The role of geriatricians and family practitioners in the treatment of overactive bladder and incontinence

Although the prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) and that of its symptoms (urinary urge incontinence, urgency, and frequency) increase with age, these conditions are not necessarily normal consequences of aging. Patients who present with urinary symptoms should be evaluated and treated, whether they are living on their own or in a residential, assisted-care, or long-term-care environment. Effective treatment for OAB and urinary incontinence (UI) is available and improves quality of life for the elderly. The primary care physician and geriatrician can accomplish a basic evaluation for UI using a systematic approach, as detailed in the following pages.     

Primary care management for optimized antithrombotic treatment [PICANT]: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial

Background

Delirium occurs frequently in elderly hospitalised patients and is associated with higher mortality, increased length of hospital stay, functional decline, and admission to long-term care. Healthcare professionals frequently do not recognise delirium, indicating that education can play an important role in improving delirium care for hospitalised elderly. Previous studies have indicated that e-learning can provide an effective way of educating healthcare professionals and improving quality of care, though results are inconsistent.

Methods and design

This stepped wedge cluster randomised trial will assess the effects of a complementary delirium e-learning course on the implementation of quality improvement initiative, which aims to enhance the recognition and management of delirium in elderly patients. The trial will be conducted in 18 Dutch hospitals and last 11 months. Measurements will be taken in all participating wards using monthly record reviews, in order to monitor delivered care. These measurements will include the percentage of elderly patients who were screened for the risk of developing delirium, use of the Delirium Observation Screening scale, use of nursing or medical interventions, and the percentage of elderly patients who were diagnosed with delirium. Data regarding the e-learning course will be gathered as well. These data will include user characteristics, information regarding use of the course, delirium knowledge before and after using the course, and the attitude and intentions of nurses concerning delirium care.

Setting

The study will be conducted in internal medicine and surgical wards of eighteen hospitals that are at the beginning stages of implementing the Frail Elderly Project in the Netherlands.

Discussion

Better recognition of elderly patients at risk for delirium and subsequent care is expected from the introduction of an e-learning course for nurses that is complementary to an existing quality improvement project. This trial has the potential to demonstrate that e-learning can be a vital part of the implementation process, especially for quality improvement projects aimed at complex health issues such as delirium. The study will contribute to a growing body of knowledge concerning e-learning and the effects it can have on knowledge as well as delivered care.

Trial registration

Netherlands Trial Register (NTR): NTR2885     

The role of the primary care physician in the management of bladder dysfunction

Urinary incontinence is a major health challenge for primary care physicians. Unfortunately, the majority of incontinent patients remain untreated. Primary care physicians are ideally positioned to screen for and manage urinary incontinence. A knowledge of basic micturition physiology is important for the physician to accurately identify the cause of incontinence and arrive at the correct treatment course. To this end, this article reviews the physiology of the lower urinary tract, describes the clinical types of urinary incontinence, and outlines a stepwise approach for the primary care physician to the basic evaluation and management of patients with this condition.     

Application of poly ethylene glycol hydrogel to overcome latex urinary catheter related problems

Urinary catheterization is a routine procedure in an intensive care unit (ICU) for monitoring the urine output of critically ill patients. The catheters which are most often used to help with urinary incontinence and retention also face problems like blockage, leakage and infection. These problems are due to proteins that adhere to the catheter surface and quickly build up on each other forming a protein layer. As the layers build up they can crystallize, providing the major source of blockage and leakage. Current strategies to avoid these problems include coating a catheter with silver alloy to reduce bacteria on the catheter surface. However, silver alloy coatings can lead to increased silver resistance for bacteria. Since silver is already used as an antibacterial agent in many places in a hospital, it is even more possible that resistance can develop. An alternative solution is presented involving coating latex, a common urinary catheter material with a micro layer (5-100 microns) of polyethylene glycol. This hydrogel is applied using an interfacial photopolymerization process with ethyl eosin as the photoinitiator. A 25 ppm concentration of ethyl eosin provided the strongest gel to surface adhesion and significantly lowered protein adhesion when compared to an uncoated latex substrate.     

膀胱过度活动症的抗胆碱治疗及其不良反应

膀胱过度活动症(overactive bladder,OAB)是一种令人烦恼的疾病,它影响着人们生活的质量。病人常常表现为尿急,伴有或不伴有急迫性尿失禁,通常有尿频和夜尿的症状。虽然膀胱过度活动症的病因不是很明确,但是抗胆碱药物作为其治疗的基石,在减少膀胱储尿期的收缩,增加膀胱的容量,起着重要的作用。这类药物具有一定的安全性,副作用小,并且有着相似的疗效。尽管如此,当治疗膀胱过度活动时,抗胆碱药物种类的选择,其治疗的预期利弊平衡也应在考虑之中,尤其是合并有中枢神经系统或者心脑血管系统疾病的老年患者。本文通过查阅国内外新近相关的文献,从受体的选择,临床应用和不良反应等方面对7种抗胆碱药物进行综述。     

血清NSE、LP-PLA2联合CAR对老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者PFNA内固定术后谵妄的预测价值

摘要 目的：探讨血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2（LP-PLA2）联合C-反应蛋白与白蛋白比值（CAR）对老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者闭合复位防旋髓内钉（PFNA）内固定术后谵妄的预测价值。方法：选择2020年4月至2023年2月北京中医药大学第三附属医院收治的209例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者。所有患者均行PFNA内固定术治疗，术前检测血清NSE、LP-PLA2、CAR，术后根据是否发生谵妄分为谵妄组和非谵妄组。多因素Logistic回归分析术后谵妄的因素。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析NSE、LP-PLA2、CAR预测术后谵妄的价值。结果：术后43例发生谵妄，发生率为20.57%。谵妄组血清NSE、LP-PLA2、CAR高于非谵妄组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄偏大、手术时间过长、高NSE、高LP-PLA2、高CAR是老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者术后谵妄的危险因素（P＜0.05）。NSE、LP-PLA2、CAR预测老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者术后谵妄的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.784、0.808、0.820，联合预测的AUC 为0.907，高于单独预测。结论：老年股骨粗隆间骨折PENA术后谵妄患者血清NSE、LP-PLA2、CAR增高，高水平NSE、LP-PLA2、CAR是术后谵妄的主要危险因素。联合NSE、LP-PLA2、CAR对术后谵妄风险有较高预测价值。     

成年女性压力性尿失禁患者心理健康状况调查分析

目的:探讨成年女性压力性尿失禁患者的心理健康状况,提出护理干预方法。方法:采用SCL-90及自编一般资料,对浏阳市市区80名有压力性尿失禁症状的成年女性进行心理健康自评调查,另80名无压力性尿失禁症状的成年女性为对照。结果:有压力性尿失禁症状的成年女性SCL-90总分、阳性项目数、阳性项目均分及躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖和精神病性等因子评分均明显高于对照组及常模组(P<0.05)。结论:成年女性压力性尿失禁患者心理健康状况不容乐观,应引起重视,并对其进行护理干预,加强对她们的心理疏通,可以提高疾病的防治效果。     

Treatment of overactive bladder and incontinence in the elderly

The prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder rises with age, and elderly people are the fastest-growing segment of the population. Many elderly people assume UI is a normal part of the aging process and do not report it to their doctors, who must therefore make the effort to elicit the information from them. Coexisting medical problems in older patients and the multiple medications many of them take make diagnosis and treatment more complex in this population. Just as the etiology of incontinence is often multifactorial, the treatment approach may need to be multipronged, with behavioral, environmental, and medical components; in any case, it must be targeted to the individual patient. New, less-invasive surgical techniques and devices make surgery more feasible if other therapy fails.     

Conservative Treatment for Postprostatectomy Incontinence

Postprostatectomy incontinence (PPI) is a bothersome complication of radical prostatectomy. Although most men recover from PPI, some men continue to have persistent urinary incontinence. The initial management of persistent PPI usually consists of conservative measures such as pelvic floor muscle exercises. Surgical treatments are usually not entertained for men with urinary incontinence until conservative treatments have failed. This article discusses risk factors for PPI and various options for its treatment, including biofeedback and pharmacotherapy.Key words: Postprostatectomy incontinence, Radical prostatectomy, Pelvic floor muscle training, Pelvic floor stimulationPostprostatectomy incontinence (PPI) is a bothersome complication of radical prostatectomy (RP). Although most men recover from PPI, some men continue to have persistent urinary incontinence and roughly half of these men seek treatment.¹ It is important to understand the natural history of postprostatectomy urinary dysfunction prior to initiating treatment. Generally, the initial management of persistent PPI consists of conservative measures such as pelvic floor muscle exercises.     

Postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction: the role of penile rehabilitation

Radical prostatectomy has become the gold standard for the treatment of prostate cancer in patients who have a longer than 10-year life expectancy. Surgical treatment has led to severe quality-of-life issues in these patients, especially urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction (ED). This article reviews the etiology and pathophysiology of postprostatectomy ED, and current management strategies for these patients.     

老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素分析及防范措施

目的:分析老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素,并探讨相关防范措施。方法:选取2018年7月-2020年6月期间我院收治的200例老年骨科全麻患者,收集患者的临床资料。根据其术后麻醉恢复室是否出现谵妄分为观察组(术后发生谵妄)和对照组(术后未发生谵妄),分析术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素。结果:200例老年骨科全麻患者中,发生术后谵妄的患者83例,发生率为41.50%(83/200)。单因素分析结果显示,老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄与年龄、合并其它基础疾病、吸烟史、术前血糖、术前血红蛋白、术前红细胞压积、手术类型、术中失血量、电解质紊乱有关(P<0.05),而与性别、体质量指数(BMI)、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、术前总蛋白、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分、血钾、手术时间无关(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄>75岁、合并其它基础疾病、术前血红蛋白<12g/dl、术中失血量≥200 mL、电解质紊乱均为老年骨科全麻患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:引起老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的危险因素较多,包括年龄、合并其它基础疾病、术前血红蛋白、术中失血量、电解质紊乱等,临床应采取必要的防范措施,合理制定手术方案,以降低患者术后谵妄的发生率。     

右美托咪定复合不同麻醉深度在老年全髋关节置换术患者中的麻醉效果探讨及术后谵妄的危险因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨右美托咪定复合不同麻醉深度在老年全髋关节置换术（THA）患者中的麻醉效果,并分析其发生术后谵妄的危险因素。方法：选取我院2020年7月~2022年1月期间收治的130例老年THA患者。根据术中麻醉意识深度分为A、B、C组,其中A组41例,脑电双频指数（BIS）值为40~49;B组43例,BIS值为50~59;C组46例,BIS值为60~69。观察三组患者的麻醉效果,包括苏醒质量、术后谵妄发生情况、麻醉不良反应。根据术后是否发生谵妄将患者分为无谵妄组和谵妄组,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析老年THA患者发生术后谵妄的危险因素。结果：A组、B组的恢复自主呼吸时间、呼叫开始至睁眼时间短于C组,且B组短于A组（P<0.05）。B组的麻醉不良反应发生率较A组和C组低（P<0.05）。麻醉不良反应发生率A组和C组对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。B组的谵妄发生率较A组和C组低（P<0.05）。A组、C组的谵妄发生率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。单因素分析结果显示：术后谵妄的发生与年龄、体质量指数、美国麻醉医师协会分级（ASA）分级、冠心病、术中出血量、血钠浓度、术后低氧血症、术前合并低蛋白血症、术前焦虑、麻醉时间、术后贫血有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄偏高、术后贫血、体质量指数偏低、血钠浓度偏低、术中出血量偏多、术后低氧血症、麻醉时间偏长、术前合并低蛋白血症是老年THA患者术后谵妄发生的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：BIS值为50~59的情况下复合右美托咪定治疗老年THA患者,可获得较好的麻醉效果,可降低术后谵妄、不良反应发生率。此外,年龄、术后贫血、体质量指数、血钠浓度、术中出血量、术后低氧血症、麻醉时间、术前合并低蛋白血症均是老年THA患者术后谵妄发生的影响因素。     

Cost-Effectiveness of Including a Nurse Specialist in the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Primary Care in the Netherlands

Objective

Incontinence is an important health problem. Effectively treating incontinence could lead to important health gains in patients and caregivers. Management of incontinence is currently suboptimal, especially in elderly patients. To optimise the provision of incontinence care a global optimum continence service specification (OCSS) was developed. The current study evaluates the costs and effects of implementing this OCSS for community-dwelling patients older than 65 years with four or more chronic diseases in the Netherlands.

Method

A decision analytic model was developed comparing the current care pathway for urinary incontinence in the Netherlands with the pathway as described in the OCSS. The new care strategy was operationalised as the appointment of a continence nurse specialist (NS) located with the general practitioner (GP). This was assumed to increase case detection and to include initial assessment and treatment by the NS. The analysis used a societal perspective, including medical costs, containment products (out-of-pocket and paid by insurer), home care, informal care, and implementation costs.

Results

With the new care strategy a QALY gain of 0.005 per patient is achieved while saving €402 per patient over a 3 year period from a societal perspective. In interpreting these findings it is important to realise that many patients are undetected, even in the new care situation (36%), or receive care for containment only. In both of these groups no health gains were achieved.

Conclusion

Implementing the OCSS in the Netherlands by locating a NS in the GP practice is likely to reduce incontinence, improve quality of life, and reduce costs. Furthermore, the study also highlighted that various areas of the continence care process lack data, which would be valuable to collect through the introduction of the NS in a study setting.     

Algorithmic method for assessing urinary incontinence in elderly women.

In young patients the assessment of urinary incontinence is based increasingly on the results of complex urodynamic investigations. The value of such techniques in the elderly, however, is as yet unproved. Based on the clinical and urodynamic findings in 100 incontinent elderly women an algorithmic method for managing such patients was devised. A retrospective study comparing the algorithmic outcome with the results of standard urodynamic assessment showed that 60% of invasive investigations could be avoided by this method with minimal loss of diagnostic accuracy.     

术前糖化血红蛋白水平与老年髋关节置换术后谵妄的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨术前糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）水平与老年髋关节置换术后谵妄的关系,并分析术后发生谵妄的影响因素。方法：选择我院于2019年4月~2020年6月期间收治的行髋关节置换术的220例老年患者作为研究对象。收集患者临床资料,记录其术后发生谵妄情况。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析术后发生谵妄的影响因素。采用Pearson相关分析评估患者术前HbAlc水平与术后意识障碍评估量表（CAM）评分的相关性。结果：220例患者根据剔除标准剔除20例,最终200例老年髋关节置换术后患者出现谵妄42例,发生率为21.00%（42/200）。将发生谵妄的患者纳为谵妄组（n=42）,未发生谵妄的患者纳为非谵妄组（n=158）。谵妄组的术前HbAlc水平、术后CAM评分均高于非谵妄组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关分析显示,患者术前HbAlc水平与术后CAM评分呈正相关（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示,老年髋关节置换术后发生谵妄与年龄、术前合并呼吸系统性疾病、手术时间、发生低氧血症、术后疼痛评分、存在电解质紊乱有关（P<0.05）,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄>80岁、发生低氧血症、术后疼痛评分＞3分、术前HbAlc水平＞8%均是老年髋关节置换术后发生谵妄的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：高龄、术前HbAlc水平较高的患者是髋关节置换术后发生谵妄的高危人群,且围术期应尽量给予减少疼痛、预防术后低氧血症的措施,以降低术后谵妄的发生风险。     

A systematic review of multifactorial interventions for primary prevention of delirium in the elderly

Delirium is a severe psychiatric syndrome that is highly prevalent in elderly patients in a general hospital. Primary prevention is important to prevent delirium. This article reviews recent developments with regard to multifactorial intervention trials for primary prevention of delirium. The review process involved a systematic search in MEDLINE, The Cochrane Database and CINAHL Database and subsequent examination of reference lists. Six studies were selected. Four studies showed that systemic interventions regarding medical-, nurse-led, environmental-, and educational items, were effective in preventing delirium. In one study a reduction was found in duration and severity of duration only. One study showed no effect on delirium at all. Despite the methodological weaknesses of the studies, conclusions are that different kinds of non-pharmacological interventions can be effective in preventing delirium.     

Expectations of Stress Urinary Incontinence Surgery in Patients With Mixed Urinary Incontinence

Mixed urinary incontinence is estimated to affect 30% of all women who have urinary incontinence, and it has been shown to be more bothersome to women than pure stress incontinence. Given the degree of bother, many women will undergo surgical correction for incontinence. Patients have high expectations about the success of these interventions. Understanding mixed incontinence and the effects of our interventions can help guide therapeutic choices and manage patients’ expectations.Key words: Urodynamics, Mixed urinary incontinence, Sling, Anti-incontinence surgery, Urgency incontinenceIt has been estimated that approximately 30% of women with urinary incontinence have mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). Degree of bother is higher among women with MUI compared with those who have pure stress urinary incontinence (SUI).¹ MUI can be a very challenging and costly condition to treat.^2,3 Patients with MUI are often offered conservative therapy such as physical therapy, weight-loss strategies, and behavioral modification. Some patients also benefit from treatments aimed directly at urgency, frequency, and urgency incontinence (overactive bladder), which currently include pharmacologic therapy (antimuscarinic or β-3 agonists), chemodenervation (botulinum toxin), or neuromodulation (sacral or posterior tibial nerves).⁴ However, many patients with MUI progress to surgical therapies for treatment of SUI. This article reviews the literature available that can help clinicians manage expectations of SUI surgeries on patients with MUI.     

Risk Factors and Outcomes for Postoperative Delirium after Major Surgery in Elderly Patients

Background

Early identification of patients at risk for delirium is important, since adequate well timed interventions could prevent occurrence of delirium and related detrimental outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate prognostic factors for delirium, including factors describing frailty, in elderly patients undergoing major surgery.

Methods

We included patients of 65 years and older, who underwent elective surgery from March 2013 to November 2014. Patients had surgery for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) or colorectal cancer. Delirium was scored prospectively using the Delirium Observation Screening Scale. Pre- and peri-operative predictors of delirium were analyzed using regression analysis. Outcomes after delirium included adverse events, length of hospital stay, discharge destination and mortality.

Results

We included 232 patients. 51 (22%) underwent surgery for AAA and 181 (78%) for colorectal cancer. Postoperative delirium occurred in 35 patients (15%).Predictors of postoperative delirium included: delirium in medical history (Odds Ratio 12 [95% Confidence Interval 2.7–50]), advancing age (Odds Ratio 2.0 [95% Confidence Interval 1.1–3.8]) per 10 years, and ASA-score ≥3 (Odds Ratio 2.6 [95% Confidence Interval 1.1–5.9]). Occurrence of delirium was related to an increase in adverse events, length of hospital stay and mortality.

Conclusion

Postoperative delirium is a frequent complication after major surgery in elderly patients and is related to an increase in adverse events, length of hospital stay, and mortality. A delirium in the medical history, advanced age, and ASA-score may assist in defining patients at increased risk for delirium. Further attention to prevention of delirium is essential in elderly patients undergoing major surgery.     

护理干预对成年女性压力性尿失禁患者的影响

目的：探讨护理干预对成年女性压力性尿失禁患者的影响。方法：在患者自愿参与的情况下,随机抽取浏阳市市区80名有压力性尿失禁症状的成年女性,对她们进行护理干预,并对干预效果进行评价。结果：护理干预后,患者压力性尿失禁发作次数显著减少,盆底肌肉张力显著提高,漏尿量显著减少。结论：护理干预可减轻成年女性压力性尿失禁症状,减轻患者的身心痛苦,提高压力性尿失禁患者的生活质量。     

耳穴压豆疗法对老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄、睡眠时间及焦虑水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨耳穴压豆疗法对老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄、睡眠时间及焦虑水平的影响。方法：选择2019年12月至2020年12月我院收治的老年髋部骨折患者70例为受试对象,根据患者入院先后顺序编号,随机分为观察组和对照组各35例。对照组行临床路径常规处理,观察组在对照组基础上加用耳穴压豆疗法。入院后每天使用谵妄量表分析系统（CAM-CR）对所有患者进行评估,若确诊为谵妄,则进行谵妄评定量表-98修订版（DRS-R-98）评定,并记录首次及末次DRS-R-98分值及谵妄持续时间;记录患者每天睡眠时间;同时在入院当天、术前1天及术后1周采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）及汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）进行焦虑评分。结果：对照组术后13例发生谵妄,发生率为37.14%;观察组术后5例发生谵妄,发生率为14.29%,两组术后谵妄发生率比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组患者术后谵妄持续时间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组患者每天睡眠时间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组患者术后1周的SAS评分和HAMA评分比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：老年髋部骨折患者应用耳穴压豆疗法可缓解患者的焦虑水平,改善睡眠,降低术后谵妄的发生率,减少谵妄的持续时间,促进患者的早期恢复。