长白山大型真菌物种多样性调查名录V阔叶林带

根据2000－2009年间在吉林省长白山区的蛟河、敦化、安图、汪清、和龙、辉南、临江等地阔叶林带采集的700余号标本,报道了长白山阔叶林带分布的大型真菌63科160属332种,其中有中国新记录种5种、吉林省新记录种7种.凭证标本保存于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU).     

抚育间伐对油松人工林下大型真菌的影响

真菌在森林凋落物分解过程中起重要作用,研究间伐如何影响真菌进而影响凋落物分解,对深入了解间伐调控人工林凋落物分解有重要意义。本文以抚育间伐后的中龄油松人工林为研究对象,设立对照（I）、轻度（II）、中度（III）和强度（IV）4种间伐强度,于2011年对间伐后林下大型真菌进行两次调查,分析了不同间伐强度下大型真菌的科的分布、优势种组成和生态指标（包括丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数）。结果表明：（1）8月、9月采集到的大型真菌分别为35种和25种,分属13个科和10个科;（2）在大型真菌出菇期,间伐改变了大型真菌的优势种组成,对照林下大型真菌优势种最初为外生菌根菌（粘盖乳牛肝菌 血红铆钉菇）后变为腐生菌（大盖小皮伞和脐顶小皮伞）,而间伐后林下优势种始终为腐生菌;（3）间伐影响大型真菌的生态指标,中度间伐林下大型真菌丰富度和多样性指数最高。总之,适度间伐不仅有利于提高林下大型真菌的丰富度与多样性,同时使其群落结构发生改变,群落优势种由外生菌根菌变为以分解凋落物为主的腐生菌,可促进凋落物的分解和养分循环。     

黑龙江省沾河林场林下大型真菌名录

通过对黑龙江省沾河地区坤得气林场红松母树林区域内林下大型真菌调查,获得标本677份,经鉴定为38科73属169种,其中黑龙江省新记录种13种。根据食药用途划分出食用真菌81种,药用真菌26种,有毒真菌24种。     

唐家河国家级自然保护区大型真菌多样性研究

为了摸清保护区大型真菌资源,2003～2007年多次对保护区大型真菌资源种类及利用情况进行深入调查,基本摸清了保护区大型真菌资源种类,本次调查显示保护区大型真菌有8目39科95属219种,有经济价值的真菌162种,其中可食用真菌149种、药用真菌52种、毒菌31种、木腐菌82种、菌根菌72种。为达到不破坏生态环境和保护资源的目的,根据保护区大型真菌资源特点提出保护和综合利用建议,为保护区管理处制定大型真菌资源保护与利用对策提供科学依据。     

长白山大型真菌物种多样性调查名录Ⅳ针阔混交林带

根据2000-2009年间在长白山自然保护区针阔混交林及露水河、松江河、长白县等地相同林带所采的1700余份标本,报道了长白山针阔混交林带分布的大型真菌68科209属498种.其中,中国新记录种8种,待定种3种,吉林省新记录种12种,所有标本保存于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU).     

Distribution of iron, cobalt, zinc and selenium in macrofungi

Samples of wild growing ectomycorrhizal and terrestrial saprobic macrofungi (mushrooms) were collected from unpolluted areas and analyzed for their iron, cobalt, zinc and selenium content. Trace elements were determined using long-term instrumental neutron activation analysis. In total, 217 samples, including 87 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi and 43 species of terrestrial saprobes, were examined. Distribution of trace element contents in ectomycorrhizal and saprobic macrofungi was investigated; results are thoroughly compared with previously published data. Doubtful literature data and ability of macrofungi to accumulate/concentrate investigated elements are discussed. Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca was found to concentrate Fe and Russula atropurpurea was confirmed as an effective Zn-accumulating species. Distribution of Se in ectomycorrhizal species was obviously different from that in saprobic species; selenium contents were higher in saprobic species (mostly above 2 ppm).     

Macrofungal diversity and ecology in two Mediterranean forest ecosystems

The macrofungal species richness and community assemblages in Italian native woodlands of oaks and Carpinus betulus and non-native woodlands of Pinus spp., Cupressus sempervirens and Eucalyptus camaldulensis were examined through the collection of basidiomata and ascomata over 1 year. The sampling in Collestrada (Umbria) and Pizzo Manolfo (Sicily) forests revealed 216 species of macrofungi. The results indicate differences in macromycete richness and diversity patterns between the two sites. The dominant tree species of the two sites were different; thus, the Collestrada forests had higher mycorrhizal species richness, while the Pizzo Manolfo forest had a higher relative number of saprotroph macrofungi. The macrofungal community of Quercus frainetto woodland from Collestrada forest was richer and more diverse than the other site's woodland types. This study highlighted that both Collestrada and Pizzo Manolfo forests provide a habitat for diverse macrofungal species, not in the least ectomycorrhizal species.     

贵州施秉云台山大型真菌生态调查

在贵州省施秉县云台山国家级自然保护区采集并鉴定了大型真菌55科,132属,261种。其中腐生菌195种,菌根菌59种,虫生菌7种。包括贵州省新记录种22种,食用菌85种,药用菌74种,有毒种类21种。     

长白山不同植被带大型真菌多样性调查名录Ⅲ针叶林带

根据2000—2009年间在长白山针叶林带所采集的标本,报道了长白山北坡、西坡和南坡针叶林带分布的大型真菌共计310种,隶属于56科140属。其中,中国新记录种2种,吉林省新记录种38种。根据生态类型划分出腐生菌166种,外生菌根菌136种,菌寄生真菌6种和虫生菌2种。本名录共引证标本900余份,绝大多数标本为首次被引证,包括大型真菌每个种的最新名称和标本号保存于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)。     

中国大型真菌分类学公民科学计划1.0

公民科学是指公众在职业科学家的引导下参与从事科学研究.大型真菌是在生活史中能够形成肉眼明显可见子实体的一类真菌的统称,具有重要的经济价值和生态功能,需要在分类学研究认识其物种多样性的基础上加以开发利用.大型真菌与公众生活息息相关,因此公众有认识这些大型真菌种类的意愿.另一方面,大型真菌物种多样性极高,仅依靠为数不多的职...     

Monitoring fungi in ecological restorations of coastal Indiana,U.S.A.

Monitoring of ecological restorations has rarely focused on fungi. In this study, we conduct a first‐ever monitoring of macrofungi in ecological restorations of coastal Indiana (U.S.A.) and present an approach and considerations that can be followed elsewhere. Forty‐two sites were surveyed over a 2‐year period for the presence of saprotrophic, mycorrhizal, and parasitic macrofungi. Sites included those considered to be restoration, prerestoration, or reference and were in wooded, semiwooded, or grassland habitats. With 1,103 observations, 277 species of fungi were identified. Most fungi were found in wooded habitats though some were in grassland restorations. Invasive plant cover negatively impacted fungal species richness. Monitored sites were compared to a set of reference sites using two different similarity indices (overlap and Jaccard), as well as the ratios of different fungal functional guilds, revealing that choice of index can impact how restorations are perceived to match targets. Last, we present a novel, tractable, and conservative way to assess and rank sites by the functional trait guilds of fungi. We show that such an approach can provide important additional information about the success of restorations such that functional guild ratios could be used as an indicator of restoration progress early‐on while functional values are better used in later phases.     

雾灵山国家级自然保护区大型真菌物种多样性

大型真菌在维持生态系统稳定和为人类提供经济价值方面都具有重要作用, 本文对雾灵山国家级自然保护区中的大型真菌资源进行了详细调查, 为该保护区大型真菌资源开发和利用提供基础资料。作者于2019‒2020年采用样线法和随机踏查法对该保护区大型真菌物种资源多样性进行了初步调查和评估, 共采集大型真菌标本1,132份。结合形态学和ITS序列证据进行了鉴定, 并通过查阅相关文献资料对该保护区大型真菌物种资源价值进行了评价。结果表明: 雾灵山国家级自然保护区共有236种大型真菌, 隶属于2门6纲18目56科107属, 其中15种属于子囊菌门, 221种属于担子菌门。为方便统计, 将大于等于10个种的科定为优势科, 大于等于5个种的属定为优势属。其中优势科有红菇科、蘑菇科、多孔菌科和丝膜菌科, 每个科所包含的种数分别占总种数的8.90%、7.20%、5.93%和4.24%, 共计62种。优势属有红菇属(Russula)、蘑菇属(Agaricus)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、马勃属(Lycoperdon)、小皮伞属(Marasmius)等11个属, 共包含79个种, 占总种数的33.48%。对大型真菌的资源价值评价的结果显示, 保护区内共有食用菌66种、药用菌35种、有毒菌36种和食药兼用菌26种。研究结果表明, 雾灵山国家级自然保护区大型真菌资源丰富, 优势科和优势属中最为丰富的分别是红菇科和红菇属(Russula), 具有经济价值的菌达127种, 为食用菌的引种驯化、药用菌开发利用亦或有毒菌鉴别提供了丰富资源。     

南岭自然保护区真菌资源调查名录之三

报道在南岭自然保护区调查所发现的真菌１７３种,全部为保护区新增加的种类．其中大型真菌１６８种、虫上寄生的微型真菌４种和粘菌１种．文中对省内新记录种、国内新记录种和新种分别给予注明．有关标本保存在广东省微生物研究所真菌标本室（ＨＭＩＧＤ）内．     

Inventoring the fungi of Panama

Records of fungi in Panama scattered in literature are presented in a preliminary annotated checklist which is published in Panama. It includes 1807 species and subspecific taxa in 646 genera. The data allow to trace more than 100 years of history of mycology in Panama, presented here for the first time. The species richness is analyzed numerically with respect to the systematic position of the species and their ecology. Considering the numbers of records for different regions of Panama, a comparison with numbers of species published for some other neotropical countries, as well as recent experience collecting fungi in Panama, the incompleteness of the checklist is evident. Values of relative species richness of different systematic groups in Panama compared to values of the same groups as known worldwide, show that our knowledge is fragmentary in Panama especially for Agaricales, Uredinales, and some groups of microfungi. We are still in the pioneer phase of mycological investigation in Panama.     

Colonizing success of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes on islands

The biodiversity of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetous macrofungi growing on seven islands in central Japan were compared to examine colonizing success within the context of island biogeography theory. Two hypotheses were tested: that the number of the fungal species depends on island area and that the slope of the species-area curve for saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal macrofungi differ in response to differences in their nutritional requirements. Data for the number of species that were identified based on sporocarps closely fit the conventional species-area curve. The slopes of the species-area curve for saprotrophic fungi (0.316) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (0.469) were similar to those reported for insects and birds, and plants on other archipelagos, respectively. In addition species-area curve data showed that ectomycorrhizal fungi colonized only islands > 630 m(2). While the species composition of saprotrophic fungi found on any pair of islands was positively correlated to the ratio of the areas of the island pair being compared (smaller/larger), no such relationship was observed for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Conversely similar ectomycorrhizal fungi, mostly those belonging to the genera Amanita, Inocybe, Boletellus and Russula, were found on pairs of islands with similar vegetation in the same geographic region. These results suggested that the colonizing success by ectomycorrhizal fungi is limited by host plant diversity, which is lower on smaller islands, instead of restricted immigration resulting from limited spore dispersal ability.     

Modelling and predicting fungal distribution patterns using herbarium data

Aim The main aims of this study are: (1) to test if temperature and related parameters are the primary determinants of the regional distribution of macrofungi (as is commonly recognized for plants); (2) to test if the success of modelling fungal distribution patterns depends on species and distribution characteristics; and (3) to explore the potential of using herbarium data for modelling and predicting fungal species’ distributions. Location The study area, Norway, spans 58–71° N latitude and 4–32° E longitude, and embraces extensive ecological gradients in a small area. Methods The study is based on 1020 herbarium collections of nine selected species of macrofungi and a set of 75 environmental predictor variables, all recorded in a 5 × 5‐km grid covering Norway. Primarily, generalized linear model (GLM; logistic regression) analyses were used to identify the environmental variables that best accounted for the species’ recorded distributions in Norway. Second, Maxent analyses (using variables identified by GLM) were used to produce predictive potential distribution maps for these species. Results Variables relating to temperature and radiation were most frequently included in the GLMs, and between 24.8% and 59.8% of the variation in single‐species occurrence was accounted for. The fraction of variation explained by the GLMs ranged from 41.6% to 59.8% for species with restricted distributions, and from 24.8% to 39.3% for species with widespread/scattered and intermediate distributions. The two‐step procedure of GLM followed by Maxent gave predictions with very high values for the area under the curve (0.927–0.997), and maps of potential distribution were generally credible. Main conclusions We show that temperature is a key factor governing the distribution of macrofungi in Norway, indicating that fungi may respond strongly to global warming. We confirm that modelling success depends partly on species and distribution characteristics, notably on how the distribution relates to the extent of the study area. Our study demonstrates that the combination of GLM and Maxent may be a fruitful approach for biogeography. We conclude that herbarium data improve insight into factors that control the distributions of fungi, of particular value for research on fleshy fungi (mushrooms), which have largely cryptic life cycles.     

大型真菌子实体发生的形态学过程及调控机制

大型真菌中很多种类具有较高的营养价值和药用价值,而食药用部位多为大型真菌的子实体,所以子实体的形成对大型真菌的开发应用就显得尤为重要。在大型真菌生活史中,子实体的发生揭示着真菌完成了从营养生长向生殖生长的转变。从理论上来说,菌丝体只需完成营养生长,即可进入生殖生长;而实际上,子实体的发生受到各种环境因素、遗传因素等的影响。因此,本文从子实体发生的形态学过程、环境影响因素、分子调控机制等方面综述了近年国内外关于大型真菌子实体发生的研究概况,为大型真菌的系统研究和重要食药用菌的栽培驯化提供理论借鉴和参考依据。     

Reviewing the contributions of macrofungi to forest ecosystem processes and services

Macrofungi are vital components of any forest ecosystem, performing different roles crucial to ecosystem functioning. Macrofungi play effective roles in ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and plant symbionts work together to accumulate, use and transfer essential nutrients, especially in nitrogen/phosphorus-limited environments. Pathogenic and predatory macrofungi exploit other resources such as plants and animals to obtain nutrients needed for growth. These groups of macrofungi also contribute to the species diversity of forest ecosystems. Saprotrophic macrofungi degrade available organic matter from dead plants and soil organic matter. Macrofungi also play an important role in carbon sequestration in the forest underground as well as in soil formation. Macrofungi remediate pollutants in the environment via extracellular enzymes. Mycelial networks that connect macrofungi to their symbiotic hosts and substrates enable most of these functions. Mycelial networks facilitate the absorption and transport of nutrients as well as the secretion of enzymes and other organic substances. Spore-producing bodies of macrofungi serve as a food source for wildlife. Fungal spores can act as aerosols in rain formation. All of these functions of macrofungi are necessary for maintaining biodiversity and healthy forest ecosystems. However, the contributions of macrofungi to ecosystem processes are often taken for granted or not fully recognized, offering key services that are easily overlooked in planning processes and policymaking. The present review summarizes the major roles of macrofungi in ecosystem functioning and services rendered, and the interrelationships between these functions and services in the forest ecosystems.     

南迦巴瓦峰地区的大型真菌资源

本文记载了西藏南迦巴瓦峰地区的各类大型真菌292种,隶属于120属,42科。其中食用真菌166种,药用真菌109种,有毒真菌5D种,菌根菌68种,树木腐朽菌41种。另有点柄铦囊蘑(Melanoleuca verrucipes)、南牛肝菌(Austroboletus gracilis)、簇生小管菌(Filoboletus manipularis)、多鳞口蘑(Tricholoma squarrulosum)等21种为我国新记录。西藏地区的新记录76种。新种将另文发表。目前认为重要的或经济用途比较大的百种以上,如冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis)、茯苓(Poria cocos)、木耳(Auricularia auricula)、金顶侧耳(Pleurotus citrinopileatus)、蜜环菌(Armillariella mellea)、松口蘑(Tricholoma matsutake)、鸡零售(土从)菌(Termitomyces albuminosus)、白毒伞(Amanita verna)、半卵圆斑褶伞(Anellaria semiovata)等。南峰地区真菌资源丰富,研究利用潜力很大。