枯草芽孢杆菌对几种灰霉病菌的抑制效果研究

分别研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(BacillussubtilisCohn)培养液、过滤液和灭活液对葡萄灰霉病菌(GB)、草莓灰霉病菌(SB)、辣椒灰霉病菌(PB)和番茄灰霉病菌(TB)菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌培养液对GB、SB、PB和TB都有很好的抑制作用。在菌液浓度达到10 5CFU/mL时,对4种灰霉病菌的抑制率均达到了10 0 % ;当浓度降低为10 4CFU/mL时,抑制率明显降抵。而菌液浓度为10 8CFU/mL时的过滤液,对GB、PB和TB的抑制率也均在5 0 %以上。灭活液对灰霉菌的抑制作用明显减弱,菌液浓度为10 8CFU/mL时,对PB、GB、TB和SB的抑制率分别为73.6 %、39.5 %、5 0 %和2 5 %。     

四川省草莓主产区灰葡萄孢菌的遗传多样性

为明确四川省草莓灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea群体遗传结构及其多样性水平,采用ISSR分子标记技术对分离自四川省10个县（市）的195株灰葡萄孢菌进行了遗传多态性分析。结果表明,四川省灰葡萄孢菌多态性丰富,6条ISSR引物共产生了63个多态性位点,应用Popgene32软件计算四川省不同主产区域（除德阳广汉种群外）种群的Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）均达到了H>0.2、I>0.3的水平,表明四川省的灰葡萄孢菌具有丰富的遗传多样性;灰葡萄孢菌群体的遗传多样性（Ht）均值为0.2976,种群内遗传多样性（Hs=0.2458）远远高于种群间（Dst=0.0518）的遗传多样性;遗传分化系数（Gst）均值0.1742,基因流（Nm）均值2.3696,说明该地区灰葡萄孢菌种群间遗传分化不明显,群体内基因交流频繁。通过UPGMA法和Omishare Tools热图软件均可将10个采集点分为3个类群,来自绵阳江油的菌株单独构成一个类群,来自成都崇州和德阳广汉的菌株构成一个类群,其余的菌株构成另外一个类群;利用Structure 2.3软件对195份灰葡萄孢菌进行群体结构分析,可将134份菌株划分成21个群,另外61个菌株被列为混合群体。     

A proteomic study of pectin‐degrading enzymes secreted by Botrytis cinerea grown in liquid culture

Botrytis cinerea is a pathogenic filamentous fungus, which infects more than 200 plant species. The enzymes secreted by B. cinerea play an important role in the successful colonization of a host plant. Some of the secreted enzymes are involved in the degradation of pectin, a major component of the plant cell wall. A total of 126 proteins secreted by B. cinerea were identified by growing the fungus on highly or partially esterified pectin, or on sucrose in liquid culture. Sixty‐seven common proteins were identified in each of the growth conditions, of which 50 proteins exhibited a SignalP motif. Thirteen B. cinerea proteins with functions related to pectin degradation were identified in both pectin growth conditions, while only four were identified in sucrose. Our results indicate it is unlikely that the activation of B. cinerea from the dormant state to active infection is solely dependent on changes in the degree of esterification of the pectin component of the plant cell wall. Further, these results suggest that future studies of the B. cinerea secretome in infections of ripe and unripe fruits will provide important information that will describe the mechanisms that the fungus employs to access nutrients and decompose tissues.     

灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinerea）基因组中T-DNA整合模式分析

摘要：【目的】研究灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinerea）基因组中T-DNA插入位点的整合模式特征。【方法】利用农杆菌（Agrobactirium tumfacience）介导法构建灰葡萄孢菌T-DNA插入突变体库。利用热不对称交错PCR（TAIL-PCR）技术对转化子中T-DNA的旁侧序列进行扩增和克隆,对获得的旁侧序列进行比对分析。【结果】T-DNA插入在灰葡萄孢菌基因组非编码区的占69%,插入在外显子的占30%。T-DNA在插入的过程中发生了碱基缺失、增加等重组现象,其中左边界（left border,LB）整合到基因组碱基缺失较少,有的保持完整,而右边界（right border,RB）及其近邻的T-DNA区域缺失碱基较多。T-DNA的插入位点还发现有额外的序列插入。【结论】对灰葡萄孢菌中插入T-DNA的整合模式的分析为开展该菌的功能基因组学奠定了基础。     

Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. in Strawberry by Paenibacillus polymyxa (Isolate 18191)

Isolate 18191, obtained from mature strawberry fruit and determined as Paenibacillus polymyxa has shown an antagonistic potential against Botrytis cinerea , the causal agent of grey mould in strawberries. Germ tube growth of conidia of B. cinerea was strongly inhibited by the culture suspension of the antagonist in aqueous strawberry fruit pulp suspension (1%) but germination rate of conidia was not affected. The application of the culture suspension and the washed cells on detached strawberry leaf discs reduced conidiophore density of B. cinerea by 67 and 84%, respectively. The treatment of detached leaf discs with culture suspensions of different cell densities (1 × 10⁶, 1 × 10⁷, 1 × 10⁸) showed that the lowest density already reduced incidence of B. cinerea by 68% after 8 days incubation period. Investigating the influence of the temperature on the effectiveness of P. polymyxa it was observed that the antagonist was highly effective already at 10°C and reduced incidence and conidiophore density of B. cinerea by 53 and 58%, respectively. In 3-year field trials the effectiveness of P. polymyxa was in a range of 24–36% as compared to the water control.     

灰葡萄孢侵染垫缺失突变体的筛选及其相关生物学特性的研究

【目的】从农杆菌介导获得的灰葡萄孢RoseBC-3的突变体库中筛选侵染垫缺失突变体菌株,并明确其相关生物学特性。【方法】将菌株接种于洋葱表皮,利用棉兰染色观察侵染垫形成情况,筛选得到一个侵染垫缺失突变体(AT19)。采用形态学方法、离体叶片接种法、钌红染色法、小麦种子幼芽生长抑制法分别对该菌株的菌落培养性状、侵染垫产生情况、致病力、产果胶酶能力以及产植物毒性代谢产物能力进行测定。【结果】筛选灰葡萄孢突变体168株,根据侵染垫形成可分为三类：快速形成侵染垫型(158株)、缓慢形成侵染垫型(9株)和侵染垫形成缺陷型(1株,AT19)。AT19在接种洋葱120 h后依然无法形成成熟侵染垫。该菌株生长较为缓慢,菌落扩展均匀,可以产生分生孢子,对烟草、草莓、蚕豆和豌豆叶片均不能致病,可以产生果胶酶和植物代谢毒性物质。【结论】突变体菌株AT19可以产生果胶酶和植物代谢毒性物质,其致病力缺失与侵染垫产生缺陷相关。研究结果为了解灰葡萄孢侵染垫形成分子机制提供基础材料。     

灰葡萄孢BC7-3菌株除草活性组分的纯化与结构鉴定

[目的]植物病原真菌毒素是一类重要的微生物源除草剂,本研究旨在找到一个新的具有除草活性的化合物结构.[方法]在前期薄层层析法、柱层析法和高效液相色谱法分析的基础上对灰葡萄孢诱变菌株BC7-3的代谢产物中具有除草活性的5个不同组分分别进行了液相色谱制备.[结果]本研究得到了一个纯度达99.38%对单子叶杂草马唐具有较强杀除活性的纯组分,通过对纯组分的物理性状测定并结合紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外光谱以及核磁共振波谱等分析方法鉴定化学结构为10-顺-二氢化灰霉二醛.[结论]研究的结果为微生物除草剂的创新和开发奠定了理论基础.     

灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径关键酶基因的鉴定

【背景】灰葡萄孢是一种重要的植物病原真菌,实验室前期明确了灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸单加氧酶(kynurenine3-monooxygenase,KMO)基因BcKMO参与调控病菌的生长发育和致病力。犬尿氨酸单加氧酶(KMO)是犬尿氨酸途径的关键酶,但灰葡萄孢是否存在犬尿氨酸途径及其在病菌生长、发育和致病过程中的功能尚未见相关报道。【目的】鉴定灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径中的关键酶基因,确定灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径的存在,为阐明灰葡萄孢生长发育和致病力的分子机理奠定基础。【方法】利用生物信息学方法,对灰葡萄孢犬尿氨酸途径中犬尿氨酸酶(kynureninase,KYN)、吲哚-2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)、犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(kynurenine amino transferase,KAT)的编码基因进行分析;利用Real-time PCR技术,检测灰葡萄孢野生型BC22、BcKMO基因T-DNA插入突变体BCG183、恢复菌株BCG183/BcKMO中犬尿氨酸途径关键酶基因的表达水平;利用真菌犬尿氨酸酶KYN检测试剂盒,测定BcKMO突变体中犬尿氨酸酶(KYN)的含量。【结果】灰葡萄孢中含有2个犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(KAT)的编码基因、3个吲哚-2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)的编码基因、10个犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶(KAT)的编码基因。灰葡萄孢KYN编码基因、IDO编码基因、KAT编码基因在突变体BCG183中的表达水平显著高于或低于在野生型和恢复菌株。突变体BCG183中犬尿氨酸酶(KYN)的含量显著低于野生型BC22和恢复菌株。【结论】灰葡萄孢中存在犬尿氨酸途径,灰葡萄孢BcKMO基因突变影响KYN、IDO和KAT编码基因的表达以及犬尿氨酸酶(KYN)的含量。     

A double-stranded RNA mycovirus in Botrytis cinerea

In wild-type Botrytis cinerea CVg25 strain we have detected the presence of extrachromosomal genetic elements corresponding to double-stranded RNA molecules. These genetic elements have been designated L, M₁ and M₂ with molecular sizes of 8.3, 2.0 and 1.4 kb, respectively. The visualization by electron microscopy of mycelium ultrathin sections from B. cinerea CVg25 showed the presence of isometric virus-like particles of about 40 nm in diameter. Linear sucrose gradient centrifugation of mycelium-free extracts was done to determine if the double-stranded RNAs were associated with virus-like particles. The gradient profile obtained at 260 and 280 nm revealed a major peak that was analyzed by both agarose-gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. It was observed that only the L-double-stranded RNA molecule copurified with isometric virus-like particles. These virus-like particles had a similar morphology and size as those detected by electron microscopy in the mycelium sections. These results suggest that only the L-double-stranded RNA would be encapsidated.     

灰葡萄孢产孢新基因的功能分析

灰葡萄孢是一种重要的植物病原真菌,其寄主范围广泛,能危害世界上230多种双子叶植物,常给农业生产造成重大的经济损失[1-3].由灰葡萄孢引起的灰霉病是目前我国温室蔬菜生产中最主要的病害之一,一般造成全年减产20％-25％,严重时达到40％以上[4].因此,研究该病菌的致病机理对该病防治具有重要意义,并且随着灰葡萄孢基因组测序的完成,灰葡萄孢已成为发育生物学、分子植物病理学研究的模式生物之一.     

灰葡萄孢交配型基因的分析与检测

通过生物信息对灰葡萄孢的MAT1‐1‐1与MAT1‐2‐1氨基酸序列进行了系统进化与结构域保守氨基酸分析,表明灰葡萄孢的交配型蛋白与核盘菌的亲源关系最近,结构域氨基酸比对结果表明该基因具有保守氨基酸的一致性与部分氨基酸的相似性。应用PCR技术检测灰葡萄孢交配型基因MAT1‐1‐1与MAT1‐2‐1,结果表明各种植区交配型菌株所占比例有较大的差异,多数种植区灰葡萄孢同时存在MAT1‐1与MAT1‐2两种交配类型,快速检测灰葡萄孢的交配型等位基因对于灰葡萄孢种群结构分析非常有意义。     

A new double-stranded RNA mycovirus from Botrytis cinerea

A simple double-stranded RNA mycovirus was detected in a wild-type Botrytis cinerea 55k strain. The virus was located in the fungus cytoplasm as free particles of approximately 28 nm in diameter. The mycovirus possesses a single double-stranded genome segment of 1.8 kilobase pairs (kbp) encapsidated within an isometric protein coat whose main structural component is a polypeptide of 68 kDa. Cells infected with this virus showed an important degree of cellular degeneration.     

The Influence of o-hydroxyethylorutin on Botrytis cinerea Oxidant–Antioxidant Activity

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of o‐hydroxyethylorutin on Botrytis cinerea mycelium growth and metabolism. Hydrogen peroxide concentration, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities were compared in the pathogens’ mycelium grown on control and o‐hydroxyethylorutin containing medium. Transfer of B. cinerea mycelium to medium supplemented with 5 mm o‐hydroxyethylorutin resulted in a large decrease in catalase activity. No changes in mycelium growth, hydrogen peroxide concentration and superoxide dismutase activity were observed. Guaiacol and ascorbate peroxidases were not detected in mycelia. The data are consistent with previous findings that o‐hydroxyethylorutin treatment of tomato plants restricts the development of B. cinerea infection due to the induction of higher active oxygen species (AOS) generation in plants by this compound. Being poor in catalase, the pathogen may not be able to cope with increasing AOS formation. The results indicate that catalase is an infective agent of B. cinerea.     

Proteomic analysis of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea during cellulose degradation

The ascomycete Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus infecting and causing significant yield losses in a number of crops. Moreover, in the last few years, B. cinerea has been adopted as an important model system in molecular phytopathology. In spite of these contributions, the molecular basis of the infection cycle remains unclear. Proteomic approaches have revealed significant information about the infective cycle of several pathogens, including B. cinerea. The main aim of this study is to make available a proteomic database containing a significant number of identified proteins from B. cinerea. In brief, three independent B. cinerea cultures supplemented with carboxymethylcellulose were used, and the extracted proteins were independently separated by 2‐D PAGE to obtain the proteome map from B. cinerea. Two hundred and sixty‐seven spots were selected for MALDI TOF/TOF MS analysis, resulting in 303 positive identifications, mostly representing unannotated proteins. Identified proteins were then classified into categories using the PANTHER classification system ( www.pantherdb.org ), showing the relevance of protein metabolism and modification process and oxidoreductase activity. Since cellulose is one of the major components of the plant cell wall, many of the identified proteins may have a crucial role in the pathogenicity process. In brief, this proteomic map of B. cinerea will be a useful basis for exploring the proteins involved in the infection cycle, which will in turn provide new targets for crop diagnosis and focused fungicide design.     

Yeasts as biological agents to control Botrytis cinerea

Yeasts, isolated from different sources, were identified and tested for inhibition using YMA-MB plates seeded with Botrytis cinerea strains. A total of 42 yeast strains of 20 different species were tested in vitro for antagonism against 18 pathogenic B. cinerea strains. Pichia membranifaciens, P. anomala and Debaryomyces hansenii displayed the most important inhibitory effect against Botrytis strains. In small-scale trials, post-harvest application of P. membranifaciens CYC 1106 to apple wounds inhibited B. cinerea CYC 20010. Purified killer toxin from P. membranifaciens CYC 1106 inhibited B. cinerea CYC 20010. Results indicated that certain yeasts, or their toxins such us P. membranifaciens CYC 1106 killer toxin, might have potential as novel agents to control B. cinerea.     

产漆酶灰色葡萄孢霉培养条件的研究

通过对培养灰色葡萄孢霉（Botrytis cinerea）不同培养基产漆酶酶活力大小的比较,筛选出了产漆酶灰色葡萄孢霉的最佳培养方法。结果表明：灰色葡萄孢霉在蛋白胨5g/L,酵母提取物20 g/L,蔗糖20 g/L,MgSO4 1.5 g/L,CuSO4 0.006 g/L的培养基中生长最好。最佳的培养条件为：pH值4.9,温度25℃,转速100 r/min。     

Presence of a vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase in Botrytis cinerea

The presence of a haloperoxidase in the mycelium of Botrytis cinerea, extractable with buffer, is demonstrated. A low level of extracellular enzyme activity was also detected. The haloperoxidase from the fungus is a vanadium-dependent glycoprotein, with a pH optimum of about 5.5. Native gel electrophoresis indicates that it is a high molecular mass protein. It appears to react with antibodies against haloperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago. Enzyme activity is increased 3.5-fold and 15-fold by culture of the fungus in the presence of NaCl or vanadium, respectively. Activity is partly reduced by removal of vanadium and activity can be restored by the addition of vanadium to the enzyme. The possible function of this haloperoxidase is discussed.