Aβ对阿尔茨海默病影响机制的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种以突触丢失、认知功能衰退和渐进性神经元死亡为特征的退行性神经系统疾病,主要临床表现为认知能力下降和行为障碍.在众多病因学说中,淀粉样蛋白斑块是AD病理的主要标志,在AD的发病过程中起着相当重要的作用.胞外β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,...     

神经元周围基质网络在调节认知功能及阿尔茨海默病中的作用

神经元周围基质网络(perineuronal nets,PNNs)是一种特殊的细胞外基质结构,具有调节突触可塑性、稳定突触和保护神经元免受氧化应激损害等多种复杂功能.PNNs参与认知的发展过程,包括编码、巩固和更新记忆,在神经可塑性和记忆调节中发挥着重要作用,而认知功能障碍是阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's dis...     

氟化物过量摄入对阿尔茨海默病发病的影响及其细胞分子机制

氟离子是哺乳动物体内的微量元素,普遍存在于生活环境之中.氟化物在人体内的安全范围窄,过量摄入可能有损健康甚至导致严重疾病.体外细胞系实验揭示,氟化物能引起细胞线粒体损伤、能量代谢障碍和氧化应激水平升高.在体实验显示,不同品系的大、小鼠给予过量的氟化物会降低动物的空间学习记忆能力,并产生阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer'...     

Drebrin与认知功能障碍

树突棘和突触的病理改变在认知功能障碍发病机制中具有十分重要的作用,研究表明大脑发育调节蛋白（developmentregulationbrainprotein,Drebrin）能够调节树突棘和突触的形态和重塑。Drebrin的减少可能通过树突棘内细胞骨架变化,使树突棘的形态结构受到影响,导致突触功能和结构的变化。但目前阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’Sdisease,AD）脑内突触病理变化的具体机制及Drebrin和突触之间的关系仍不明确。探讨Drebrin与认知功能的关系及其机制,对临床上早期干预认知功能障碍、寻找AD的有效诊断治疗措施具有重要意义。     

加兰他敏对阿尔茨海默病大鼠认知功能的影响

目的:研究加兰他敏对阿尔茨海默病大鼠认知功能的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠35只,随机分为假手术组(10只)、链脲菌素(STZ)组(10只),加兰他敏组(15只)。侧脑室注射STZ制备阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型,水迷宫试验测定大鼠的学习记忆能力。加兰他敏3mg/kg,共6周。结果:术前三个组之间潜伏期及过平台次数无明显差异,术后第10天加兰他敏组潜伏期为48.64±8.41s,过平台次数为0.74±0.40,与STZ组比较,差异无统计学意义。治疗6周后加兰他敏组潜伏期为26.33±9.51s,过平台次数为3.33±1.51,与STZ组比较,差异有显著统计学意义。结论:加兰他敏对阿尔茨海默病大鼠的认知功能具有明显的改善作用。     

丁苯酞联合美金刚对阿尔茨海默病患者氧化应激、内皮功能及认知功能的影响

目的:探讨丁苯酞联合美金刚对阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者氧化应激、内皮功能及认知功能的影响。方法:根据随机数表法将80例AD患者分为对照组(n=40,采用美金刚治疗)和研究组(n=40,采用丁苯酞联合美金刚治疗),比较两组患者临床疗效,并比较分析治疗前后氧化应激、内皮功能以及认知功能相关指标变化,观察两组不良反应发生情况。结果:研究组总有效率为87.50%,显著高于对照组的67.50%(P0.05)。治疗6个月后,两组患者丙二醛(MDA)、β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)水平均降低,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05),两组患者超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平升高,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗6个月后,两组患者一氧化氮(NO)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平均升高,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后第3个月、治疗后第6个月、治疗后第12个月,两组患者MMSE评分逐渐升高,且各时间点研究组MMSE评分均高于对照组(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:丁苯酞联合美金刚治疗AD患者疗效确切,可有效减轻患者氧化应激反应,提高患者内皮功能和认知功能,安全可靠。     

外周炎症对血脑屏障功能的影响及其机制研究进展

血脑屏障是将中枢神经系统与外周循环中的炎症介质和效应性免疫细胞分隔开的重要生理屏障,由脑血管内皮细胞和周围的血管周细胞、胞外基质膜以及星形胶质细胞等构成,对维持脑微环境和正常生理功能至关重要.临床和实验研究表明,外周炎症与血脑屏障破坏有关,炎症可以通过多种途径影响血脑屏障的正常功能,导致中枢神经系统疾病的发生发展.因此...     

突触可塑性中自噬的功能和分子机制

自噬是生物体内活细胞通过清除特定蛋白质和细胞器维持自身动态平衡的一个保守进程。自噬受损会导致异常蛋白累积,从而影响大脑的正常生理功能。越来越多的研究表明,神经元自噬还可以响应神经元活动,选择性靶向降解突触蛋白,进而调控突触可塑性。现对神经元自噬在突触可塑性中的具体功能及其分子机制进行综述。     

虾青素复合有氧运动对D-半乳糖诱导大鼠肾脏衰老的干预作用及其机制

目的:研究虾青素复合有氧运动对D-半乳糖诱导大鼠肾脏衰老的干预作用及其机制.方法:60只3月龄SPF级SD大鼠采用两因素两水平2×2析因设计随机分为空白对照组(C组)、急性衰老组(S组)、虾青素+急性衰老组(AS组)、有氧运动+急性衰老组(ES组)、虾青素+有氧运动+急性衰老组(AES组),每组12只.大鼠腹腔注射10...     

阿尔茨海默氏病与氧应激

阿尔茨海默氏病（Alzheimer's disease,AD）是一种神经退行性疾病,是老年人群痴呆最普遍的原因,也是老年人病态和死亡的主要原因.以阿尔茨海默氏病与氧应激为题,从AD发生的分子基础和氧应激基础,以及β淀粉样蛋白（β amyloid, βA）的聚合作用和毒性与自由基的关系,对近年来在AD发生机制研究中引人注目的氧应激问题,作一简要综述.     

重酒石酸卡巴拉汀与盐酸多奈哌齐对阿尔兹海默症患者认知功能及血清 缓激肽水平的影响

目的:探讨重酒石酸卡巴拉汀联合盐酸多奈哌齐对阿尔兹海默症患者认知功能及血清缓激肽水平的影响。方法:收集我院就诊或住院治疗的96例阿尔兹海默症患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组48例。对照组患者给予盐酸多奈哌齐片治疗,实验组患者在对照组基础上给予重酒石酸卡巴拉汀胶囊治疗。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后简易智能状态量表(MMSE)评分、痴呆量表(Blessed-Roth)评分、阿尔兹海默症评定量表(ADAS-Cog)评分以及血清缓激肽(BK)水平的变化情况。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后MMSE评分升高(P0.05),Blessed-Roth评分以及ADAS-Cog评分下降(P0.05),血清BK水平下降(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患者的MMSE评分较高(P0.05),Blessed-Roth评分,ADAS-Cog评分以及血清BK水平较低(P0.05);结论:重酒石酸卡巴拉汀联合盐酸多奈哌齐能够更有效改善阿尔兹海默症患者的认知功能,可与其降低血清BK水平有关。     

Synaptic dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: emerging mechanisms

In this paper, we review experimental advances in molecular neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with special emphasis on analysis of neural function of proteins involved in AD pathogenesis, their relation with several signaling pathways and with oxidative stress in neurons. Molecular genetic studies have found that mutations in APP, PS1 and PS2 genes and polymorphisms in APOE gene are implicated in AD pathogenesis. Recent studies show that these proteins, in addition to its role in beta-amyloid processing, are involved in several neuroplasticity-signaling pathways (NMDA-PKA-CREB-BDNF, reelin, wingless, notch, among others). Genomic and proteomic studies show early synaptic protein alterations in AD brains and animal models. DNA damage caused by oxidative stress is not completely repaired in neurons and is accumulated in the genes of synaptic proteins. Several functional SNPs in synaptic genes may be interesting candidates to explore in AD as genetic correlates of this synaptopathy in a "synaptogenomics" approach. Thus, experimental evidence shows that proteins implicated in AD pathogenesis have differential roles in several signaling pathways related to neuromodulation and neurotransmission in adult and developing brain. Genomic and proteomic studies support these results. We suggest that oxidative stress effects on DNA and inherited variations in synaptic genes may explain in part the synaptic dysfunction seen in AD.     

Mitochondrial oxidative stress index,activity of redox-sensitive aconitase and effects of endogenous anti- and pro-oxidants on its activity in control,Alzheimer's disease and Swedish Familial Alzheimer's disease brain

Efficient function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the citric acid cycle (CAC) enzymes is required for the maintenance of human brain function. A conception of oxidative stress (OxS) was recently advanced as a disruption of redox signalling and control. Mitochondrial OxS (MOxS) is implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, both pro- and anti-oxidants of the human body and MOxS target primarily the redox-regulated CAC enzymes, like mitochondrial aconitase (MAc). We investigated the specific activity of the MAc and MOxS index (MOSI) in an age-matched control (Co), AD and Swedish Familial AD (SFAD) post-mortem autopsies collected from frontal cortex (FC) and occipital primary cortex (OC) regions of the brain. We also examined whether the mitochondrial neuroprotective signalling molecules glutathione, melatonin and 17-β-estradiol (17βE) and mitochondrially active pro-oxidant neurotoxic amyloid-β peptide can modulate the activity of the MAc isolated from FC and OC regions similarly or differently in the case of Co, AD and SFAD. The activity of redox-sensitive MAc may directly depend on the mitochondrial oxidant/antioxidant balance in age-matched Co, AD and SFAD brain regions.     

磁共振技术在轻度认知障碍与阿尔茨海默病中的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是当今老年人最常见的一种原发性神经退行性疾病。其主要病理学特征表现为神经元的脱失、神经纤维缠结及老年斑形成。轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)被认为是AD及其他老年痴呆症的前驱阶段,可进一步转化成AD,且MCI与AD有着相似的病理变化。随着MCI和AD患病数的逐年增加,其给患者家属及社会增添了巨大负担,因此,对MCI和AD作出早期诊断变得尤为重要。然而,MCI和AD早期的临床表现并不突出,且实验室检查也缺乏足够的特异性,当临床医生做出明确诊断时,多数患者已处于AD的中晚期。近年来,随着磁共振技术的不断发展,多种磁共振技术已广泛地应用于MCI和AD的研究中,并为MCI及AD的早期诊断提供了重要的影像学依据。本文分别从结构性磁共振(s MRI)、静息态f MRI、磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)、磁共振波谱成像(MRS)、磁敏感加权成像(SWI)及MRI分子影像几个方面,阐述多种磁共振技术在MCI和AD研究中的进展。     

The impact of curcumin and its modified formulations on Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major health problem worldwide, with no effective treatment approach. Curcumin is the main ingredient of turmeric traditionally used in Asian medicine. Several experimental studies have indicated the protective effect of curcumin and its novel formulations in AD. Curcumin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic activities, proposing a strong potential to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. However, there are no sufficient clinical trials to confirm curcumin use in AD patients. Low bioavailability following oral administration of curcumin limits its usage in human. The present study was designed to gather the effects of curcumin and its modified formulations in human and experimental models of AD.     

Cholinesterases: New Roles in Brain Function and in Alzheimer's Disease

The most important therapeutic effect of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) on approximately 50% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is to stabilize cognitive function at a steady level during a 1-year period of treatment as compared to placebo. Recent studies show that in a certain percentage (approximately 20%) of patients this cognitive stabilizing effect can be prolonged up to 24 months. This long-lasting effect suggests a mechanism of action other than symptomatic and cholinergic. In vitro and in vivo studies have consistently demonstrated a link between cholinergic activation and APP metabolism. Lesions of cholinergic nuclei cause a rapid increase in cortical APP and CSF. The effect of such lesions can be reversed by ChEI treatment. Reduction in cholinergic neurotransmission–experimental or pathological, such as in AD–leads to amyloidogenic metabolism and contributes to the neuropathology and cognitive dysfunction. To explain the long-term effect of ChEI, mechanisms based on -amyloid metabolism are postulated. Recent data show that this mechanism may not necessarily be related to cholinesterase inhibition. A second important aspect of brain cholinesterase function is related to enzymatic differences. The brain of mammals contains two major forms of cholinesterases: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The two forms differ genetically, structurally, and for their kinetics. Butyrylcholine is not a physiological substrate in mammalian brain, which makes the function of BuChE of difficult interpretation. In human brain, BuChE is found in neurons and glial cells, as well as in neuritic plaques and tangles in AD patients. Whereas, AChE activity decreases progressively in the brain of AD patients, BuChE activity shows some increase. To study the function of BuChE, we perfused intracortically the rat brain with a selective BuChE inhibitor and found that extracellular acetylcholine increased 15-fold from 5 nM to 75 nM concentrations with little cholinergic side effect in the animal. Based on these data and on clinical data showing a relation between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) BuChE inhibition and cognitive function in AD patients, we postulated that two pools of cholinesterases may be present in brain, the first mainly neuronal and AChE dependent and the second mainly glial and BuChE dependent. The two pools show different kinetic properties with regard to regulation of ACh concentration in brain and can be separated with selective inhibitors. Within particular conditions, such as in mice nullizygote for AChE or in AD patients at advanced stages of the disease, BuChE may replace AChE in hydrolizing brain acetylcholine.     

生姜提取物对阿尔茨海默病大鼠动物模型的氧化应激因子的影响

研究生姜提取物(Ginger Root Extract)对β淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein,Aβ)所致阿尔茨海默病(Alzheirner’s disease,AD)大鼠脑组织氧化应激的影响,进一步探讨生姜提取物对AD的可能治疗作用及其机制。SD健康大鼠60只,雌雄各半,随机分成OP+LG组、OP+MG组、OP+HG组、SHAM组、OP+HupA组和OP组。药物干预4周后,以超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)免疫组化染色及丙二醛(MDA)Elisa分析比较大鼠大脑氧化应激指标及病理变化。结果显示OP+HG组、OP+HupA组的SOD、CAT的阳性表达活性明显升高(P<0.05),MDA水平下降显著(P<0.05);在OP+LG组、OP+MG组,干预效果不显著(P>0.05)。生姜提取物在高剂量时对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠具有提高SOD、CAT阳性表达活性及降低MDA水平作用。