Differential down-regulation and induction responses of testicular steroidogenic cytochromes P-450(cscc) and P-450(C17α) to human choriogonadotropin

Evidence is presented that the regulation of the cytochrome P-450(C17) of the steroid-17-monooxygenase and of the cytochrome P-450(cscc) of the cholesterolmonooxygenase by human choriogonadotropin (hCG)in vivo is mediated by differential mechanisms in the adult rat testis. An initial down-regulation of the cytochrome P-450(C17) but not of the P-450(cscc) can be demonstrated. Furthermore, induction of the cytochrome P-450(cscc) requires exposure to higher hCG doses (3270 of the maximal induction rate of 43.7 pmol/(testis x d) are achieved with 4 IU hCG/single dose) than induction of the P-450(C17) (59% of the maximal induction rate of 48.4 pmol/(testis x d) with 4 IU hCG/single dose), Finally, induction ofcytochrome P-450(cscc) starts faster after initiation of hCG treatment than induction of P-450(C 17).     

Asymmetric distribution of cytochrome P-450 and NADPH–cytochrome P-450 (cytochrome c) reductase in vesicles from smooth endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver

1. The topography of cytochrome P-450 in vesicles from smooth endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver has been examined. Approx. 50% of the cytochrome is directly accessible to the action of trypsin in intact vesicles whereas the remainder is inaccessible and partitioned between luminal-facing or phospholipid-embedded loci. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis reveals three major species of the cytochrome. Of these, the variant with a mol.wt. of 52000 is induced by phenobarbitone and this species is susceptible to trypsin. 2. After trypsin treatment of smooth membrane, some NADPH–cytochrome P-450 (cytochrome c) reductase activity remains and this remaining activity is enhanced by treatment with 0.05% deoxycholate, which renders the membranes permeable to macromolecules. In non-trypsin-treated control membranes the reductase activity is increased to a similar extent. These observations suggest an asymmetric distribution of NADPH–cytochrome P-450 (cytochrome c) reductase in the membrane. 3. As compared with dithionite, NADPH reduces only 44% of the cytochrome P-450 present in intact membranes. After tryptic digestion, none of the remaining cytochrome P-450 is reducible by NADPH. 4. In the presence of both a superoxide-generating system (xanthine plus xanthine oxidase) and NADPH, all the cytochrome P-450 in intact membrane (as judged by dithionite reducibility) is reduced. The cytochrome P-450 remaining after trypsin treatment of smooth vesicles cannot be reduced by this method. 5. The superoxide-dependent reduction of cytochrome P-450 is prevented by treatment of the membranes with mersalyl, which inhibits NADPH–cytochrome P-450 (cytochrome c) reductase. Thus the effect of superoxide may involve NADPH–cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytosolically orientated membrane factor(s).     

Properties of an adrenal cytochrome P-450 (P-45011β) for the hydroxylations of corticosteroids

A highly purified preparation of cytochrome P-450, designated as P-450_11β, has been obtained from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria. The P-450_11β exhibits remarkably high steroid hydroxylase activity in the reconstituted adrenal electron-donating system from NADPH via NADPH:adrenal ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.7.1) and adrenal ferredoxin. The turnover numbers (moles of hydroxylated product formed per minute per mole of P-450-heme) are 110 and 18 for respective 11β- and 18-hydroxylase activity when deoxycorticosterone is the substrate. The apparent K_m value is 6 μm for both reactions. The ratio, about 6:1 between the two activities, is constant under various experimental conditions including those in the presence of competitive inhibitors of hydroxylation. In addition to deoxycorticosterone, other steroids such as 11-deoxycortisol, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and testosterone are the hydroxylatable substrates. In cases in which 4-androstene-3,17-dione, a C₁₉-steroid, is the substrate, the hydroxylatable sites appear to be its respective 11β- and 19-position. The ratio between the two activities is about 4:1. In view of these results, it is concluded that one hemoprotein species, the P-450_11β, is responsible for the hydroxylase reactions of various Corticosteroids. 2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridyl-1-propanone (metyrapone) inhibits the P-450_11β-catalyzed steroid hydroxylase reactions of either deoxycorticosterone at 11β- and 18-position or 4-androstene-3,17-dione at 11β- and 19-position (K_i = 0.1-0.2 μM). The P-450_scc-catalyzed cholesterol desmolase reaction is also inhibited, although weakly (K_i = 160 μM). In addition, both adrenal cytochromes appeared to differ from each other in spectral response to metyrapone.     

家蝇P-450基因研究进展

较细致地介绍了近年来家蝇P-450基因的研究进展,总结了目前已克隆的8个家蝇P-450基因在同源性、遗传多态性、基因结构、基因的表达与调控等方面的特点。     

细胞色素P-450研究概况

肝细胞色素P-450是人及动物体内,代谢内源性及外源性化合物的一族酶,其氧化药物的机制已被进一步阐明,并发现P-450虽可使大多数外源性化合物代谢解毒,但也与某些药物的毒性作用以及化学致癌有关。现已证明,肝内有多种形式的P-450,分别为不同的诱导剂所诱导。它们在光谱特性、底物特异性以及催化反应等方面有明显的区别,并证明酶的诱导是由特定基因调节的。此外,近年来多种P-450的分离分析方法也有了一定的提高。     

细胞色素P-450研究概况

肝细胞色素P-450是人及动物体内,代谢内源性及外源性化合物的一族酶,其氧化药物的机制已被进一步阐明,并发现P-450虽可使大多数外源性化合物代谢解毒,但也与某些药物的毒性作用以及化学致癌有关。现已证明,肝内有多种形式的P-450,分别为不同的诱导剂所诱导。它们在光谱特性、底物特异性以及催化反应等方面有明显的区别,并证明酶的诱导是由特定基因调节的。此外,近年来多种P-450的分离分析方法也有了一定的提高。     

微粒体细胞色素P-450、NADPH-细胞色素P-450还原酶的纯化与重组活性

经苯巴比妥钠诱导的雄性大白鼠的肝微粒体纯化的细胞色素P-450同功酶组份,经SDS-PAGE鉴定呈电泳纯,分子量为55kD。部分纯化的NADPH-细胞色素P-450还原酶,含72和77kD两个蛋白质组分。上述细胞色素P-450和NADPH-细胞色素P-450还原酶与卵磷脂制备的脂质体重组后的活性试验表明,对艾氏剂有环氧化作用,对环已烷有羟化作用,对溴氰菊酯的羟化作用微弱。当重组系统中缺少细胞色素P-450组份时,对环已烷不再起作用。同时还研究了纯化的细胞色素P-450的光谱特性。     

昆虫中的细胞色素P-450及其特性

<正> 细胞色素P-450在微粒体多功能氧化酶系(MFO)中起着关键性作用。它能与氧分子和底物结合,并参与氧的活化。因此,P-450在杀中剂代谢、昆虫的选择毒性和抗药性、在保幼激素和脱皮激素的代谢以及在昆虫对寄主植物的适应性中都有着极其重要的作用。 自50年代后期以来,人们不仅对P-450的分子性质、光谱性质和多样性进行了详细研究,而且对P-450与P-450-还原酶、磷脂的相互关系及其在膜中的结构也进行了研究。目前     

昆虫P-450基因特点及研究现状

细胞色素P－450在生物体内的重要作用和功能正日益受到人们的关注,尤其是在药物代谢和致癌机理的研究中引起了人们的广泛兴趣。人们对P－450的研究已深入到基因水平,目前被克隆测序的P－450cDNA已多达300种以上,而且不断有其在体外表达的报道。这主要基于把人、鼠、兔、猴、狗等高等动物作为研究对象[1,2]。虽然,人们很早就认识到P－450在昆虫体内代谢外源性物质和产生抗药性过程中的重要作用,但对昆虫P－450基因的研究起步较晚,目前尚只对少数几种昆虫的P－450研究深入到基因水平。本文简要介绍近年来昆虫P－450基因的研究现状…     

细胞色素P-450酶系的研究进展

<正> 细胞色素P-450酶系(简称P-450)因其在内源性和外源性的化学物质尤其对各种杀虫剂和环境有害化学物质的氧化代谢方面起着重要的作用,而受到广泛的重视。该酶系还在昆虫对杀虫剂的抗性机制以及选择毒性中,昆虫对寄主植物的适应性等方面都起着重要作用。     

棉铃虫的细胞色素P-450单加氧酶系与菊酯类杀虫剂抗药性的关系(英文)

细胞色素Ｐ－４５０单加氧酶系在昆虫抗药性中起重要作用。本文研究了棉铃虫抗性品系与敏感品系间细胞色素Ｐ４５０含量、对－硝基茴香醚Ｏ－脱甲基酶和艾氏剂环氧化酶的差异。结果表明：抗性品系中细胞色素Ｐ－４５０含量、对－硝基茴香醚Ｏ－脱甲基酶活性分别是敏感品系的１．７１倍和２．２１倍,而艾氏剂环氧化酶活性仅为１．３５倍。因此细胞色素Ｐ－４５０含量和对－硝基茴香醚Ｏ－脱甲基酶在棉铃虫抗菊酯品系中起重要作用。进一步讨论了不同抗性品系间抗性机制不同的原因。     

Induction of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 in the outer membrane of mouse liver nuclei by phenobarbital and benzo [α-]pyrene

This investigation confirms the presence of the inducible mixed function hydroxylase enzyme system in nuclear membranes. The cytochrome P-450 spectrum and demethylase activity, markers of the enzyme system, were used to define its localization to the outer membrane envelope. Intact BALB/c mouse liver nuclei isolated and purified in Mg⁺⁺ sucrose media of low ionic strength gave CO-dithionite reduced difference spectra of cytochrome P-450 and P-448. Phenobarbital induced P-450 by 40% while the carcinogenic hydrocarbon, benzo [α] pyrene, induced P-448 twofold. A corresponding increase was also observed in the microsomes of the same tissue preparations. No microsomal contamination of nuclear preparations was found. Intact nuclei stripped of their outer membrane by 0.5% Triton X-100 treatment resulted in a striking absence of the P-450 which, however, was found to be present in isolated outer nuclear membranes.     

Cytochrome P-450 heme and the regulation of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in the liver

Hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase was induced in rats injected with allylisopropylacetamide. The induction process was studied in relation to experimental perturbation of cytochrome P-450 in the liver. Animals were treated with either administered endotoxin or exogenous heme, both of which accelerate degradation of cytochrome P-450 heme. These manipulations were effective in blocking induction of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, and the effect of each compound was proportional to its ability to stimulate degradation of cytochrome P-450 heme. The findings suggest that the heme moiety of cytochrome P-450 dissociates reversibly from its apoprotein and, prior to its degradation, mixes with endogenously synthesized heme to form a pool that regulates δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity. A similar or identical heme fraction appears to mediate stimulation of heme oxygenase, which suggests that the regulation of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and of heme oxygenase in the liver are closely interrelated.     

Induction of microsomal aryl hydrocarbon (3,4-benzo(α)pyrene) hydroxylase and cytochrome P-450k in rat kidney cortex: I. Characteristics of the hydroxylase system

Both the rat kidney cortex aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450_K are induced by benzo(α)pyrene treatment. Following a single injection of benzo(α)pyrene, maximal hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450_K content occur at 24 hr, returning to control levels within 72–96 hr. Induction of both the enzyme activity and hemoprotein is inhibited by cycloheximide. The enzyme system is localized in the microsomal fraction, has an absolute requirement for NADPH and molecular oxygen, and a pH optimum at 7.4; the induced activity is linear with microsomal protein concentration up to 0.8 mg and with time up to 20 min. Both the hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450_K follow the same pattern of inactivation with increasing temperature. The apparent K_m for the induced hydroxylase was 7.7 μm and V was increased fourfold above control value. In the presence of laurate, a substrate for the kidney microsomal cytochrome P-450_K-dependent monooxygenase system, the amount of inhibition of hydroxylase activity corresponded to the level of activity present in untreated kidney cortex microsomes. α-Naphthoflavone (10^?5m), a type I inducer (36) produced a greater inhibitory effect on the induced hydroxylase activity than on the control (55% vs 20%). The presence of cytochrome c or carbon monoxide markedly decreased hydroxylase activity. This evidence in addition to aforementioned characteristics of the enzyme suggests a cytochrome P-450_K-dependent aryl hydroxylase activity which differs from that present in the control rat.     

The relationship between δ-aminolaevulinate synthetase induction and the concentrations of cytochrome P-450 and catalase in rat liver

The porphyrinogenic drug 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide causes the degradation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and inhibits the synthesis of catalase in rat liver. The inhibition of catalase synthesis follows the induction of delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase and the consequent overproduction of haem. The allylisopropylacetamide-mediated breakdown of cytochrome P-450 is a rapid event and has a reciprocal relationship to the pattern of delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase induction. Breakdown of cytochrome P-450 appears to be one of the conditions leading to the ;derepression' of delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase.     

溴氰菊酯对家蝇细胞色素P-450含量的影响

本文研究了溴氰菊酯对正常品系雌性家蝇Musca domestica vieina腹部微粒体细胞色素P-450的诱导作用.结果表明溴氰菊酯对P-450有一定的诱导作用,在低于LD₅₀的波度范围内,浓度高的溴氰菊酯作用较明显,浓度低的溴氰菊酯在重复处理家蝇后也显示出诱导作用.这种诱导作用在24小时内有随时间的延长而增强的趋势.另外对照组与处理组的P-450 CO差光谱的特征吸收峰的波长均为451nm,表明诱导作用未改变P-450的光谱性质.     

柞蚕细胞色素P-450和酰胺酶的研究

柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi G.)在我国蚕业生产中占有重要地位,防治其病虫害主要靠农药。因此研究蚕体内与农药代谢有关的酶类是有意义的。 微粒体多功能氧化酶系(MFO)起着代谢杀虫剂的中心作用,并与杀虫剂的选择毒性,抗性以及增效现象密切相关。细胞色素P-450(下简称P-450)是MFO的关键成分,     

Cytochrome P-450 and glutathione: what is the significance of their interrelationship in lipid peroxidation?

Both cytochrome P-450 and glutathione participate in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Their interrelationship is described here, as well as current findings indicating their mutual involvement in lipid peroxidation.