological links interconnecting erythroid development and the sympathetic nervous system. The emerging evidence that underscores the role of catecholamines in the regulation of erythropoietin and other erythropoiesis cytokines are thoroughly reviewed, in addition to elements such as iron and the leptin hormone that are involved in erythropoiesis.Methods
Relevant English-language studies were identified and retrieved from the PubMed search engine (1981–2017) using the following keywords: “Erythropoiesis”, “Catecholamines”, “Nervous system”, and “Cytokines.”Results
Chronic social stress alters and suppresses erythroid development. However, the physiological release of catecholamines is an additional stimulator of erythropoiesis in the setting of anemia. Therefore, the severity and timing of catecholamine secretion might distinctly regulate erythroid homeostasis.Conclusion
Understanding the relationship of catecholamines with different elements of the erythroid islands will be essential to find the tightly regulated production of red blood cells (RBCs) in both chronic and physiological catecholamine activation.12.
Thijs Welle Anna T. Hoekstra Ineke A. J. J. M. Daemen Celia R. Berkers Matheus O. Costa 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2017,13(7):83
Introduction
Swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is a production limiting disease in pig farming. Currently antimicrobial therapy is the only treatment and control method available.Objective
The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolic response of porcine colon explants to infection by B. hyodysenteriae.Methods
Porcine colon explants exposed to B. hyodysenteriae were analyzed for histopathological, metabolic and pro-inflammatory gene expression changes.Results
Significant epithelial necrosis, increased levels of l-citrulline and IL-1α were observed on explants infected with B. hyodysenteriae.Conclusions
The spirochete induces necrosis in vitro likely through an inflammatory process mediated by IL-1α and NO.13.
Rachel A. Spicer Christoph Steinbeck 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2018,14(1):16
Introduction
Data sharing is being increasingly required by journals and has been heralded as a solution to the ‘replication crisis’.Objectives
(i) Review data sharing policies of journals publishing the most metabolomics papers associated with open data and (ii) compare these journals’ policies to those that publish the most metabolomics papers.Methods
A PubMed search was used to identify metabolomics papers. Metabolomics data repositories were manually searched for linked publications.Results
Journals that support data sharing are not necessarily those with the most papers associated to open metabolomics data.Conclusion
Further efforts are required to improve data sharing in metabolomics.14.
Carol A. Kauffman 《Current fungal infection reports》2017,11(3):67-74
Purpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to assess the recommended treatment regimens for the major endemic mycoses, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis, which occur in the Midwestern USA and to provide information about the use of newer antifungal agents for these diseases.Recent Findings
The basic approach to treatment of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis outlined in the IDSA Guidelines is helpful in managing these diseases. However, changes since these guidelines were published provide safer and better tolerated treatment regimens. Prolonged treatment with amphotericin B is rarely required, and lipid formulations of this drug have largely replaced the amphotericin B deoxycholate formulation. Although no clinical trials have been performed and the data are anecdotal, voriconazole and posaconazole are increasingly used in patients who cannot tolerate itraconazole. Voriconazole is especially useful when central nervous system infection is present. Posaconazole tablets provide consistently appropriate serum levels and the drug is well tolerated.Summary
New azole agents provide alternative therapeutic options for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis.15.
John M. Wentworth Naiara G. Bediaga Megan A. S. Penno Esther Bandala-Sanchez Komal N. Kanojia Konstantinos A. Kouremenos Jennifer J. Couper Leonard C. Harrison ENDIA Study Group 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2018,14(10):130
Background
Cord blood lipids are potential disease biomarkers. We aimed to determine if their concentrations were affected by delayed blood processing.Method
Refrigerated cord blood from six healthy newborns was centrifuged every 12 h for 4 days. Plasma lipids were analysed by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy.Results
Of 262 lipids identified, only eight varied significantly over time. These comprised three dihexosylceramides, two phosphatidylserines and two phosphatidylethanolamines whose relative concentrations increased and one sphingomyelin that decreased.Conclusion
Delay in separation of plasma from refrigerated cord blood has minimal effect overall on the plasma lipidome.16.
Nwora Lance Okeke Damian M. Craig Michael J. Muehlbauer Olga Ilkayeva Meredith E. Clement Susanna Naggie Svati H. Shah 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2018,14(3):23
Introduction
Persons living with HIV (PLWH) are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events than uninfected persons. Current risk-stratification methods to define PLWH at highest risk for CVD events are lacking.Methods
Using tandem flow injection mass spectrometry, we quantified plasma levels of 60 metabolites in 24 matched pairs of PLWH [1:1 with and without known coronary artery disease (CAD)]. Metabolite levels were reduced to interpretable factors using principal components analysis.Results
Factors derived from short-chain dicarboxylacylcarnitines (SCDA) (p?=?0.08) and glutamine/valine (p?=?0.003) were elevated in CAD cases compared to controls.Conclusion
SCDAs and glutamine/valine may be valuable markers of cardiovascular risk among persons living with HIV in the future, pending validation in larger cohorts.17.
Sigríeur?Bj?rnsdóttir Elfa?Agustsdóttir Anne-Lie?Blomstr?m Inga-Lena??rde??str?m Louise?Treiberg?Berndtsson Vilhjálmur?Svansson Jonas?Johansson?Wensman
Background
In a stable of eight horses in Northern Iceland, six horses presented with clinical signs, such as ataxia and reduced appetite, leading to euthanasia of one severely affected horse. Serological investigations revealed no evidence of active equine herpes virus type 1 infection, a common source of central nervous system disease in horses, nor equine arteritis virus and West Nile virus. Another neurotropic virus, Borna disease virus, was therefore included in the differential diagnosis list.Findings
Serological investigations revealed antibodies against Borna disease virus in four of five horses with neurological signs in the affected stable. One horse without clinical signs was seronegative. Four clinically healthy horses in the stable that arrived and were sampled one year after the outbreak were found seronegative, whereas one of four investigated healthy horses in an unaffected stable was seropositive.Conclusions
This report contains the first evidence of antibodies to Borna disease virus in Iceland. Whether Borna disease virus was the cause of the neurological signs could however not be confirmed by pathology or molecular detection of the virus. As Iceland has very restricted legislation regarding animal imports, the questions of how this virus has entered the country and to what extent markers of Bornavirus infection can be found in humans and animals in Iceland remain to be answered.18.
Background
Behcet’s disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by oral and genital aphthosis, and ocular and skin lesions. The disease is involved in vascular, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. Vasculitis may exacerbate fatal problems, such as anastomotic pseudoaneurysms. If the mesenteric vessels are involved, severe abdominal symptoms such as intestinal obstruction may occur.Case presentation
This case report describes a young female patient who suffered from BD with recurrent abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysms, as well as deep venous thrombosis and subsequent complications of incomplete intestinal obstruction. This patient first underwent stent grafting, which was followed by rupture of two newly formed anastomotic pseudoaneurysms within six months. Emergency open surgical repair (OSR) was then performed on the ruptured pseudoaneurysms. Thrombosis and incomplete ileus occurred five months after surgery. This case was unique due to the presence of incomplete intestinal obstruction being the possible main complaint for a patient with Behcet’s disease, and it is the first ever case to be reported.Conclusion
Intestinal obstruction may present as the possible main complaint in BD. Careful and attentive strategy should be carried out to prevent fatal outcomes.19.
Background
In recent years the visualization of biomagnetic measurement data by so-called pseudo current density maps or Hosaka-Cohen (HC) transformations became popular.Methods
The physical basis of these intuitive maps is clarified by means of analytically solvable problems.Results
Examples in magnetocardiography, magnetoencephalography and magnetoneurography demonstrate the usefulness of this method.Conclusion
Hardware realizations of the HC-transformation and some similar transformations are discussed which could advantageously support cross-platform comparability of biomagnetic measurements.20.
Jian Ge Qianxue Chen Baohui Liu Long Wang Shenqi Zhang Baowei Ji 《Cellular & molecular biology letters》2017,22(1):30