INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

Despite improvements in knowledge of the pathologic physiology of intestinal obstruction, the introduction of gastrointestinal decompression, and more effective antibiotics, obstruction remains a serious disease with a high mortality rate. Although the diagnosis is often obscure, it can usually be made with a fair degree of accuracy by the history alone; pain is fairly constant and characteristically is of a cramping type simulated by very few other lesions. Distention is present in low lesions but absent in high lesions; on the contrary, vomiting is minimal in low lesions but prominent in high lesions. Visible peristaltic waves are almost pathognomonic of intestinal obstruction. Increased peristaltic sounds, as noted by auscultation, are extremely helpful in diagnosis; they are absent in paralytic ileus.Although intestinal obstruction is a surgical lesion, it must be remembered that in the type produced by adhesions the obstruction can be relieved by gastrointestinal decompression in 80 to 90 per cent of cases. Operation is usually indicated a short time after relief because of the probability of recurrence. In practically all other types of obstruction decompression is indicated only while the patient is being prepared for operation. Obviously any type of strangulation demands early operation. Strangulation can usually be diagnosed, particularly if it develops while the patient is under observation. Increase in pain, muscle spasm and pulse rate are important indications of development of strangulation.Dehydration and electrolytic imbalance are produced almost universally in high obstruction. Usually, it is unwise to wait until these two deficiencies are corrected before operation is undertaken, but correction must be well under way at the time of operation. Resections should be avoided in the presence of intestinal obstruction, but obviously will be necessary in strangulation. Operative technique must be expert and carried out with minimal trauma. Postoperative care is very important; important features are decompression, for two to three days, accurate fluid and electrolytic replacement, and transfusions.     

Caja1间质细胞与慢性假性结肠肠梗阻关系的研究进展

Cajal间质细胞（interstitial cells of cajal,ICC）主要分布在胃肠道平滑肌细胞与神经纤维之间,是一类特殊的间质细胞,它是胃肠运动的起搏细胞,具有产生、传导慢波,调节胃肠道平滑肌运动的功能。而慢性假性肠梗阻是由于胃肠神经抑制,毒素刺激或肠壁平滑肌本身病变,导致的肠壁肌肉运动功能减弱,临床上具有肠梗阻的症状和体征,但无肠内外机械性肠梗阻因素存在,故又称动力性肠梗阻。按病程有急性和慢性之分,麻痹性肠梗阻和痉挛性肠梗阻属于急性假性肠梗阻,深入研究Caja1间质细胞,对进一步认识胃肠运动的生理及胃肠动力疾病的发生机制有重要意义。     

EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF STRANGULATION OBSTRUCTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

Early recognition of strangulation obstruction of the small intestine is important in order that surgical relief may be undertaken before the bowel has been irreversibly damaged or the condition of the patient has so deteriorated as to make immediate operation unreasonably hazardous.In the presence of other symptoms, an operative scar, particularly on the lower abdomen, should alert the examining physician to the possibility of strangulation obstruction. (In a series of 100 cases, the greatest single cause of strangulation was adhesive bands subsequent to abdominal operation.)Other hallmarks of aid in diagnosis and in distinguishing early from advanced strangulation are discussed.X-ray evidence varies in accord with the rapidity of development and the stage of strangulation.Abdominal puncture may be utilized as a means of diagnosis with little risk.     

Clinical and Diagnostic Significance of Enteroclysis Through Nasointestinal Decompression Intubation

To study the clinical and diagnostic significance of enteroclysis through nasointestinal decompression intubation, thirty-five patients with small bowel obstruction were enrolled. A nasointestinal catheter of 300 cm was placed through the nasal cavity then pushed to the upper jejunum under X-ray realtime monitoring. The patients underwent intra-small-intestinal suction therapy reducing or relieving the obstruction after 3 days. As the catheter reached the lesions, we conducted selective imaging. Using fluoroscopy, we injected 20–100 ml meglumine diatrizoate 76 % and 50–200 ml air via the decompression suction port to produce a double-contrast radiography. The catheter was then retrieved to the upper jejunum, and the X-ray of the small intestine was obtained. All 35 patients had successful intubations. The decompression treatment resolved symptoms in 20 cases and alleviated symptoms in 15 cases. Ten cases underwent surgery. The images obtained by infusing meglumine diatrizoate through the decompression catheter were of good quality. Among the 35 cases, six were absent of any distinct abnormal signs on the X-ray, 15 had adhesive ileus, four had small bowel tumor (three metastatic tumor, one small bowel cancer), three had Crohn’s disease, three had radiation enteritis (one of the three was mistaken for small bowel metastatic tumor), two had enteric intussusception, one had a polyp in the small intestine, one had ascending colon cancer. The nasointestinal decompression intubation under X-ray monitoring serves a dual function for patients with intestine obstruction, by decompressing the small bowel and examining the small intestinal radiographically. The X-rays can confirm the obstruction and provide guidelines for surgery.     

ACUTE URINARY TRACT COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING GENERAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES

The most frequent postoperative urinary problem after various types of general operations is urinary retention. It may be due to previously unrecognized dynamic obstruction, but is more often psychogenic or due to a temporary disturbance in function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Catheterization may be done safely as a means of preventing over-distention of the bladder.Irritative postoperative lesions are usually due to trigonitis, cystitis or pyelitis. The immediate trauma of pelvic operation is sometimes followed by infection. Careful study will reveal the cause and the type of infection and will give an indication for proper treatment.Anuria may be the result of postoperative shock, chemical injury of the kidneys or block of the urinary channels by crystals, detritus, edema, or operative accident. A careful, immediate analysis of the problem is imperative. Fluid intake in anuria must not be pushed to the point of edema.Accidental surgical blocking or severance of a ureter usually may be repaired without difficulty following a period of recovery to permit subsidence of the acute tissue reaction caused by urinary extravasation.     

Possibilities of ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of strangulation and obturation forms of commissural small intestine ileus

The main aim of this paper, by the authors' intention, was to attempt to study and provide evidence for that routine transabdominal sonography has great capacities in diagnosing small intestinal strangulation and obstruction ileus caused by commissures or tumors. The data of 48 cases of small intestinal ileus (27 of its strangulation form and 21 of its obturation one) were analyzed. The paper details guidelines on ultrasonographic techniques and the ultrasound semiotics of this pathology. It is the first time that the authors give individual methodological and semiotic approaches at sonography in this group of papers. They present a particularly clinical picture in combination with ultrasonographic data by providing their constant comparison, which serves as an additional support of the results of this paper. In the authors' opinion, the findings suggest that transabdominal sonography may be a successful basic diagnostic technique for strangulation and obturation forms of small intestinal ileus.     

LATE POSTOPERATIVE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

Early postoperative intestinal obstruction is most successfully treated with intestinal intubation with a long intestinal tube of the Miller-Abbott, Harris or Cantor type, and only when this fails is reoperation indicated. However, late postoperative intestinal obstruction is better treated by operation as soon as the diagnosis is established and the patient is prepared for the procedure.Decompression of the bowel at the time of operation has become a procedure of choice and it is now possible to completely decompress the bowel in the course of the operation using a Foley catheter inserted through a stab wound in the bowel. Details of the technique are described in this article.     

Bleeding Esophageal Varices Due to Occult Cirrhosis of the Liver

The literature on the subject and the records of 40 cases of proven gallstone obstruction in the small intestine observed at the Los Angeles County General Hospital over a 27-year period were reviewed. The incidence of this type of obstruction is about 1.5 per cent of all cases of mechanical intestinal obstruction; and it occurs more often in women than in men-the ratio was 3.7 to 1 in the Los Angeles County General Hospital series. In general, the majority of patients are in the seventh decade of life, although in the present series the age average was well over 70 years. Gallstones large enough to cause intestinal obstruction almost invariably reach the intestinal tract through a fistula between the gallbladder and the duodenum. The symptoms of gallstone obstruction are principally those of mechanical obstruction of the small bowel. The usual site of obstruction is the distal ileum. When gallstones are the cause of obstruction, the symptoms may be intermittent. Surgical operation is the treatment of choice. Exploration should include a complete examination of the intestinal tract to make certain multiple stones are not overlooked, and the right upper quadrant should be palpated for the presence of an acutely inflamed gallbladder or more calculi.     

奥曲肽治疗急性粘连性肠梗阻疗效观察

目的:探讨生长抑素对腹部手术后急性粘连性肠梗阻的治疗作用。方法:70例急性粘连性肠梗阻患者随机分为观察组与对照组各35例。对照组予胃肠减压、灌肠、补液及抗感染治疗等常规治疗;观察组在此基础上加用奥曲肽(生长抑素类似物)0.1 mg皮下注射,每8h一次,治疗72 h。观察两组患者腹痛评分、腹痛缓解时间、胃肠减压量、肛门恢复排气时间、立卧位腹部平片、临床缓解情况。结果:观察组34例(97.1%)临床缓解,明显高于对照组的28例(80.0%)(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,观察组在治疗第1、2天后腹痛评分明显下降(均为P<0.01),腹痛缓解时间显著缩短(P<0.01),治疗第1、2、3天的胃肠减压量均显著减少(均为P<0.01),恢复排气时间也明显缩短(P<0.01)。结论:急性粘连性肠梗阻在常规治疗基础上加用生长抑素,可明显改善临床症状,提高疗效。     

Hepatic amoebiasis at high altitude

Latent amoebiasis is aggravated at high altitude. Protean manifestations are common. Fever is usually absent. Liver tenderness is not a feature and may have to be specially elicited. Leucocytosis is rare. Bowel symptoms inspite of presence of intestinal ulcerations are usually absent. Response to treatment with emetine or chloroquin is unsatisfactory and relapse rate is high. These points may interest mountaineers and other sojourners to high altitude.     

多层螺旋CT检查与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻的诊断价值比较研究

目的:研究比较多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻(AIO)的诊断价值。方法:选择2016年1月到2018年4月间在蚌埠医学院附属阜阳医院接受手术治疗的200例AIO患者作为研究对象,对所有患者先常规予以腹部X线平片诊断,12h后再通过MSCT为患者实施诊断,对比两种方法的诊断结果、诊断体验效果以及漏诊率和误诊率。结果:MSCT的肠梗阻检出率为94.50%,明显较腹部X线平片的69.00%更高(P0.05)。MSCT所诊断的肠梗阻中,梗阻类型为绞窄型及梗阻病因为肠肿瘤者均占100.00%,较腹部X线平片的36.21%和54.26%明显更高(P0.05)。MSCT的诊断舒适度评分、图像清晰度评分较腹部X线平片明显更高,而操作复杂度评分较腹部X线平片明显更低(P0.05)。MSCT的漏诊率、误诊率分别为4.00%、1.50%,较腹部X线平片的22.00%、9.00%明显降低(P0.05)。结论:对于AIO患者,MSCT较腹部X线平片具有更高的诊断价值,诊断体验效果更好,漏诊率和误诊率偏低。     

Incomplete intestinal obstruction as the possible main complaint in Behcet’s disease after surgery for recurrent abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysms: a case report and literature review

Background

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by oral and genital aphthosis, and ocular and skin lesions. The disease is involved in vascular, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. Vasculitis may exacerbate fatal problems, such as anastomotic pseudoaneurysms. If the mesenteric vessels are involved, severe abdominal symptoms such as intestinal obstruction may occur.

Case presentation

This case report describes a young female patient who suffered from BD with recurrent abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysms, as well as deep venous thrombosis and subsequent complications of incomplete intestinal obstruction. This patient first underwent stent grafting, which was followed by rupture of two newly formed anastomotic pseudoaneurysms within six months. Emergency open surgical repair (OSR) was then performed on the ruptured pseudoaneurysms. Thrombosis and incomplete ileus occurred five months after surgery. This case was unique due to the presence of incomplete intestinal obstruction being the possible main complaint for a patient with Behcet’s disease, and it is the first ever case to be reported.

Conclusion

Intestinal obstruction may present as the possible main complaint in BD. Careful and attentive strategy should be carried out to prevent fatal outcomes.

     

An analysis of the peristaltic reflex

A mathematical model describing the dynamics of the peristaltic reflex in an isolated intestinal segment is presented. The model is referred to a preparation that makes it possible to record the relevant mechanical and electrical variables during the course of the reflex. A simplified representation is used for the structure and the operation of the intrinsic nervous plexus, but the interaction between mechanical and electrical events appears quite clearly and some features of the experimental data are well predicted.This investigation was supported by CNR (National Research Council) and Ministero Publica Istruzione     

左半结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻经内镜介入治疗后再限期手术 的临床应用探讨

目的:探讨左半结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻经内镜介入治疗后再限期行肿瘤根治切除及一期肠吻合术的临床应用价值.方法:回顾性分析2006年-2011年我院收治的87例左半结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻的临床资料.结果:本组87例中,71例经内镜置入支架或肠梗阻导管介入减压治疗成功并完成了肿瘤根治性切除及一期肠吻合术.16例介入治疗失败行了急诊手术治疗,其中支架或导管置入失败7例,堵塞5例,减压效果差4例,无穿孔、出血并发症,介入治疗有效率81.6％.限期手术后切口感染5例(7.0％);急诊手术后切口感染4例(25.0％);吻合口漏2例(2.8％);无死亡病例发生.结论:左半结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻经内镜介入治疗后,限期行肿瘤根治性切除及一期肠吻合术,可以最大限度降低术后切口感染、吻合口漏机率,值得临床推广应用.     

CT 与X线诊断肠梗阻的临床价值探讨

目的：探讨腹部X 线与CT 扫描鉴别急性肠梗阻的准确性,为临床诊断提供参考。方法：选取2011年8 月-2013 年8 月我院 收治的66 例急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。所有患者均经手术活检或病理诊断证实为急性肠梗阻。术后患者均行腹 部X 线及CT扫描检查,对两种方法判断肠梗阻的发生、梗阻部位、类型及病因与手术病理结果进行比较,评价并分析两种检查 方法的准确率。结果：66 例肠梗阻患者中,X线检出率为89.39%,CT 检出率为95.45%。X 线诊断小肠梗阻准确率为72.10%,CT 为86.05%;X线诊断结肠梗阻准确率为69.57%,CT 为86.96%。X线诊断肿瘤准确率为69.57%,CT 为86.96%;X线诊断肠粘连 准确率为67.86%,CT 为82.14%;X 线诊断肠套叠准确率为60.00%,CT 为80.00%;X线诊断单纯性机械性肠梗阻准确率为78.72%,CT为82.98%;X线诊断绞窄性肠梗准确率为73.68%,CT 为78.95 %。CT 对肠梗阻部位、病因及类型的诊断准确率高于腹部X 线片,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：腹部X 线与CT 用于诊断急性肠梗阻具有较高的准确率,但CT 对于肠梗阻部位、梗阻类型及梗阻病因的诊断优于X线片。     

CT与X线诊断肠梗阻的临床价值探讨

目的：探讨腹部X线与CT扫描鉴别急性肠梗阻的准确性,为临床诊断提供参考。方法：选取2011年8月-2013年8月我院收治的66例急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。所有患者均经手术活检或病理诊断证实为急性肠梗阻。术后患者均行腹部X线及CT扫描检查,对两种方法判断肠梗阻的发生、梗阻部位、类型及病因与手术病理结果进行比较,评价并分析两种检查方法的准确率。结果：66例肠梗阻患者中,X线检出率为89．39％,CT检出率为95．45％。X线诊断小肠梗阻准确率为72．10％,CT为86．05％;X线诊断结肠梗阻准确率为69．57％,CT为86．96％。X线诊断肿瘤准确率为69．57％,CT为86．96％;X线诊断肠粘连准确率为67．86％,CT为82．14％;X线诊断肠套叠准确率为60．00％,CT为80．00％;X线诊断单纯性机械性肠梗阻准确率为78．72％,CT为82．98％;X线诊断绞窄性肠梗准确率为73．68％,CT为78．95％。CT对肠梗阻部位、病因及类型的诊断准确率高于腹部X线片,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：腹部X线与CT用于诊断急性肠梗阻具有较高的准确率,但CT对于肠梗阻部位、梗阻类型及梗阻病因的诊断优于X线片。     

PCT及CRP在急性肠梗阻大鼠血清中的表达水平及其临床意义

目的:探讨降钙素原(Procalcitonin,PCT)及C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)在急性肠梗阻大鼠血清中的水平及其临床意义。方法:将83只Wistar大鼠分为对照组(n=13)、假手术组(n=35)和急性肠梗阻组(n=35)。对照组大鼠采集标本后处死,肠梗阻组行开腹手术结扎回肠末端,假手术组仅行开腹手术。检测8 h、24 h、48 h、72 h及96 h血清PCT及CRP水平,观察急性肠梗阻大鼠回肠组织的病理学改变情况。结果:假手术组PCT与CRP水平在术后24 h内显著升高,48 h至96 h逐渐下降;各时间点PCT水平明显高于对照组,而CRP水平在实验结束时已恢复至正常水平。肠梗阻组PCT和CRP水平在各时间点均明显高于对照组,并逐渐增加,到实验结束时达到高峰;肠梗阻组PCT和CRP水平在48 h-96 h均显著高于假手术组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。组织病理学检查显示,对照组大鼠肠壁粘膜结构正常,假手术组可见轻度病理改变,肠梗阻组大鼠回肠组织可见粘膜结构明显破坏,绒毛坏死,严重水肿和炎症细胞浸润。结论:血浆PCT和CRP水平能够反映肠梗阻的状态和肠粘膜受损程度。     

Guest Lecture 8.45–9.30 Monday 15 September 2003 Endocervical Adenocarcinoma and its Precursors

The incidence of malignant and pre‐malignant endocervical glandular lesions is increasing. Part of this is an apparent increase due to a reduction in the number of invasive cervical squamous carcinomas but there is evidence that there is a real increase in malignant and pre‐malignant endocervical glandular lesions. Different terminologies are in use in the UK where the term cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) is commonly used and the rest of the world where pre‐malignant lesions are classified as glandular dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) (WHO classification). It is well established that high‐grade CGIN (AIS in WHO terminology) is a precursor lesion of cervical adenocarcinoma but it is controversial whether a recognizable precursor to high grade CGIN (namely low‐grade CGIN) exists and criteria for diagnosing this are poorly established and poorly reproducible. Most cases of CGIN are of usual or endocervical type but other morphological subtypes described include endometrioid, intestinal, tubal and stratified mucinous intraepithelial lesion (SMILE). The presence of skip lesions and lesions high up the endocervical canal has been overemphasised in CGIN with most cases occurring close to the transformation zone. Treatment is on an individualized basis but local excision with negative margins and close cytological follow‐up may be employed. There is evidence in the literature that early invasive adenocarcinomas behave in a similar fashion to early invasive squamous carcinomas and that, on selected occasions, conservative therapy can be safely undertaken. However, further studies are needed to ascertain the behaviour and natural history of early invasive cervical adenocarcinoma. In 10%–15% of cases it may be impossible to ascertain whether a malignant endocervical glandular lesion is invasive or in situ. There are many benign mimics of CGIN and adenocarcinoma, including tuboendometrial metaplasia (TEM), endometriosis and microglandular hyperplasia (MGH). Although careful morphological examination usually allows confident distinction of these lesions, a panel of immunohistochemical stains including MIB1, bcl2 and p16 may assist.     

Dynamics of fluid accumulation in intestinal segments

Intestinal obstruction occurring in human diseases or produced surgically in animal studies can produce fluid accumulation and intestinal distention. It was found that a quantitative theory for acute intestinal fluid accumulation could be derived and verified for a variety of experimental model systems. The contribution of intestinal secretagogues and distention-induced secretion may augment fluid accumulation in closed loop fluid accumulation experiments in animals. Criteria for stability and decompression of lumen volume were derived.     

Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats

Clostridium perfringens produces disease in sheep, goats and other animal species, most of which are generically called enterotoxemias. This micro-organism can be a normal inhabitant of the intestine of most animal species including humans, but when the intestinal environment is altered by sudden changes in diet or other factors, C. perfringens proliferates in large numbers and produces several potent toxins that are absorbed into the general circulation or act locally with usually devastating effects on the host. History, clinical signs and gross post-mortem findings are useful tools for establishing a presumptive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia by C. perfringens in sheep and goats, although no definitive diagnosis of these diseases can be made without laboratory confirmation. Because all types of C. perfringens can be normal inhabitants of the intestine of most animals, culture of this micro-organism from intestinal contents of animals has no diagnostic value unless a colony count is performed and large numbers (usually more than 10(4)-10(7)CFU/g) of C. perfringens are found. The most accepted criterion in establishing a definitive diagnosis of enterotoxaemia by C. perfringens is the detection of its toxins in intestinal contents. However, some of the major toxins of C. perfringens (i.e. epsilon toxin) can also be found, albeit in small amounts, in the small intestine of clinically normal sheep, and this poses a diagnostic challenge. In such cases the histopathology of the brain must be used as an alternative diagnostic tool, since the lesions produced by epsilon toxin in the brains of sheep and goats are unique and pathognomonic for C. perfringens type D enterotoxaemia. Ancillary tests, such as measurement of urine glucose or observation of Gram stained smears of intestinal mucosa can be used and, although they have a presumptive diagnostic value when positive, they cannot be used to rule out a diagnosis of enterotoxaemia if they are negative. In conclusion, the diagnosis of C. perfringens infections in animals is complex and it is appropriate to rely on a combination of diagnostic techniques rather than one singe test.