ON THE STATUS OF THE GENERIC NAMES OF THE NUDIBRANCH GENERA CATRIONA, CRATENA, HERVIA, RIZZOLIA AND TRINCHESIA

The genus Catriona Winckworth (1941) is synonymous with TrinchesiaPruvot-Fol (1951) but not with Trinchesia von Jhering (1879). It has priority over Trinchesia Pruvot-Fol. The genus Cratena Bergh (1864) is valid and synonymous withRizzolia Trinchese (1877) but not with Hervia Bergh (1871). The genus Hervia Bergh (1871) is synonymous with Facelina Alderand Hancock (1855), but not all species of Hervia can be includedin the latter genus, and these should, therefore, be distributedamong other genera, some of which are listed. (Received 8 October 1954;     

西双版纳片断热带雨林蝶类群落结构与多样性研究

对西双版纳片断热带雨林蝴蝶群落结构和多样性进行了研究。样地内共收集蝴蝶9 204号,隶属于10科,62属,84种。主要成分是：粉蝶科(粉蝶属、迁粉蝶属)、凤蝶科 (凤蝶属、麝凤蝶属)、蛱蝶科(斐豹蛱蝶属、尾蛱蝶属),眼蝶科(幕眼蝶属、矍眼蝶屑)等属的种类。属、种以风蝶科最丰富;个体数量以粉蝶科最多;喙蝶科的属、种和个体数量最少。各样地的多样性指数、均匀度和种类丰富度是：热带原始雨林自然保护区>城子片断热带雨林>植物园片断热带雨林>曼峨片断热带雨林。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE PULMONATE SNAIL PSEUDOTACHEA LITTURATA (PFEIFFER) AND OTHER SPECIES OF PSEUDOTACHEA, IBERUS AND CEPAEA

A population of Pseudotachea litturata (Pfeiffer, 1851) fromTarifa (Càdiz, Spain) has been studied. The morphologicalresults are compared with those from P. splendida, Iberus gualtierianus,I. alonensis, I. marmoralus, I. guiraoanus and four speciesof the genus Cepaea using, as an exploratory method, the Wagnerparsimony procedure and 18 characters of the shell, genitalsystem and karyotype have been analysed. According to this methodit seems that the taxonomical position of P. litturata in thegenus Pseudotachea is confirmed, and agrees with the phylogeneticalrelationships in this group of species. The genus Cepaea seemsto be well established, although two species groups can be distinguished:C. nemoralis—C. hortensis and C. syluatica—C. vindobonensis.These differ mainly in chromosome number, diverticulum lengthand degree of shell polymorphism. Although the present resultsdo not allow us to clarify the current taxonomical problemswithin the genus Iberus, the species studied seem to belongto a natural group (Received 15 September 1987; accepted 1 January 1988)     

TURRILITIDAE (CRETACEOUS AMMONOIDEA) FROM SOUTH AFRICA, WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE EVOLUTION AND LIMITS OF THE FAMILY

The helically coiled mid-Cretaceous family Turrilitidae Meek,1876 are abundant in late Albian and Cenomanian sediments ofEastern South Africa, including representatives of the generaPseudhelicoceras, Turrilites, Hypoturrilites, Ostlingocerasand Mariella, together with a new genus, Neostlingoceras (typespecies Turrilites carcitanensis Matheron, 1842).a Hypoturriliteshomoeomorph derived from Ostlingoceras. Twenty-two species andsubspecies are described, four of them new: Hypoturrilites crickisp. nov., Mariella (Mariella) acanthotuberculata sp. nov., Mariella(Mariella) oehlerti (Pervinquière) sulcata subsp. nov.and Mariella (Mariella) gallienii evoluta subsp. nov. The systematicpart.of the paper providesa basis for the discussion of thephylogeny, and some of the evolutionary trends shown by thefamily. An annotated synopsis of all genera and species referred tothe family is also included (Received 10 March 1977;     

GROWTH, MORTALITY, AND FEEDING RATES OF THE SNAIL HELIX ASPERSA AT DIFFERENT POPULATION DENSITIES IN THE LABORATORY, AND THE DEPRESSION OF ACTIVITY OF HELICID SNAILS BY OTHER INDIVIDUALS, OR THEIR MUCUS

When reared at high densities, young Helix aspersa show lessshell growth, even if waste products are removed. They alsofeed less, and show increased mortality. It is suggested thatthese effects are linked to reduced activity. Juveniles showreduced activity in the presence of adults or their mucus. Mucusof adult Cepaca nemoralis also depresses the activity of bothadult and young Helix and Cepaea. ^* Present Address: Unit Zoologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,Jalan Pantai Baru, Kuala Lumpur, West Malaysia. (Received 12 May 1981;     

HOMOLOGY OF THE PALLIAL AND PULMONARY CAVITY OF GASTROPODS

The development and morphology of the pallial and pulmonarycavities of various gastropods has been investigated using epoxy-resinserial sections. In the veliger larvae of Cellana sandwicensis(Patellogastro-poda), Gibbula adansonii (Vetigastropoda), Modulustectum (Caenogastropoda) and Ovatella myosotis (Pulmonata) theformation of the pallial cavity is nearly identical. After shellformation a shallow dorsal pallial groove develops beneath themantle edge. During the late veliger stage, the ectoderm formsa deep invagination along the bottom of the pallial groove onthe right side of the larva, giving rise to the pallial cavity.In the ellobiid O. myosotis the pallial cavity becomes the lung(=pulmonary cavity), without any major post-metamorphic modification.Thus, the lung of this species is clearly homologous with thepallial cavity of prosobranchs. The lung of pulmonates withveliger development, as well as of fresh water basommatophoransand stylommatophorans, can be shown to be homologous by comparisonof adult morphology. In contrast to previous views, the pulmonatelung should be regarded as truly homologous with the pallialcavity of prosobranchs and opisthobranchs. In the onchidiidpulmonate Onchidium cf. branchiferum, the larval pallial cavityshifts posteriorly after metamorphosis, where it gives riseto a lung and a cloaca. Contrary to previous interpretations,it can be shown that the onchidiid lung is homologous with atleast part of the pallial cavity. Smeagol climoi has only asmall pallial cavity and no separate lung. The previously described‘lung’ is shown to be a gland. The re-evaluationof the development and morphology of the pulmonate lung hasimportant systematic implications: (1) The pulmonary cavitydoes not represent a synapomorphic character of pulmonates.(2) The gymnomorphs cannot be separated from the remaining pulmonatesbased on lung development. (3) The lack of a lung in the smeagolidsmight give reason to reconsider this group's systematic placementwithin the pulmonates.     

THE ANATOMY OF CYLINDROTIS QUADRASI FORM OKINAWA ISLAND, JAPAN AND THE SUBFAMILIAL POSITION OF THE GENUS CYLINDROTIS MOLLENDORFF, 1895 (ARCHAEOPULMONATA: ELLOBIIDAE)

Cylindrotis quadrasi Mollendorff, 1895, the type species ofthe ellobiid genus Cylindrotis, was collected from Okinawa Island,southwest Japan. This is the first record of C. quadrasi inJapan and the third in the world. The anatomical charactersof this species, i.e. shell, head-foot, pallial cavity, radula,stomach, reproductive system, and central nervous system, aredescribed in detail for the first time. The significance ofthese observations is discussed and the subfamilial positionof Cylindrotis is reconsidered. Cylindrotis was included inthe Pythiinae, the most primitive group of the Ellobiidae, basedon the conchological characters alone. However, the male andfemale tracts of the reproductive system are entirely separated,and other internal organs exhibit highly derived conditions.Accordingly, Cylindrotis is transferred from the Pythiinae tothe Ellobiinae. Among the genera of the latter subfamily, Cylindrotisseems to be allied to Blauneria Shuttleworth, 1854 and LcucophytiaWinckworth, 1949. (Received 1 February 1993; accepted 7 June 1993)     

PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE ATLANTIC AND EASTERN PACIFIC HYPSELODORIS STIMPSON, 1855 (NUDIBRANCHIA, CHROMODORIDIDAE) WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM THE CARIBBEAN SEA

A new species, based on two specimens from Guana Island, BritishVirgin Islands, is described. The new species agrees with thegenus Hypselodoris in having a high body profile, a large vestibulargland and mantle glands. It differs from other members of thegenus in the Atlantic Ocean by having a reddish background bodycolour. In addition, dorsal colour patterns such as a broadcentral white line with lateral extensions and the lack of yellowlines or spots further differentiate this species. The radularformula of 52x41.0.41 and a smaller seminal receptacle are alsodistinctive. The phylogenetic relationships of 34 species andsubspecies of Hypselodoris from the eastern Pacific and Atlanticare examined using morphological characters. With the exceptionof the new species, these are characterized by a dark blue backgroundbody colour. The phylogenetic analysis of the data matrix resultedin eight most-parsimonious trees. The resulting consensus treeshows that eastern Pacific and Atlantic species of Hypselodorisconstitute a monophyletic group that is basally split into twosister clades. One clade contains the eastern Pacific speciesand most of the Caribbean species, whereas the other clade containsthe eastern Atlantic species. The new species is the sisterto the rest of the Caribbean species, which also form a monophyleticgroup. This phylogenetic hypothesis suggests that two consecutivevicariant events have affected the biogeography of Hypselodoris:(1) the closure of communication between the tropical Indo-Pacificregion and the Atlantic and eastern Pacific, completed withthe formation of the East Pacific Barrier; and (2) the riseof the Panama isthmus. (Received 19 December 2003; accepted 12 October 2005)     

COMPARISONS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE INTERTIDAL SUBANTARCTIC LIMPETS NACELLA CONCINNA AND KERGUELENELLA LATERALIS

Two limpet species occur intertidally on subantarctic SouthGeorgia, the patellid Nacella concinna and the siphonarlid Kerguelenellalateralis. N. concinna is confined to the lower shore closeto LWS; K. lateralis occurs in middle shore pools, so theirdistributions do not overlap. N. concinna has a much narrowerthermal niche (–12.9°C to +15.6°C) than K. lateralis(–17.8°C to +31.8°C). Environmental data are presentedto show that the upper lethal temperature of N. concinna islow enough to prevent the limpet living higher on the shore.Both limpet species are slow-moving, but K. lateralis showsincreasing speed with rising temperature, peaking at 15–20°C.In contrast, N. concinna moves actively down to –1.9°C(when sea water freezes), but there is a steady decrease inspeed of locomotion above +2°C. Locomotion ceases at 14°Cin N. concinna (c.f. 30°C in K. lateralis). Both speciesexhibit very low tenacities, but in N. concinna tenacity decreaseswith increasing shell length. In K. lateralis there is no effectof temperature on tenacity. Both species show a positive allometricrelationship between foot area and shell length. N. concinnafeeds upon microbial films and microepiflora, but K. lateraliseats colonial diatoms and Enteromorpha bulbosa. Observationson shell middens of the kelp gull Larus dominicanus showed thatthe gulls did not eat K. lateralis, though they ate great quantitiesof the less accessible N. concinna. Gulls ate N. concinna assmall as 11 mm shell length (within the size range of K. lateralis).Experiments on gulls demonstrated an unwillingness to eat K.lateralis, probably because the siphonariid extrudes a viscidwhite mucus when the foot is touched. (Received 9 May 1996; accepted 8 July 1996)     

ASPECTS OF THE LIFE CYCLE, POPULATION DYNAMICS,GROWTH AND SECONDARY PRODUCTION OF THE EDIBLE SNAIL HELIX LUCORUM LINNAEUS, 1758 (GASTROPODA, PULMONATA) IN GREECE

This paper examines the biology and ecology of Helix lucorumL. which lives in mainland Greece, as well as its growth andsecondary production. A demographic study revealed that (a)3 cohorts exist at any time during the year (when adults ofall generations belong to the same cohort) (b) egg-laying andhatching occur during the months of July and August respectively,(c) the most rapid growth takes place during spring. Study ofH. lucorum genitalia in relation to age showed that the snailsaxe sexually mature 3 years after hatching, when the largestdiameter of their shell (D) is equal to or greater than 35 mm Von Bertallanffy's method suggests that Helix lucorum may liveup to 14 years or more in order to reach its possible maximumsize (48.80 mm) The study of relative growth of D in relation to P_s (peristomesurface) of Helix lucorum shows that D grows faster than P_swhen D12.50 mm; juveniles change their growth rate when theirD arrives at 22.05 mm, and growth becomes slower when adultsarrive at 36.27 mm Annual secondary production calculated by the size frequencymethod gave a mean annual density of 3.39 individuals per m²,a mean annual crop (biomass) of 4.04 g-m^–2 and an annualproduction (P) of 5.02 g · m^–2. The annual turnoverratio (P//b) is equal to 1.24 (Received 23 June 1987;     

NOTES ON THE TAXONOMY, SPAWN AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES OF THE INTERTIDAL LIMPET SIPHONARIA (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA)

The taxonomy of South African Siphonaria is reviewed. We concludethat nine species are valid. These are: S. anneae Tomlin, 1944;S. capensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833; S. compressa Allanson,1959; S. concinna Sowerby, 1824; S. dayi Allanson, 1959; S.nigerrima Smith, 1903; S. oculus Krauss, 1848; S. serrata (Fischer,1807) and S. tenuicostulata Smith, 1903. Of these, Siphonarianigerrima Smith, 1903, has been incorrectly synonymized withSiphonaria carbo Hanley, 1858, which is not present on SouthAfrican shores. S. aspera Krauss, 1848 is reduced to a juniorsynonym of S. Serrata (Fischer, 1807). Shell characteristicsand mode of larval development are described for these nineSouth African species. All species deposit benthic egg massesand development may be either planktonic with swimming veligerlarvae (S. capensis, S. concinna and S. oculus) or direct, withcrawling larvae emerging from the eggs (S. anneae, S. compressa,S. dayi, S. nigerrima, S. serrata and S. tenuicostulata). (Received 20 November 1992; accepted 24 January 1994)     

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF LAROCHEA FINLAY, 1927, AND INTRODUCTION OF A NEW GENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES (GASTROPODA: SCISSURELLIDAE)

Species of the gastropod genus Larochea Finlay, 1927 are shownto be scissurellids without an anal shell slit or foramen. TheNew Zealand species, L. miranda Finlay, 1927 and L. secundaPowell, 1937, brood their young in the right subpallial cavityagainst a modified inner lip that is set well behind the aperturalplane. Larochea scitula n.sp. is based on shells from WanganellaBank, southern Norfolk Ridge. Larocheopsis n. gen. is introducedfor a minute species from off northern New Zealand that lacksa shell brood chamber. Larochea miranda and Larocheopsis amplexan.sp. are either gonochoristic with smaller males or consecutivehermaphrodites, while Larochea secunda and L. scitula are evidentlygonochoristic, having mature males and females of similar size. (Received 23 July 1992; accepted 10 December 1992)     

THE ECOLOGY OF THE HONG KONG LIMPETS CELLANA GRATA (GOULD, 1859) AND PATELLOIDA PYGMAEA(DUNKER, 1860): DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS

Cellana grata is a high-zoned, exposed-shore limpet with a lifespanof 3 years. Patclloida pygmaeais a low-zoned, sheltered-shorelimpet with a lifespan of I year. C. grata migrates up-shorein winter, but occurs lower on the shore in summer. This migrationis synchronized with variations in algal availability high onthe shore; such variations are, however, themselves relatedto seasonal changes in wave height. P. pygmaea is restrictedto the low shore, year round. The movements upwards in winterand downwards in summer are still evident. Algal species richnessincreased from September to reach a peak between December andMarch, and to abruptly diminish between May and June. The encrustingalgae Brachytrichia maculans, Hildenbrandia prototypus, Lithothamnionsp. and Ralfsia vcrrucosa were present year round. The timingof juvenile recruitment of C. grata and P. pygmaea was fromOctober to July and February to October, respectively. Temperaturemay be important in enhancing juvenile survival by affectingthe seasonal pattern of algal occurrence on the shore. Seasonalfluctuations in the rate of growth were recorded for both specieswith the time of fastest growth of C. grata and P. pygmaea occurringbetween October and March and September and February, respectively.Mortality of both species occurred mainly in summer. Summerheat, predation and intra-specific competition for food appearto be the major causes of death. (Received 1 December 1992; accepted 5 May 1993)     

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF THE OCTOCORAL-FEEDING GENUS PHYLLODESMIUM EHRENBERG, 1831 (NUDIBRANCHIA: AEOLIDOIDEA)

The aeolid nudibranch genus Phyllodesmium (Mollusca: Gastropoda)is reviewed, three new species are described and further informationon the biology, anatomy and distribution on the eight previouslyknown species is reported. The genus Ennoia Bergh, 1896 is considereda synonym of Phyllodesmium and the type species Ennoia briareusredescribed. The genus Phyllodesmium is unique amongst the aeolidsin feeding on octocoral cnidarians. This has led to the evolutionof nudibranch- zooxanthellae symbioses, zooanthellae being obtainedfrom the octocoral prey. The adaptations developed throughoutthe genus are described and possible relationships between thespecies proposed. (Received 6 January 1990; accepted 20 May 1990)     

THE MORPHOLOGY OF TOXOGLOSSAN GASTROPODS LACKING A RADULA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES AND GENUS OF TURRIDAE

The morphology of some deep-sea Turridae lacking radulae wasstudied. The main features of their digestive system are theabsence of a radula sac, venom and salivary glands and the reductionor absence of a proboscis. A new genus Teretiopsis including3 new species and T. thaumastopsis (Dautzenberg and Fischer,1896) is described. On the basis of differences of the digestivesystem when compared with other turrids lacking radulae themonotypical subfamily Taraninae Casey, 1904 new status (typegenus Taranis Jeffreys, 1870) is considered. It is shown thatthe process of radula reduction has occurred independently indifferent phylogenetic lines of Toxoglossa—the subfamiliesDaphnellinae and Taraninae among Turridae and the family Terebridae. (Received 8 August 1988; accepted 20 December 1988)     

小地老虎雄性附腺细微结构和功能及高温的影响

本文通过光镜、电镜和生化分析等方法,研究了小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)雄性附腺的细微结构和功能,结果表明：(1)雄性附腺是一对管状腺,基段粉红色,中段桔红色,端段乳白色。形态分化在蛹前期完成,分泌功能在羽化后4天进入旺盛期;(2)附腺细胞属蛋白质合成型,具有旺盛的合成蛋白质的能力,胞内含有致密的粗面内质网和游离核糖体颗粒,大量的分泌液泡均匀地分布在细胞质中;(3)顶浆分泌和局部分泌是腺体的二种主要分泌方式, 前者分泌的颗粒物为糖蛋白性质(Pas阳性),后者吩泌的网状物为非糖蛋白性质(Pas阴性),二者在腺腔内呈有规则的放射状排列“4”雄性附腺分泌物具有种的特异性,小地老虎、棉铃虫和粘虫等夜蛾科昆虫分泌物的蛋白电泳谱带存在明显的种间差异,高温(32℃)抑制了雄性附腺分泌某些蛋白质的能力,从而改变精液的成分。     

ENDOCYTOSIS IN THE CROP OF THE SLUG, DEROCERAS RETICULATUM (MULLER) AND THE EFFECTS OF THE INGESTED MOLLUSCICIDES, METALDEHYDE AND METHIOCARB

Utilising the markers horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and lanthanumnitrate, uptake of endogenous material was demonstrated in thecrop of the slug, Deroceras reticulatum. Pinocytosis of HRPwas observed to occur rapidly, (within 5 min post feeding) inspecimens that had previously been starved for 48 h. Similarrates of uptake were recorded for lanthanum but this markerwas confined to a paracellular route. The effects of the molluscicidesmetaldehyde and methiocarb, following ingestion were studiedat the electron microscope level. At sub-lethal doses morphologicaldamage to the surface epithelium of the crop was attributableto both active ingredients. In addition the appearance of intracellularvacuoles within crop cells was evident from 24 h post treatmentwith methiocarb. (Received 7 February 1990; accepted 4 April 1990)     

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF THE EDIBLE SEAWEED PORPHYRA TENERA I. THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT B12 ANALOGUES, PLANT HORMONES, PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES ON THE GROWTH OF CONCHOCELIS

The red alga Porphyra tenera has been obtained in axenic cultureby the "dip and drag" technique in an agarized medium containingantibiotics. In the axenic culture, the Conchocelis of P. teneraneeds vitamin B₁₂ for growth. The addition of other vitaminsdoes not increase growth further. The pattern of specificityis similar to that of Escherichia coli 113-3. Factor B, pseudovitaminB₁₂ and Factor Z₂ support as much growth as vitamin B₁₂, while2-methylmercaptoadenine and 5-methyl benzimidazole cobalamineincrease the growth more than B₁₂. All the analogues containingbenzimidazole can replace B₁₂. Kinetin, adenine, indoleaceticacid and especially gibberellic acid increase growth. Threepurines, (xanthine, hypoxanthine and guanine) and three pyrimidines(uracil, methylcytosine and thymine) also promote growth inthe presence of vitamine B₁₂. (Received January 18, 1965; )     

THE FINE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ANAL GLAND OF THE MURICID NUCELLA LAPILLUS (NEOGASTROPODA) (AND A COMPARISON WITH THAT OF THE TROCHID GIBBULA CINERARIA)

The fine structure of the anal gland of Nucella lapillus isdescribed, and compared with that of Gibbula cineraria. It isconcluded that the glands are not analogous in function andare unlikely to be homologous. The anal gland of Gibbula isa small rectal diverticu-lum near the anal papilla, lined bymucus-secreting cells. The evidence suggests that the largeanal gland of Nucella extracts macromolecules and cations fromthe blood, metabolizes or sequesters them in lyso-somes andultimately expels the resultant residual bodies by apocrinesecretion. It has large reserves of lipid and glycogen, andthe abundance of melanin indicates that it is a major site oftyrosine degradation. The invariable presence of bacteria inthe lumen, and of pits in the epithelium to house them, impliesa symbiotic relationship in which the bacteria metabolize anddegrade the cell debris, some of which is resorbed. The lossof the anal gland in bucci-nids and nassariids is accompaniedby great reduction in size and importance of the rectal sinus,and increase in complexity of the kidney. (Received 31 December 1991; accepted 23 January 1992)