白花泡桐优树组织培养及产业化快繁技术

以自选育的白花泡桐优树茎段为外植体,进行种苗组培快繁技术研究。结果表明:其最佳的外植体灭菌方法是以0.1%升汞处理7 min;合适的初代诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8),培养30 d,芽诱导率70%;合适的继代增殖方法为在高浓度植物生长物质培养基MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.4 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8)和低浓度植物生长物质培养基MS+6-BA 0.4 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.04 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8)中交替培养,获得的丛生芽长势良好,玻璃化率低于5%,增殖系数大于6.0/25 d;最适的生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA0.2 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)+卡拉胶3.4 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8),培养14 d,得到白花泡桐生根苗,每株长根5~10条,根长3~5 cm,生根率98%,根系洁白、根毛少而短,易于清洗。将生根苗按照常规方法炼苗后移栽于温室大棚中,50 d后即可出圃,此时平均苗高1.0 m、地径1.0~2.0 cm,成活率在90%以上。     

Optimization of culture conditions and bench-scale production of anticancer enzyme L-asparaginase by submerged fermentation from Aspergillus terreus CCT 7693

L-Asparaginase amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.1.1) has received significant attention owing to its clinical use in acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment and non-clinical applications in the food industry to reduce acrylamide (toxic compound) formation during the frying of starchy foods. In this study, a sequential optimization strategy was used to determine the best culture conditions for L-asparaginase production from filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus CCT 7693 by submerged fermentation. The cultural conditions were studied using a 3-level, central composite design of response surface methodology, and biomass and enzyme production were optimized separately. The highest amount of biomass (22.0?g·L^?1) was obtained with modified Czapek–Dox medium containing glucose (14?g·L^?1), L-proline (10?g·L^?1), and ammonium nitrate (2?g·L^?1) fermented at 37.2?°C and pH 8.56; for maximum enzyme production (13.50?U·g^?1), the best condition was modified Czapek–Dox medium containing glucose (2?g·L^?1), L-proline (10?g·L^?1), and inoculum concentration of 4.8?×?10⁸ espore·mL^?1 adjusted to pH 9.49 at 34.6?°C. The L-asparaginase production profile was studied in a 7?L bench-scale bioreactor and a final specific activity of 13.81?U·g^?1 was achieved, which represents an increase of 200% in relation to the initial non-optimized conditions.     

牛角瓜离体快繁技术

该文选用牛角瓜茎段为外植体,通过组织培养方法探索牛角瓜组织培养和种苗快繁技术。结果表明:最佳外植体表面消毒方法是以0.1%HgCl_2处理7 min,外植体存活率为32.3%;初代培养基为MS+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),培养20 d后形成3～4 cm高的再生芽。增殖培养前期筛选的较为适宜的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.05 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),增殖系数4.6。但在后续的培养过程中发现,牛角瓜组培苗易玻璃化,且随着世代更迭,玻璃化程度加重,到了第四代几乎全部玻璃化。因此在上述增殖培养的基础上,以AgNO_3作为玻璃化抑制剂,筛选出最终的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA1.5 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.05 mg·L~(-1)+AgNO_31.0 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)。用此增殖培养基,培养25 d,苗高5～8 cm,增殖系数5.8,玻璃化率低于10%,且连续培养多代,玻璃化率维持在10%以下。生根壮苗培养基为1/2MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.6 g·L~(-1),培养14 d,生根率98%;将生根苗移栽于70%遮阴度的大棚中,30 d后,苗高20 cm左右,成活率85%。利用该方法可对牛角瓜优良种苗进行规模化生产。     

马来沉香组织培养技术研究

以马来沉香茎段为外植体,分别对外植体的消毒、启动培养、增殖培养、壮苗培养、生根培养、炼苗移栽环节进行研究,着重探索马来沉香组织培养技术各个环节的最佳培养基配方,为马来沉香的工厂化育苗提供技术指导。结果表明:马来沉香最佳消毒方法是用0.1%升汞消毒4～5min;启动率最高的培养基配方是1/2MS+6-BA 0.2mg·L-1+NAA 0.1mg·L-1+蔗糖30g·L-1+琼脂5.8g·L-1,启动率达70.5%;增殖系数最高的培养基是1/2MS+0.1mg·L-16-BA+25g·L-1蔗糖+5.8g·L-1琼脂,增殖系数达2.9;最佳壮苗培养基是1/2MS+30g·L-1蔗糖+5.8g·L-1琼脂;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 5.0mg·L-1+20g·L-1糖+6g·L-1琼脂,培养2d后移入1/2MS培养基继续培养,生根率为83%;马来沉香移栽较难成活,在泥炭土∶黄泥土(2∶1)的基质上成活率最高,移栽成活率65%。     

光皮桦组织培养离体再生研究

采用正交试验等设计,系统开展了光皮桦组织培养高效再生体系研究。结果表明:光皮桦茎段外植体最佳诱导培养基及激素组合为MS+0.50mg.L-1 6-BA+0.10mg.L-1 TDZ+30mg.L-1蔗糖+5.50g.L-1琼脂,丛生芽最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+1mg.L-1 IBA+20g.L-1蔗糖+5.50g.L-1琼脂;丛生芽在最佳生根培养基上培养15d后获健壮生根苗,移栽成活率达90%。该实验结果为光皮桦的优良品种快繁以及遗传转化体系建立奠定了良好的基础。     

EXPERIMENTAL MESOCOSM STUDIES OF SALINITY EFFECTS ON THE BENTHIC ALGAL COMMUNITY OF A SALINE LAKE

As closed-basin systems, saline lakes are prone to fluctuate in level and salinity with climate change and hydrologic alterations. Loss of many Great Basin lakes has resulted from the diversion of tributary streams for agricultural or municipal uses. At Mono Lake, an alkaline salt lake in eastern California, salinities have risen from 50 to 100 g·L^?1 in just 50 years. Experimental mesocosms were established to simulate some of the potential ecological effects that could have accompanied this change. The influence of salinity on diatom diversity, taxonomic structure, and primary production was tested using mesocosms deployed at Mono Lake. Mesocosm tanks were 500 L in volume, 1 m square, and 0.5 m deep, with open tops covered by 1 mm mesh net. Five treatments (50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 g·L^?1) with four replicates per treatment were used over a 2-month period. The diatom-dominated benthic algae were reduced both in standing crop (from 6 to <0.1 g·m^?2) and diversity (from 30 to 12 taxa) with increased salinity, with most loss occurring in salinities ≥75 g·L^?1. Photosynthetic oxygen production also was significantly lower at salinities ≥75 g·L^?1. Diatom indicator taxa for these shifts included Denticula sp., Nitzschia frustulum, N. monoensis, N. communis, and Stephanodiscus oregonicus increasing in relative abundance in higher salinity treatments, accompanied by decreases in Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella minuta, N. dissipata, and Rhoicosphenia abbreviata. Exhibiting dominance at moderate salinity levels (75 to 125 g·L^?1) were Nitzschia frustulum, N. communis, N. palea, and Navicula crucialis. These latter species may be limited by both physiological stress at high salinity and grazing and competition at low salinity. The filamentous chlorophyte, Ctenocladus circinnatus, and cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria spp.) occurred only in salinity treatments from 50 to 100 g·L^?1. Diversion of tributary stream flow and resulting salinity increases in this lake threaten sustained benthic primary production and algal species diversity relative to conditions prior to stream diversion. The 1994 decision of the California State Water Resources Control Board to return stream flows to Mono Lake will raise the lake level and reduce salinity to around 75 g·L^?1 and is expected to increase the diversity and productivity of the benthic algae of this ecosystem.     

芦竹的组培快繁技术研究

该研究以从匈牙利引进的良种芦竹带腋芽茎段为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,通过设计不同的生长调节剂配比,对芦竹腋芽诱导、继代增殖及生根培养基进行了研究。结果表明:良种芦竹初代诱导最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30.0 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),萌发率为90.0%;继代增殖最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 8.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.8 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30.0 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),芽健壮均匀,增殖系数为4.3/30 d,基部保留3~5个芽作为继代培养物增殖效果最佳;选择高度5.0 cm以上的植株进行生根,最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20.0 g·L~(-1)+活性碳1.0 g·L~(-1),不添加琼脂,培养1周生根率为100.0%,平均生根4条,根长2.0~4.0 cm;将所得生根苗炼苗1周,以河沙、黄泥或腐质土作为栽培基质,移栽于阴蔽度70的大棚中,1个月后移栽成活率≥98.0%;移栽于实验田中,按常规方式进行管理,当年亩产量约为5 500.0 kg。该研究结果为良种芦竹的大规模产业化应用提供了技术支撑。     

稀土-落叶松单宁配合物的合成及抗真菌活性研究

以稀土(Re~(3+))和落叶松单宁(LT)为原料,采用液相合成法合成了5种廉价的稀土-落叶松单宁(Re~(3+)-LT)配合物,并通过红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、紫外光谱以及配位数测定确定了配合物的结构.采用牛津杯法、琼脂稀释法测定配合物对黑曲霉、红曲霉、白腐菌、毛霉4种真菌的抑制作用.在抑菌方面,5种配合物对上述4种真菌均具有较强的抑制作用,其抑菌活性大小顺序为Ce~(3+)-LTGd~(3+)-LTLa~(3+)-LTNd~(3+)-LTYb~(3+)-LT,其中Ce~(3+)-LT对4种真菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为:1.6、1.6、0.8和1.6 g·L~(-1);Yb~(3+)-LT对4种真菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为:3.2、1.6、3.2和3.2 g·L~(-1).在杀菌方面,Yb~(3+)-LT的杀菌活性最强,其对4种真菌的最小杀菌浓度分别为:6.4、3.2、3.2和6.4 g·L~(-1).此外,尽管Nd~(3+)-LT和Gd~(3+)-LT具有较强的抑菌活性,但对黑曲霉和毛霉的杀菌作用较弱.     

渗透剂对白刺花体细胞胚成熟及萌发的影响

该研究以蔗糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇及PEG(6000)为渗透剂,探讨了不同渗透剂对白刺花体细胞胚发育、胚成熟及萌发的影响。结果表明:白刺花下胚轴形成的胚性愈伤组织接种至MS+2,4-D 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+6-BA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+TDZ 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖40 g·L~(-1)+谷氨酰胺100 mg·L~(-1)+植物凝胶3g·L~(-1)的培养基上,体细胞胚发生率高达66. 21%,总胚数为79个; 7%蔗糖可使体细胞胚成熟率高达64.36%,同时也可提高多子叶畸形胚形成; 2%麦芽糖+2%山梨醇+4%蔗糖组合使体细胞胚成熟率最高达88.89%,畸形胚比例最低; 30 g·L~(-1)PEG培养时,体细胞成熟率最高,为82.35%;鱼雷期的体细胞胚最合适转接,可使体胚萌发率达90.58%,复合糖上培养得到的成熟体细胞胚生根率最高,为87.47%。这为实现白刺花体细胞胚育苗奠定了理论基础,并提供了可行的方案。     

褐纹报春苣苔组织培养与快速繁殖

褐纹报春苣苔(Primulina glandaceistriata)是一种极具观赏价值的喀斯特地区野生花卉,目前尚未有褐纹报春苣苔组培快繁的研究报道。该研究以褐纹报春苣苔的叶片为外植体,通过两种途径建立其组培快繁体系。结果表明:适宜的不定芽诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.10 mg·L~(-1),适宜的不定芽增殖培养基为MS+ZT 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.10 mg·L~(-1)+活性炭0.05 g·L~(-1),增殖系数为11.09;适宜的愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+TDZ 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.10 mg·L~(-1),适宜的愈伤组织分化培养基为MS+ZT 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.10mg·L~(-1),分化系数为12.46;适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)+活性炭0.05 g·L~(-1)或1/2MS+IBA0.5 mg·L~(-1)+活性炭0.05 g·L~(-1),生根率为100%。该研究结果成功建立了褐纹报春苣苔的组培快繁体系,为今后褐纹报春苣苔的种苗繁殖和遗传转化提供了技术支持。     

速生白榆的组织培养与快速繁殖

该文以速生白榆半木质化枝条为外植体,使用75%的酒精和0.1%HgCl_2消毒处理,外植体经过启动培养后,在增殖培养基中进行丛生芽诱导,将丛生芽切成单株进行生根诱导,最终建立起成熟的速生白榆组培快繁体系。结果表明:外植体最佳消毒处理组合为75%的酒精处理50 s+0.1%HgCl_2处理8 min,外植体污染率为17.3%,成活率为78%;将消毒处理过的外植体接种到启动培养基中,培养25 d,最终筛选出最适白榆外植体启动的培养基为MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)IBA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+6.5 g·L~(-1)琼脂,启动率高达87.5%;将经过启动培养后的外植体腋芽切下,接种到增殖培养基中进行丛生芽诱导,最终筛选出最佳增殖培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)KT+0.1 mg·L~(-1)IBA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+6.5 g·L~(-1)琼脂,继代周期25 d,增殖系数达6.2;将丛生芽切成单株,接种到生根诱导培养基中,筛选出最佳生根培养基为1/2 MS+0.1 mg·L~(-1)IBA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)IAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+6.5 g·L~(-1)琼脂,生根诱导30 d,生根率达97%。将生根苗在室外炼苗后,移栽到珍珠岩∶蛭石∶泥炭土体积比为1∶1∶1的混合基质中,成活率在90%以上。较高的增殖系数、生根率和移栽成活率可以降低生产成本,进而实现工厂化育苗。     

红花草莓的组织培养与快繁技术研究

以红花草莓叶片为外植体,通过筛选诱导愈伤组织、不定芽及壮苗、生根的培养基,建立一套实用且易推广的红花草莓组培快繁技术体系。结果表明:在愈伤组织的诱导过程中TDZ的诱导效果优于6-BA,TDZ与NAA配合使用效果优于与IBA的组合。6-BA浓度为0.5 mg·L~(-1)时不定芽诱导率高达86.6%。低浓度的6-BA和8 g·L~(-1)的琼脂更有利于壮苗培养,NAA比IBA更有利诱导生根。综上述,最适红花草莓愈伤组织的诱导培养基为MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1)TDZ+0.5 mg·L~(-1)NAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+7 g·L~(-1)琼脂;最适不定芽分化的培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)NAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+7 g·L~(-1)琼脂;最适壮苗培养基为MS+0.1 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)NAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+8g·L~(-1)琼脂;最适生根培养基为MS+0.5mg·L~(-1)NAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+8 g·L~(-1)琼脂。试管苗移栽生长20 d后,成活率高达93%,且后期草莓苗生长壮健。此体系的建立为优质红花草莓种苗大规模生产提供了科学依据和技术支持。     

Simultaneous removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate, nitrate and H2S in the synthetic sewage wastewater using porous ceramic immobilized photosynthetic bacteria

Simultaneous aerobic treatment of COD, phosphate, nitrate and H₂S in a synthetic sewage wastewater was carried out using porous ceramic immobilized photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodobacter sphaeroidesS, Rb. sphaeroidesNR-3 and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. In the batch treatment, effective simultaneous removal of COD (89%), phosphate (77%), nitrate (99%) and H₂S (99.8%) was observed after 48 h. In semi-continuous treatments with dilution rates of 0.17 to 0.75 day^–1under aerobic conditions, simultaneous removal of these four components was also observed after about one month.     

SHIFT FROM CHLOROPHYTES TO CYANOBACTERIA IN BENTHIC MACROALGAE ALONG A GRADIENT OF NITRATE DEPLETION1

A survey of the spatial distribution of benthic macroalgae in a fluvial lake of the St. Lawrence River (Lake Saint‐Pierre, Quebec, Canada) revealed a shift in composition from chlorophytes to cyanobacteria along the flow path of nutrient‐rich waters originating from tributaries draining farmlands. The link between this shift and changes in water quality characteristics was investigated by sampling at 10 sites along a 15 km transect. Conductivity, current, light extinction, total phosphorus (TP; >25 μg P · L^?1), and ammonium (8–21 μg N · L^?1) remained fairly constant along the transect in contrast to nitrate concentrations, which fell sharply. Filamentous and colonial chlorophytes [Cladophora sp. and Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L.) Bory] dominated in the first 5 km where nitrate concentrations were >240 μg N · L^?1. A mixed assemblage of chlorophytes and cyanobacteria characterized a 1 km transition zone where nitrate decreased to 40–80 μg N · L^?1. In the last section of the transect, nitrate concentrations dropped below 10 μg N · L^?1, and cyanobacteria (benthic filamentous mats of Lyngbya wollei Farl. ex Gomont and epiphytic colonies of Gloeotrichia) dominated the benthic community. The predominance of nitrogen‐fixing, potentially toxic cyanobacteria likely resulted from excessive nutrient loads and may affect nutrient and trophic dynamics in the river.     

华重楼离体胚培养及植株再生初探

为探明华重楼离体胚培养及植株再生的基本体系,该文以华重楼离体幼胚为试验材料,以MS培养基为基本培养基,研究不同光照、不同浓度梯度组合的植物生长调节剂对华重楼离体幼胚萌发、成苗的影响。结果表明:培养到60 d时,暗培养条件下华重楼离体幼胚的生长率和萌发率分别比光培养条件下高45.25%、19.17%,故暗培养比光培养更有利于华重楼离体幼胚生长发育。当GA₃浓度相同时,离体幼胚萌发所需时间随IAA浓度增加而延长。不同浓度的GA₃都可促进离体幼胚萌发,促进作用由强到弱依次为5 mg·L^-1 GA₃>1 mg·L^-1 GA₃> 10 mg·L^-1 GA₃。在黑暗条件下,优选得到最适华重楼离体幼胚生长发育配方为1/2 MS+30 g·L^-1 蔗糖+7 g·L^-1琼脂+0.5 g·L^-1 活性炭+5 mg·L^-1GA₃+1 mg·L^-1 IAA。此配方可诱导华重楼离体幼胚在2个月左右萌发,萌发率达50%需80 d左右。在华重楼成熟胚出苗培养时发现,高浓度的植物生长调节剂会抑制华重楼成熟胚生长发育,高浓度GA₃甚至会导致华重楼成熟胚死亡。优选得到最适华重楼成熟胚出苗配方为MS+30 g·L^-1 蔗糖+6.2 mg·L^-1 硼酸+7 g·L^-1 琼脂+0.7 g·L^-1 活性炭+0.5 mg·L^-1 2,4-D+1.5 mg·L^-1 IAA + 1.5 mg·L^-1 ZT+5mg·L^-1 GA₃,诱导成熟胚出苗需43 d左右,75 d左右可形成真叶。     

小麦秸秆水浸提液对五种植物化感作用的研究

该文研究了不同浓度的小麦秸秆水浸提液对徐州地区2种玉米(郑单958和农大108)和3种常见玉米田间杂草(马唐、稗草和反枝苋)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度分别大于75、50和25 g·L~-1时,马唐、稗草和反枝苋种子的萌发受到显著的抑制;当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度分别大于50和37.5 g·L~-1时,玉米郑单958和农大108种子的萌发受到显著的抑制;但当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度大于37.5 g·L~-1时,马唐、稗草和反枝苋幼苗根和芽的生长均受到明显的抑制;当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度小于75 g·L~-1时,玉米郑单958和农大108幼苗根与芽的生长受到明显的促进,且郑单958幼苗叶片中叶绿素的含量以及郑单958的POD酶活性均得到提高。该研究结果表明较高浓度的小麦秸秆浸提液(50 g·L~-1)会抑制杂草的生长,有利于玉米郑单958的生长,为小麦秸秆还田和玉米田杂草的生态防治提供了理论基础。     

Phycoremediation of dairy and winery wastewater using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diplosphaera</Emphasis> sp. MM1

A new green microalgal species was isolated, identified and investigated for its biomass production and nutrient removal efficiency in dairy and winery wastewater in this study. The 18S rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that this new strain is a Diplosphaera sp. and was designated strain MM1. The growth of this strain was evaluated in different diluted dairy and winery wastewaters. The highest algal biomass production (up to 2.3 g L^?1) was obtained in dairy wastewater (D3; dairy wastewater 1:2 deionised water) after 14 days of culture. However, for winery wastewater, the highest algal biomass production (up to 1.46 g L^?1) was obtained in wastewater combination W2 (winery wastewater 1:1 deionised water) after 14 days of culture. Turbid dairy wastewater with high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous slowed down the initial growth of the alga. However, at the end of day 14, biomass production was nearly twofold higher than that of winery wastewater. The findings from both types of wastewater suggest that Diplosphaera sp. MM1 has potential for its application in generating biomass with simultaneous remediation of nutrient-rich wastewater.     

GROWTH OF THE FILAMENTOUS GREEN ALGA CTENOCLADUS CIRCINNATUS (CHAETOPHORALES,CHLOROPHYCEAE) IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SALINITY1

Clones of the filamentous green alga Ctenocladus circinnatus Borzi were isolated from algae collected at Abert Lake (Oregon) and Mono Lake (California). Stock cultures were exposed to varied salinities of natural lake water to examine the effects on growth rate, cell form, chlorophyll a, and water content. Growth rates were reduced in both clones with increased salinity over the range 25–100 g·L^?1 and were almost completely inhibited at 150 g·L^?1. Chlorophyll a increased between salinities of 25 and 100 g·L^?1, reflecting slower growth, higher proportions of akinetes, and smaller cell sizes as salinity increased. Tissue water content remained essentially constant from 25 to 100 g·L^?1 salinity. Shorter cell dimensions with increased salinity suggest that a lower surface-to-volume ratio may reduce the potential for passive loss of cell water. Prior acclimation of stock cultures to elevated salinity provided no enhancement of growth response at any salinity. The results indicate that environmental salinity can limit the productivity and distribution of Ctenocladus in nature.     

Hybrid On-Line Optimal Control Strategy for Producing α-Amylase by Bacillus subtilis

The combined effect of macronutrients in the extraction medium on α-amylase produced by Bacillus subtilis were studied by using response surface methodology in shaken flask cultures. The production of amylase was significantly affected by the interaction between wheat bran and the cotton seed extract in the extraction medium and by the interaction between the cotton seed extract and starch. The optimal combination in the extraction medium for maximum α-amylase production was determined as 10.80 g·L^?1 of wheat bran, 9.90 g·L^?1 of cotton seed extract, 0.5 g·L^?1 of starch, 2.0 g·L^?1 of yeast extract, 5.00 g·L^?1 of NaCl and 2.00 g·L^?1 of CaCl₂. A 12.55-fold increase of enzyme activity was recorded in the optimized medium compared to the result acquired in a minimum essential medium. The optimized medium was used to compare different cultivation strategies in fermenters. The pH-stat strategy for reducing cellular stress response and the substrate concentration-stat strategy for reducing substrate inhibition were independently investigated. The temperature-limited strategy has been proposed to solve the proteolytic digestion problem, although the high-pressure strategy resulted in high productivity. A hybrid strategy simultaneously controlling pH, temperature, substrate concentration and pO₂ was finally investigated to enhance the efficiency of the process. This hybrid strategy resulted in high activity of α-amylase, increasing the productivity almost three-fold as compared to an ordinary fed-batch culture.     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对NaCl胁迫下酸枣光合特性的影响

以2年生酸枣幼苗为试验材料,探讨不同浓度NaCl(0、4、8、12g·kg-1)胁迫下喷施5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA,75、150mg·L~(-1))对酸枣光合特性的影响。结果显示:(1)不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,外源ALA对酸枣叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及叶绿素含量等具有明显促进作用。(2)在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,喷施75mg·L~(-1)的ALA仅在NaCl浓度为4和8g·kg-1处理下对酸枣Tr值具有显著提高作用,而喷施150mg·L~(-1) ALA在各NaCl浓度胁迫下对其Pn、Ci和Tr均具有显著促进作用。(3)在重度NaCl胁迫(12g·kg-1)下,喷施150mg·L~(-1) ALA对酸枣叶片叶绿素含量具有显著提高作用,而喷施75mg·L~(-1)浓度ALA却无明显提高。研究表明,在NaCl胁迫条件下,外源ALA能有效改善酸枣叶片光合气体交换参数,提高叶绿素含量,从而缓解NaCl胁迫的伤害,提高其光合能力,并以喷施150mg·L~(-1) ALA的缓解效果更好。