中国穗状狐尾藻遗传多样性的初步分析

利用叶绿体DNA三个片段(trnK-matK、trnL-trnF、rpl32-trnL)对中国大陆广布的水生植物穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)的遗传多样性进行了初步分析,以探讨其自然居群的遗传结构及具有广泛分布格局的可能机制。AMOVA分析显示,穗状狐尾藻8个居群间的遗传变异为84.97%,而居群内的遗传变异为15.03%,居群遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.85,表明穗状狐尾藻具有较高的遗传多样性(Hd=0.83)且主要存在于居群间,奠基者效应可能导致了最初的遗传差异,而隔离障碍(Nm=0.09)又进一步导致了居群间的遗传分化。基于17个单倍型构建的系统发育树和网络关系图均显示,单倍型H5和H6在居群中的分布范围最广且出现频率最高,表明H5和H6可能为最古老的祖先单倍型。Mantel检验表明居群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间不存在显著的相关性,失配分布检测结果显示穗状狐尾藻在历史上曾发生过扩张事件,而Tajima’s、FuLi’s D*和F*检测发现,该物种不存在明显的谱系地理格局,这可能与穗状狐尾藻种子的长距离扩散有关。     

High RAPD but no cpDNA sequence variation in the endemic and endangered plant, Heptacodium miconioides Rehd. (Caprifoliaceae)

Heptacodium miconioides Rehd. is an endangered species endemic to China and has suffered rapid decrease of distribution range and population size. This species has been disappeared in central China where the modal specimen was collected. We analyzed the genetic variation of the remaining populations to reveal whether the genetic diversity also suffered decrease and to provide some suggestions for conservation. All the nine known remaining populations were sampled. Genetic variation was analyzed based on RAPD markers and two fragments of cpDNA sequence, intergenic spacers of petG-trnP and trnS-trnG. No variation was observed in the two fragments of cpDNA sequence. However, the species exhibited high level of RAPD variation compared to other threatened or rare plants. Measures of genetic diversity within populations were strongly related to the log of estimated population size, indicating that large populations usually have more genetic diversity than that of small ones. About 25% of the variation was partitioned among populations. Significant relationship was observed between differentiation and geographical distance, indicating a pattern of isolation-by-distance. Given for few populations remaining, all the populations should be protected and urgent efforts be paid on the small populations to avoid their local extinction.     

安徽省淮河水系短颌鲚群体遗传多样性

短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)是一种小型经济鱼类,同时也是大型肉食性鱼类和江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的饵料,在食物链中占据重要地位,受过度捕捞、环境污染以及栖息地破坏等多种因素的影响,短颌鲚野生资源面临严重威胁。目前有关淮河短颌鲚遗传资源的数据仍然缺乏。本研究采用微卫星分子标记对安徽省淮河水系短颌鲚5个群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示,10个微卫星位点在所有短颌鲚样本中均具有高度多态性,多态信息含量(PIC)0.852～0.942;5个短颌鲚群体均显示出较高的遗传多样性水平,期望杂合度H_e为0.879～0.903,多态信息含量(PIC)0.851～0.881。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,大多数遗传变异存在于群体内(97.88%),群体间的遗传变异仅为2.12%。5个群体遗传分化水平较低(F_st <0.05),其中,遗传分化系数最小的是浍河和颍河群体(F_st=0.004)且二者间遗传距离最近(D_a=0.161);遗传分化系数最大的是凤台和王家...     

Microsatellite and chloroplast DNA analyses reveal no genetic variation in a beach plant Surianana maritima on the Paracel Islands,China

Genetic variation within and among six natural populations of beach plant Suriana maritima on the Paracel Islands of China was assessed using SSR and chloroplast DNA sequence analysis. The results showed a complete absence of genetic variation between individuals either within or among populations. The cumulative consequences of a founder effect, selfing, and inbreeding may be responsible for the loss of genetic diversity in S. maritima.     

Genetic diversity and relationships of sweetpotato and its wild relatives in Ipomoea series Batatas (Convolvulaceae) as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and restriction analysis of chloroplast DNA

Genetic diversity and relationships of 40 accessions of Ipomoea, representing ten species of series Batatas, were examined using ISSR markers and restriction-site variation in four non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. A total of 2071 ISSR fragments were generated with 15 primers in these accessions and, on average, 52 bands per accession were amplified. Most of the primers contained dinucleotide repeats. The ISSR fragments were highly polymorphic (62.2%) among the 40 accessions studied. Restriction analysis of chloroplast (cp) DNA revealed 47 informative restriction-site and length mutations. Phylogenetic analyses of ISSR and cpDNA datasets generally revealed similar relationships at the interspecific level, but the high polymorphism of ISSRs resulted in a better separation of intraspecific accessions. However, the combined ISSR and cpDNA dataset appeared to be appropriate in resolving both intra- and interspecific relationships. Of the species examined, I. trifida was found to be the most closely related to cultivated sweetpotato, the hexaploid I. batatas, while I. ramosissima and I. umbraticola were the most distantly related to I. batatas within the series. Ipomoea triloba, hitherto considered to be one of the ancestors of sweetpotato, was only distantly related to sweetpotato based on ISSR similarity index. Received: 4 January 1999 / Accepted: 27 September 1999     

雪豹的微卫星DNA遗传多样性

利用微卫星DNA标记,对来自青海囊谦县、治多县以及甘肃阿克塞县3个地区的36份雪豹(Panthera uncia)粪便DNA样品进行了遗传多样性研究。结果显示,在8个微卫星位点上共检测到57个等位基因,有效等位基因数为2.190~5.488,平均每个位点的等位基因数为7.130,基因频率分布不均匀;期望杂合度为0.543~0.847,平均0.759;多态信息含量为0.458~0.829,平均0.722;表明这8个微卫星位点均为高度多态性位点,有较丰富的遗传多样性。3个样地雪豹居群之间的遗传距离与地理距离相关,地理距离最近的青海省囊谦县和治多县的雪豹居群遗传距离最小。根据雪豹平均遗传分化度Fst(0.053)、平均基因流(4.488)以及STRUCTURE聚类分析结果(当K=1时,ln P(D)值最大),推测3个居群间虽然有一定的遗传距离,但均来自同一个种群,暂无分化现象。     

Organelle DNA polymorphism in apple cultivars and rootstocks

Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been used to detect chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation among 18 apple cultivars and three rootstocks. The distribution of RFLP patterns allowed the assignment of these genotypes into three groups of cytoplasmic relatedness. Our results also demonstrate maternal inheritance of cp- and mtDNAs in apple. Thus, the organelle DNA assay provides a convenient and reliable method to assess cytoplasmic diversity within the apple germ-plasm collection and to trace the maternal lineages involved in the evolution of apple.     

Chloroplast DNA variability in old and recently introduced potato cultivars

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variability has been examined in a range of tetraploid European potato cultivars. The potato genotypes studied included primitive cultivars such as Lumpers (1806), Yam (1836), Myatts Ashleaf (1847) and more recently bred cultivars such as Brodick (1990). Three cpDNA pheno-types were detected and these probably represent original introductions from South America into Europe. The most common cp phenotype was the T type cpDNA (Hosaka & Hanneman, 1988) characteristic of cultivars descended from cv. Rough Purple Chili. The presence of the T type cpDNA in the cultivar Yam indicates that this genotype which is of Andigena origin shares a common cytoplasm with other 5. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum clones which have a Chilean type cytoplasm. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the origin of the T type cpDNA. Methods for increasing the cytoplasmic diversity of the cultivated potato gene pool are proposed.     

洞庭湖四种黄颡鱼基因组DNA遗传多样性的RAPD分析

以洞庭湖瓦氏黄颡鱼、光泽黄颡鱼、长须黄颡鱼、普通黄颡鱼的基因组DNA为材料对 4种黄颡鱼进行了遗传多样性随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分析。通过筛选的 90个引物对 4种黄颡鱼基因组DNA的扩增 ,获得了 36个有效引物 ,并计算出了 4种黄颡鱼群体间的遗传相似系数和遗传距离 ,遗传距离最大的为普通黄颡鱼和瓦氏黄颡鱼 (D =0 9895 ) ,遗传距离最小的为普通黄颡鱼和光泽黄颡鱼 (D =0 672 0 )。同时运用聚类分析 (UPGMA)的方法建立了 4种黄颡鱼的聚类图。     

Management units of the endangered herb Primula sieboldii based on microsatellite variation among and within populations throughout Japan

To promote programs for the conservation and restoration of the endangered species Primula sieboldii, we examined genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci among and within 32 remnant wild populations throughout Japan. Total allelic diversity within a population was higher in larger populations, but not so after rarefaction adjustment. The positive relationship between population size and the inbreeding coefficient may suggest that more heterozygous genets tend to survive the habitat contraction possibly because of the higher fitness associated with heterozygosity. By principal coordinate analysis and Bayesian analysis, we detected four genetic groups (Hokkaido, northern Honshu, central Honshu, and western Japan), which could be recognized as management units of P. sieboldii. If supplementation with plants from other populations were planned, it should be conducted among populations which belong to the same management unit and which are likely to represent the same adaptive variation.     

中国圈养梅花鹿的遗传多样性和遗传结构

东北梅花鹿(Cervus nippon hortulorum)的野生种群已濒临灭绝,但其圈养种群遍布全国各地,是我国圈养梅花鹿的主要品种(亚种)。为了探讨圈养梅花鹿种群作为东北梅花鹿野外放归项目资源种群的可行性,测定了来自9个圈养种群45只梅花鹿个体的线粒体DNA控制区的部分序列,以此分析我国圈养梅花鹿种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明,我国圈养梅花鹿种群的遗传多样性并不贫乏,种群之间并没有发生显著的遗传分化。因此,东北地区的圈养梅花鹿种群可以作为野外放归项目的资源种群,而野外放归项目的建群者应来源于东北地区的多个圈养种群。