基于低场核磁共振T1-T2谱技术定性和定量分析罗非鱼各组织的方法探究

形体指标的检测是鱼类常规营养评定的重要组成部分。目前,分析鱼类组织体重比的方法会对鱼体造成损伤,且取样过程复杂,迫切需要无损快速检测技术分析鱼体组织占比。低场核磁共振技术具有快速无损检测的特点,已有研究利用低场核磁共振T1谱技术检测小鼠内脂肪组织体积,但尚未有研究应用低场核磁共振T1-T2谱技术对鱼类各组织器官进行定性和定量分析。基于此,利用低场核磁共振T1-T2谱技术,将分离后的罗非鱼的肌肉组织、腹腔脂肪组织、肝脏组织、肠道组织单独以及混合后进行扫描分析,结果发现利用低场核磁共振T1-T2谱技术可以分离罗非鱼肌肉组织和腹腔脂肪组织,但是无法区分肝脏组织和肠道组织。进一步对能够实现分离的肌肉组织和脂肪组织建立定量分析的模型,分析罗非鱼组织信号强度与组织重量相关性,结果显示,肌肉组织相关性R2=0.974 3,腹腔脂肪组织相关性R2=0965 0。并利用罗非鱼活体验证了肌肉组织定量分析模型的可靠性,将活体扫描肌肉信号大小转换成肌肉组织重量并分析其与全鱼体重相关性,结果显示肌肉组织重量与体重相关性R2=0.806 9。研究表明,在鱼类营养代谢研究中,可以利用低场核磁共振T1-T2谱技术快速无损地定量分析鱼体内肌肉组织含量。     

Combined Use of Ionic Liquid and Hydroxypropyl‐β‐Cyclodextrin for the Enantioseparation of Ten Drugs by Capillary Electrophoresis

In the present study, hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin and an ionic liquid (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐l ‐lactate) were used as additives in capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of 10 analytes, including ofloxacin, propranolol hydrochloride, dioxopromethazine hydrochloride, isoprenaline hydrochloride, chlorpheniramine maleate, liarozole, tropicamide, amlodipine benzenesulfonate, brompheniramine maleate, and homatropine methylbromide. The effects of ionic liquid concentrations, salt effect, cations, and anions of ionic liquids on enantioseparation were investigated and the results proved that there was a synergistic effect between hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin and the ionic liquid, and the cationic part of the ionic liquid played an important role in the increased resolution. With the developed dual system, all the enantiomers of 10 analytes were well separated in resolutions of 5.35, 1.76, 1.85, 2.48, 2.88, 1.43, 5.45, 4.35, 2.76, and 2.98, respectively. In addition, the proposed method was applied to the determination of the enantiomeric purity of S‐ofloxacin after validation of the method in terms of selectivity, repeatability, linearity range, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quality (LOQ). Chirality 25:409–414, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoretic Enantioseparation of Water Insoluble Tröger's Base Derivatives Using β‐Cyclodextrin as Chiral Selector

Racemic mixtures of six Tröger's base derivatives were separated by chiral nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. The separation protocol was optimized first for suitable solvents. Then the applicability of various salts dissolved in organic solvents and their mixtures was evaluated. As chiral selectors β‐cyclodextrin and heptakis(2,6‐di‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin at various concentrations were used. The best enantioselectivity for the studied analytes was obtained utilizing formamide as organic nonaqueous solvent containing a mixture of sodium citrate and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate as electrolytes, and β‐cyclodextrin as chiral additive. The experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for enantioseparation of Tröger's base derivatives. This technique represents a suitable alternative to more commonly used capillary electrophoresis in aqueous environment. Chirality 25:810–813, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Enantiodifferentiation of α‐hydroxyalkanephosphonic acids in 31P NMR with application of α‐cyclodextrin as chiral discriminating agent

α‐Cyclodextrin was shown to be convenient chemical shift reagent for determination of the enantiomeric composition of α‐hydroxyphosphonic acids by means of ³¹P NMR. The developed methodology appeared to be reliable, repetitive, easy to perform and simple for interpretation. Enantiomeric discrimination in the ³¹P NMR spectra for 12 of 13 studied hydroxyphosphonates was achieved, with baseline separation of resonances obtained for eight compounds. In those cases, the chemical nonequivalence values ranged from 0.069 to 0.313 ppm. The studies showed that enantioselectivity is strongly influenced by the solution pD and the optimal condition was found at pD 2 or 10 depending on the guest structure. On the basis of the ROESY spectra the complexation modes of selected hydroxyphosphonates with α‐cyclodextrin was postulated. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

GC Separation of Enantiomers of Alkyl Esters of 2‐Bromo Substituted Carboxylic Acids Enantiomers on 6‐TBDMS‐2,3‐di‐alkyl‐ β‐ and γ‐Cyclodextrin Stationary Phases

The gas chromatographic separation of enantiomers of 2‐Br carboxylic acid derivatives was studied on four different 6‐TBDMS‐2,3‐di‐O‐alkyl‐ β‐ and ‐γ‐CD stationary phases. The differences in thermodynamic data {ΔH and –ΔS} for the 15 structurally related racemates were evaluated. The influence of structure differences in the alkyl substituents covalently attached to the stereogenic carbon atom, as well as in the ester group of the homologous analytes, and the selectivity of modified β‐ and γ‐ cyclodextrin derivatives was studied in detail. The cyclodextrin cavity size, as well as elongation of alkyl substituents in positions 2 and 3 of 6‐TBDMS‐β‐CD, also affected their selectivity. The quality of enantiomeric separations is influenced mainly by alkyl chains of the ester group of the molecule and this appears to be independent of the CD stationary phase used. In some cases the separations occur as the result of external adsorption rather than inclusion complexations with the chiral selector. It was found that the temperature dependencies of the selectivity factor were nonlinear. Chirality 26:279–285, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Enantioseparation of α‐Hydroxyallylphosphonates and Phosphonoallylic Carbonate Derivatives on Chiral Stationary Phases Using Sequential UV,Polarimetric, and Refractive Index Detection

Chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of parent compounds dimethyl α‐hydroxyallyl phosphonate 1a and 1‐(dimethoxyphosphoryl) allyl methyl carbonate 1b was demonstrated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using Chiralpak AS‐H and ad ‐H chiral stationary phases (CSP), respectively, using a combination of UV, polarimetric, and refractive index detectors. A comparison was made of the separation efficiency and elution order of enantiomeric α‐hydroxyallyl phosphonates and their carbonate derivatives on commercially available polysaccharide AS, ad , OD, IC‐3, and Whelk‐O 1 CSPs. In general, the α‐hydroxyallyl phosphonates were resolved on the AS‐H CSP, whereas the carbonate derivatives 1b and 2b were preferentially resolved on the ad ‐H CSP. The impact of aryl substitution on the resolution of analytes 1d , 1e , 1f and 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 was evaluated. Thermodynamic parameters determined for enantioselective adsorption hydroxyphosphonates 1a and 4 on the AS‐H CSP and carbonate 1b on the ad ‐H CSP demonstrated enthalpic control for separation of the enantiomers. Chirality 28:656–662, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Simultaneous In Vivb Monitoring of Cerebral Deoxyglucose and Deoxyglucos-6-Phosphate by l3C{lH} Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The capacity of brain to dephosphorylate glucose-6-phosphate has been established, but the magnitude and significance of this capacity in vivo are debated, particularly in regard to dephosphorylation of the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose. We now report results of external measurement in the brains of conscious rats with simultaneous resolution and quantification of both 2-deoxyglucose and its phosphorylated product by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques that used 2-[6-13]deoxyglucose together with proton-decoupled 13C surface-coil spectroscopy. As NMR techniques require large doses of 2-deoxyglucose, a dose comparison was first made using decay curves of total label after tracer doses of 2-[14C]deoxyglucose without versus with unlabeled deoxyglucose at 500 mg/kg (the NMR dose). Similar cerebral half-lives for the two doses were found, and no behavioral evidence for toxicity of the NMR dose was seen. In vivo NMR monitoring of conscious rats showed that the analog reached maximal cerebral concentration within 10 min of the intravenous bolus and decayed with a half-life of 29 +/- 7 min (n = 4; mean +/- SEM), whereas 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate reached peak concentration between 30 and 40 min and decayed with a half-life of 2.1 +/- 0.3 h, equivalent to a fractional loss of 0.8%/min. Thirty-one percent (+/- 5%) of the total analog pool (which showed a half-life of 1.4 h) consisted of 2-deoxyglucose at 45 min after the bolus. The results support an active but limited role for dephosphorylation by normal brain in glucose analog (and potentially glucose) metabolism in the unstimulated conscious rat and a wide concentration range for the metabolic operations involved.     

高分辨魔角旋转核磁共振和主成分分析研究人类低级星形细胞瘤和脑膜瘤的代谢组特征

采用高分辨魔角旋转核磁共振（HRMAS ^1H NMR）技术结合主成分分析（PCA）方法研究了39例人体脑肿瘤组织的代谢组特征．39例肿瘤样本分别来自39个脑肿瘤患者,包括15例低级星形细胞瘤,13例纤维型脑膜瘤和11例过渡型脑膜瘤．核磁共振波谱分析结果表明,脑肿瘤组织的代谢组中丰要含有脂肪酸、乳酸、胆碱代谢物（如胆碱、磷酸胆碱和甘油磷酸胆碱）、氯基酸（如丙氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氮酰胺、牛磺酸）、N-乙酰天门冬氨酸（NAA）和谷胱甘肽等代谢物．通过对核磁共振谱进行主成分分析（PCA）,发现低级星形细胞瘤和脑膜瘤的代谢组之间具有明显的差异,而在过渡型和纤维型两个亚类脑膜瘤之间该差别相对较小．与脑膜瘤相比,低级星形细胞瘤中甘油磷酸胆碱、磷酸胆碱、肌醇与肌酸的含量较高,而丙氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷胱甘肽和牛磺酸的含量较低．NAA的含量在低级星形细胞瘤中尽管较低但能观察到,而脑膜瘤中却未发现NAA的信号．结果衷明,HRMAS ^1H NMR和多变量统计分析相结合的组织代谢组学方法,不仅能有效区分不同类型的脑肿瘤,而且还可以为脑肿瘤提供丰富的代谢组信息,这些信息对研究肿瘤发生发展的机制具有潜在的意义．     

Fingerprinting Analysis of Rhizoma Chuanxiong of Commercial Types using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method

The ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) fingerprints of fractionated non-polar extracts (control substance for a plant drug (CSPD) A) from Rhizoma chuanxiong, the rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., of seven specimens from different sources were measured on Fourier Transform (FT)-NMR spectrometer and assigned by comparing them with the ¹H NMR spectra of the isolated pure compounds. The ¹H NMR fingerprints showed exclusively characteristic resonance signals of the major special constituents of the plant. Although the differences in the relative intensity of the ¹H NMR signals due to a discrepancy in the ratio of the major constituents among these samples could be confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis, the general features of the ¹H NMR fingerprint established for an authentic sample of the rhizomes of L. chuanxiong exhibited exclusive data from those special compounds and can be used for authenticating L. Chuanxiong species.     

Testing the potency of anti‐TNF‐α and anti‐IL‐1β drugs using spheroid cultures of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and donor‐matched chondrogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells

Inflammation plays a major role in progression of rheumatoid arthritis, a disease treated with antagonists of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin 1β (IL‐1β). New in vitro testing systems are needed to evaluate efficacies of new anti‐inflammatory biological drugs, ideally in a patient‐specific manner. To address this need, we studied microspheroids containing 10,000 human osteoarthritic primary chondrocytes (OACs) or chondrogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), obtained from three donors. Hypothesizing that this system can recapitulate clinically observed effects of anti‐inflammatory drugs, spheroids were exposed to TNF‐α, IL‐1β, or to supernatant containing secretome from activated macrophages (MCM). The anti‐inflammatory efficacies of anti‐TNF‐α biologicals adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept, and the anti‐IL‐1β agent anakinra were assessed in short‐term microspheroid and long‐term macrospheroid cultures (100,000 OACs). While gene and protein expressions were evaluated in microspheroids, diameters, amounts of DNA, glycosaminoglycans, and hydroxiproline were measured in macrospheroids. The tested drugs significantly decreased the inflammation induced by TNF‐α or IL‐1β. The differences in potency of anti‐TNF‐α biologicals at 24 h and 3 weeks after their addition to inflamed spheroids were comparable, showing high predictability of short‐term cultures. Moreover, the data obtained with microspheroids grown from OACs and chondrogenically differentiated MSCs were comparable, suggesting that MSCs could be used for this type of in vitro testing. We propose that in vitro gene expression measured after the first 24 h in cultures of chondrogenically differentiated MSCs can be used to determine the functionality of anti‐TNF‐α drugs in personalized and preclinical studies. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1045–1058, 2018     

Structural characterization of a neurotoxic threonine‐rich peptide corresponding to the human prion protein α2‐helical 180–195 segment,and comparison with full‐length α2‐helix‐derived peptides

The 173–195 segment corresponding to the helix 2 of the globular PrP domain is a good candidate to be one of the several ‘spots’ of intrinsic structural flexibility, which might induce local destabilization and concur to protein transformation, leading to aggregation‐prone conformations. Here, we report CD and NMR studies on the α2‐helix‐derived peptide of maximal length (hPrP[180–195]) that is able to exhibit a regular structure different from the prevalently random arrangement of other α2‐helix‐derived peptides. This peptide, which has previously been shown to be affected by buffer composition via the ion charge density dependence typical of Hofmeister effects, corresponds to the C‐terminal sequence of the PrP^C full‐length α2‐helix and includes the highly conserved threonine‐rich 188–195 segment. At neutral pH, its conformation is dominated by β‐type contributions, which only very strong environmental modifications are able to modify. On TFE addition, an increase of α‐helical content can be observed, but a fully helical conformation is only obtained in neat TFE. However, linking of the 173–179 segment, as occurring in wild‐type and mutant peptides corresponding to the full‐length α2‐helix, perturbs these intrinsic structural propensities in a manner that depends on whether the environment is water or TFE. Overall, these results confirm that the 180–195 parental region in hPrP^C makes a strong contribution to the chameleon conformational behavior of the segment corresponding to the full‐length α2‐helix, and could play a role in determining structural rearrangements of the entire globular domain. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GP73 promotes invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer by regulating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition through the TGF‐β1/Smad2 signalling pathway

This study investigated the effects of Golgi membrane protein 73 (GP73) on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and on bladder cancer cell invasion and metastasis through the TGF‐β1/Smad2 signalling pathway. Paired bladder cancer and adjacent tissue samples (102) and normal bladder tissue samples (106) were obtained. Bladder cancer cell lines (T24, 5637, RT4, 253J and J82) were selected and assigned to blank, negative control (NC), TGF‐β, thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1), TGF‐β1+ TSP‐1, GP73‐siRNA‐1, GP73‐siRNA‐2, GP73‐siRNA‐1+ TSP‐1, GP73‐siRNA‐1+ pcDNA‐GP73, WT1‐siRNA and WT1‐siRNA + GP73‐siRNA‐1 groups. Expressions of GP73, TGF‐β1, Smad2, p‐Smad2, E‐cadherin and vimentin were detected using RT‐qPCR and Western blotting. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined using MTT assay, scratch testing and Transwell assay, respectively. Compared with the blank and NC groups, levels of GP73, TGF‐β1, Smad2, p‐Smad2, N‐cadherin and vimentin decreased, and levels of WT1 and E‐cadherin increased in the GP73‐siRNA‐1 and GP73‐siRNA‐2 groups, while the opposite results were observed in the WT1 siRNA, TGF‐β, TSP‐1 and TGF‐β + TSP‐1 groups. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion notably decreased in the GP73‐siRNA‐1 and GP73‐siRNA‐2 groups in comparison with the blank and NC groups, while in the WT1 siRNA, TGF‐β, TSP‐1 and TGF‐β + TSP‐1 groups, cell migration, invasion and proliferation showed the reduction after the EMT. These results suggest that GP73 promotes bladder cancer invasion and metastasis by inducing the EMT through down‐regulating WT1 levels and activating the TGF‐β1/Smad2 signalling pathway.     

Effects of solvent fractions of Allomyrina dichotoma larvae through the inhibition of in vitro BACE1 and β‐amyloid(25–35)‐induced toxicity in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells

Amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) generation initiated by β‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 BACE1 is a critical cause of Alzheimer's disease. In the course of our ongoing investigation of natural anti‐dementia resources, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction exerted strong BACE1‐specific inhibition with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of 9.2 × 10^?5 μg/mL. Furthermore, Aβ(25–35)‐induced cell death was predominantly prevented by the EtOAc fraction of Allomyrina dichotoma larvae through diminishing of cellular oxidative stress and attenuating apoptosis by inhibiting caspase‐3 activity. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that A. dichotoma larvae possess novel neuroprotective properties not only via the selective and specific inhibition of BACE1 activity but also through the alleviation of Aβ(25–35)‐induced toxicity, which may raise the possibility of therapeutic application of A. dichotoma larvae for preventing and/or treating dementia.