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1.
    
Volatile‐oils chemical composition and bioactivity of the essentail oils from Plectranthus barbatus, P. neochilus, and P. ornatus (Lamiaceae) were assessed. Aerial parts from these three related Plectranthus species were collected from cultivated plants grown in Portugal, during vegetative and flowering phases. Volatiles, isolated by distillation? extraction, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (12–74%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4–45%) constituted the main fractions in all volatiles. α‐Pinene ( 3 ; 12–67%), oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol ( 6 ; traces–28%), β‐pinene ( 7 ; 0.1–22%), and β‐caryophyllene ( 50 ; 7–12%) dominated P. barbatus volatiles. P. neochilus major volatile components were α‐terpenyl acetate ( 41 ; traces–48%), α‐thujone ( 2 ; 2–28%), β‐caryophyllene ( 50 ; 2–28%), β‐pinene ( 7 ; 1–25%), and α‐pinene ( 3 ; 1–19%). Oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol ( 6 ; 13–31%), β‐pinene ( 7 ; 11–24%), α‐pinene ( 3 ; 11–19%), and β‐caryophyllene ( 50 ; traces–11%) were the main constituents from P. ornatus volatiles. These chemical compositions were rather different from those previously found for specimens harvested in Africa and Brazil. Moreover, the volatiles from the flowers are herewith reported for the first time. Essential oils, isolated by hydrodistillation from leaves and stems, showed a yellowish color and unpleasant odor, with yields ranging from 0.08% to 0.84% (v/dry weight). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils were evaluated by DPPH. and TBARS assays, and agar disc‐diffusion method, respectively. Results showed low or moderate antioxidant capacity and significant antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria.  相似文献   

2.
    
Extracts of mature dark blue and white berries from two Tunisian Myrtus communis morphs growing at the same site were assessed for their essential‐oil and fatty‐acid compositions, phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities. The GC and GC/MS analyses of the essential oils allowed the identification of 33 constituents. The oils from the dark blue fruits showed high percentages of α‐pinene (11.1%), linalool (11.6%), α‐terpineol (15.7%), methyl eugenol (6.2%), and geraniol (3.7%). Myrtenyl acetate (20.3%) was found to be the major compound in the oils from white berries. GC Analysis of the pericarp and seed fatty acids showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acids constituted the major fraction (54.3–78.1%). The highest percentages of linoleic acid (78.0%) and oleic acid (20.0%) were observed in the seeds and the pericarps of the white fruits, respectively. The total phenol, flavonoid, and flavonol contents and the concentration of the eight anthocyanins, identified by HPLC analysis, were significantly higher in the dark blue fruits. All extracts showed a substantial antioxidant activity, assessed by the free radical‐scavenging activity and the ferric reducing power, with the dark blue fruit extracts being more effective.  相似文献   

3.
    
The genus Origanum L. (Lamiaceae) enjoys a socioeconomic interest and constitutes one of the most popular spices. In the literature, the study of this taxon is limited mainly to the chemical composition, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of the essential oils. In Algeria, few works have been done in this area, including the endemic and rare species: Origanum floribundum Munby . In this study, our contribution highlights the influence of the ecological parameters and of the variation of morphological traits on the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of the essential oils of six populations. The major oils constituents are carvacrol, γ‐terpinene, and p‐cymene with carvacrol predominance (31.8 – 60.8%) in over five populations (MS1 – MS4 and MS6). However, the population of Ain Terraeur (MS5) of which individuals present a foliar polymorphism, distinguishes itself by p‐cymene predominance (42.6%). This would denote a new chemotype and/or variety which seem well differentiated on the dendrogram of the Ascending Hierarchical Classification (A.H.C) and its foliar morphology. The antioxidant activity of the six samples evaluated by the scavenging activity of free radicals DPPH? and ABTS?+ showed a potent efficiency for the sample with foliar polymorphism population (IC50 = 51.6 ± 0.31 and 12.71 ± 0.37 μg/ml, respectively).  相似文献   

4.
    
The chemical composition of the essential oils of Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum, growing wild in three different localities in the Southern Apennines, was studied by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. In total, 103 compounds were identified. The oils were mainly composed of phenolic compounds and all oils belonged to the chemotype carvacrol/thymol. The three essential oils were evaluated for their in vitro phytotoxic activity by determining their influence on the germination and initial radicle elongation of Sinapis arvensis L., Phalaris canariensis L., Lepidium sativum L., and Raphanus sativus L. The seed germination and radicle growth were affected in various degrees. Moreover, the antifungal activity of the three essential oils was assayed against three species causing pre‐ and postharvest fruit decay (Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, and M. fructicola). At 1000 ppm, the three oils completely inhibited fungal growth. The hemolytic activity of the oils was assayed and showed no effect on the cell membranes of bovine erythrocytes.  相似文献   

5.
    
The chemical composition, including the enantiomeric excess of the main terpenes, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities, as well as the cytotoxicity of Abies alba and A. koreana seed and cone essential oils were investigated. Additionally, their seed hydrolates were characterized. In the examined oils and hydrolates, a total of 174 compounds were identified, which comprised 95.6–99.9% of the volatiles. The essential oils were mainly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons, whereas the composition of the hydrolates, differing from the seed oils of the corresponding fir species, consisted mainly of oxygenated derivatives of sesquiterpenes. The seed and cone essential oils of both firs exhibited DPPH‐radical‐scavenging properties and low antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains tested. Moreover, they evoked only low cytotoxicity towards normal fibroblasts and the two cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and MDA‐MBA‐231. At concentrations up to 50 μg/ml, all essential oils were safe in relation to normal fibroblasts. Although they induced cytotoxicity towards the cancer cells at concentrations slightly lower than those required for the inhibition of fibroblast proliferation, their influence on cancer cells was weak, with IC50 values similar to those observed towards normal fibroblasts.  相似文献   

6.
    
The phytochemical profile of Melaleuca leucadendra L. leaf and fruit oils from Cuba was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Forty‐one and sixty‐four volatile compounds were identified and quantified, accounting for 99.2 and 99.5% of the leaf‐oil and fruit‐oil total composition, respectively. The main components were 1,8‐cineol (43.0%), viridiflorol (24.2%), α‐terpineol (7.0%), α‐pinene (5.3%), and limonene (4.8%) in the leaf oil, and viridiflorol (47.6%), globulol (5.8%), guaiol (5.3%), and α‐pinene (4.5%) in the fruit oil. The antioxidant capacity of these essential oils was determined by three different in vitro assays (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and 2,2′‐Azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation), and significant activities were evidenced for all of them.  相似文献   

7.
The mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Teucrium ramosissimum were evaluated by the bacterial reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, and TA1535, with and without exogenous metabolic activation (S9 fraction). The T. ramosissimum essential oil showed no mutagenic effect. In contrast, our results established that it possessed antimutagenic effects against sodium azide (SA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and 4‐nitro‐o‐phenylenediamine (NOPD). The antioxidant capacity of the tested essential oil was evaluated using enzymatic, i.e., the xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XOD) assay, and nonenzymatic systems, i.e., the nitro‐blue tetrazolium (NBT)/riboflavin and the DPPH assays. A moderate free radical‐scavenging activity was observed towards DPPH. and O$\rm{{_{2}^{{^\cdot} -}}}$ . In contrast, T. ramosissimum essential oil showed no effect for all the tested concentrations in the X/XOD assay.  相似文献   

8.
    
The essential oils of Anthospermum emirnense Baker and Anthospermum perrieri Homolle ex Puff, obtained by hydrodistillation in 0.03 and 0.02% yield, respectively, were analyzed by GC/MS. In both cases, the major constituents consisted of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The two species showed an important qualitative similarity, with 40 compounds common to A. emirnense and A. perrieri, including β-elemene, trans-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-cadinol, which were major components in both cases. When tested for antimicrobial activity, both essential oils showed similar profiles and exhibited interesting minimal-inhibitory-concentration (MIC) values towards Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, and Yersinia enterocolitica.  相似文献   

9.
    
The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Laserpitium latifolium and L. ochridanum were investigated. The essential oils were isolated by steam distillation and characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. All essential oils were distinguished by high contents of monoterpenes, and α‐pinene was the most abundant compound in the essential oils of L. latifolium underground parts and fruits (contents of 44.4 and 44.0%, resp.). The fruit essential oil was also rich in sabinene (26.8%). Regarding the L. ochridanum essential oils, the main constituents were limonene in the fruit oil (57.7%) and sabinene in the herb oil (25.9%). The antimicrobial activity of these essential oils as well as that of L. ochridanum underground parts, whose composition was reported previously, was tested by the broth‐microdilution method against four Gram‐positive and three Gram‐negative bacteria and two Candida albicans strains. Except the L. latifolium underground‐parts essential oil, the other investigated oils showed a high antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, or Candida albicans (minimal inhibitory concentrations of 13.0–73.0 μg/ml), comparable to or even higher than that of thymol, which was used as reference compound.  相似文献   

10.
    
The essential‐oil and fatty‐acid composition of the aerial parts of Ficaria kochii (Ledeb .) Iranshahr & Rech .f. native to Iran, and the antioxidant activity of various extracts of this plant were examined. The study by GC‐FID and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 61 compounds, representing 86.01% of the total oil composition. Phytol (10.49%), farnesol (7.72%), methyl linoleate (5.57%), and α‐farnesene (4.96%) were the main components. The fatty‐acid composition of the aerial parts of F. kochii was also analyzed by GC/MS. The major components were palmitic acid (25.9%), linolenic acid (25.3%), and linoleic acid (17.5%). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were found in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids. The possible antioxidant activity of various extracts (prepared by using solvents with different polarity) of the F. kochii aerial parts was evaluated by screening for their 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity, FeIII‐reducing power, total antioxidant activity, and inhibitory activity in the linoleic acid‐peroxidation system. H2O proved to be the most efficient solvent for the extraction of antioxidants, as the H2O extract contained the highest amount of phenolic compounds (2.78±0.23 GAE/g dry matter) and also exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity in all the assays used. The results of the present investigation demonstrated that the aerial parts of F. kochii can be used as natural and safe nutrition supplement in place of synthetic ones.  相似文献   

11.
    
This study is the first to investigate the chemical composition of barks essential oil (EO), secondary metabolites and biological activities of the MeOH and infusions extracts of seeds, leaves, barks and roots of Calligonum azel Maire (Polygonaceae) harvested from Tunisian desert. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) results showed the presence of fifty‐four compounds in barks EO. The major components were: viridiflorol (14.6%), α‐eudesmol (8.65%), trans‐caryophyllene (6.72%), elemol (6.63%), β‐eudesmol (6.21%). The obtained results showed that C. azel is a very rich plant in secondary metabolites. High contents in polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were observed in both extracts of all studied organs. Significant differences were found between both extracts of the four organs. Thus, polyphenols and tannins were more abundant in leaves infusion extract, while, flavonoids showed a high level in barks extract. The antioxidant activity data demonstrated that all extracts showed strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. The MeOH extracts presented potential for antibacterial and antifungal activities against all tested microorganisms. The inhibition zones diameters and minimal inhibitrice concentration values were in the range of 9 – 15 mm and 2.5 – 20 μg/ml, respectively. This study demonstrated that C. azel can be regarded as an excellent plant source for natural antimicrobial agents.  相似文献   

12.
    
Oregano is an aromatic species of great interest, which spreads spontaneously over the Mediterranean area, but its genetic resources are not yet adequately developed. Moreover, the results of studies of wild strains of different origin – although quite numerous – are not always comparable, and, therefore, the influence of the environment and genotype on the variability cannot be distinguished. Hence, the plant morphology and the essential‐oil composition of three wild, white‐flowering biotypes of oregano collected in the Campania region (southern Italy) were characterized, and the effects of genotype and environment were assessed by comparison in situ and ex situ. This allowed deducing that the biotypes belonged to two different subspecies, i.e., Origanum vulgare ssp. virens and O. vulgare ssp. viridulum. The essential‐oil yield was higher for the biotype belonging to ssp. virens, and it was significantly correlated with the glandular and stomatal density. The chemical composition of the oils obtained by hydrodistillation was found to be influenced by the genotype and the conditions of plant growth.  相似文献   

13.
    
Vepris macrophylla is an evergreen tree occurring in sub‐humid forest of Madagascar and traditionally used in the Island to treat several complaints as well as to prepare aromatic teas and alcoholic drinks. In the present work, the essential oil distilled from the leaves was analyzed for the first time by gas chromatography (GC‐FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major compounds were citral (56.3%), i.e., mixture of neral (23.1%) and geranial (33.2%), citronellol (14.5%), and myrcene (8.3%). The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans as determined by vapor‐diffusion assay, supporting the traditional use of the plant for preparing steam bath for the treatment of infectious diseases. The essential oil was evaluated for cytotoxic activity on human tumor cell lines by MTT (=3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide) assay, showing inhibitory effects comparable to those of cisplatin, notably on MDA‐MB 231 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines. Finally, the essential oil was also subjected to screening for its antioxidant activity and the free radical scavenging capacity.  相似文献   

14.
    
The chemical composition and seasonal variation throughout one year of the essential oils from leaves of Baccharis microdonta and B. elaeagnoides, collected in Campos do Jordão, SP, were investigated. The composition of the latter species has been described for the first time. By GC (RI) and GC/MS analysis, 43 compounds were identified, and a predominance of oxygenated sesquiterpene derivatives was found in both species. The main components of the B. microdonta oils were elemol ( 31 ; 11.7–30.6%), spathulenol ( 34 ; 4.7–9.1%), β‐caryophyllene ( 19 ; 3.7–6.2%), and germacrene D ( 24 ; 2.9–12.2%), and those of the B. elaeagnoides oils were 34 (10.1–21.5%), viridiflorol ( 35 ; 3.6–18.4%), 24 (0.9–13.8%), and 19 (3.5–9.4%). The identified compounds were grouped according to their respective C‐skeletons, and the percentages of occurrence of the C‐skeletons in the essential oils of leaves collected in the four seasons allowed identifying the preferential accumulation of different types of C‐skeletons as well as the seasonal variation of the biosynthetic routes over the studied period.  相似文献   

15.
The cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of lipophilic compounds extracted from different parts of four Chenopodium L. (Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Chenopodium rubrum and Chenopodium urbicum) species were evaluated. The highest phenolic content was found in herb and seeds of all examined plants. Large amounts of free polyphenols were observed in herb extracts of C. album (3.36 mg/g DW), seeds of C. urbicum (3.87 mg/g DW) and roots of C. urbicum (1.52 mg/g DW). The cytotoxic activities of the extracts were assessed against human lung carcinoma A-549 and ovarian carcinoma TOV-112D and normal human fibroblast cell lines. Our study demonstrated that the extracts from the herb of C. rubrum and C. urbicum had the best antioxidant effect of all the extracts analyzed. Most of the extracts tested exhibited low cytotoxicity. However, the extracts from herb and seeds of C. album and C. hybridum showed the significant antiproliferative effect on the TOV-112 cell line.It can be concluded that antioxidant activity and phenolic composition differ mainly between plant parts and are quite similar between the plants, when the same plant part is analyzed. Thus, the Chenopodium extracts could be used as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants, and may be used in the pharmaceutical industry and for food supplements production.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The literature on efficacy of plant essential oils and their constituents for the management of Tribolium spp. (T. castaneum and T. confusum), instigating infestation of a variety of stored grains and their products is reviewed here. Both species caused significant losses in the diverse food grains and their products through infestation. Essential oils of higher plants showed potential activity in the management of these infestation driven losses. Researchers have found that essential oils and their chemical constituents have significant toxicity against both the species of Tribolium via different modes of action like repellent, insecticidal, ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal, ovipositional and feeding deterrent actions. Concerning repellency and in vivo bioassays, few studies have been done with the essential oils against T. confusum, thus, more investigations are required to find the repellent agents against this insect. There are some essential oil-based botanical insecticides which have been proved effective for the protection of food grains from both beetles during storage. These botanical insecticides also exhibited behaviour altering properties against both beetles, thus, reducing the problem of pest resistance which is a problem with conventional insecticides. Therefore, essential oils-based botanical insecticides may be preferred option than conventional insecticides for protecting stored grains and their products against Tribolium infestation.  相似文献   

17.
    
The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the seeds of bush onion (Afrostyrax lepidophyllus) and tropical garlic tree (Scorodophloeus zenkeri), plants used as spices in the traditional African cuisine, was determined by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. Moreover, in vitro biological properties of the oils, namely, the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, were investigated by the MTT, the DPPH. and ABTS.+ scavenging, and the agar disc‐diffusion methods, respectively. Both oils were composed mainly by S‐containing compounds, accounting for 91.0–96.1% of the total oil compositions, which provided them the typical garlic‐ and onion‐like odors of spices. The predominant compound in both oils, 2,4,5,7‐tetrathiaoctane ( 1 ; 51.5–52.9%), was isolated by preparative TLC and structurally elucidated by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR data. The oils exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of human cancer cells, namely, T98G (human glioblastoma multiforme cell line), MDA‐MB 231 (human breast adenocarcinoma cell line), A375 (human malignant melanoma cell line), and HCT116 (human colon carcinoma cell line) cells, and a good DPPH.‐ and ABTS.+‐scavenging activity, while the antimicrobial effects were negligible. The volatile compositions of A. lepidophyllus and S. zenkeri oils supported their use as odorous spices. The significant inhibition activities detected make these oils worthy of further investigation as promising chemopreventive agents to be exploited in the African pharmaceutical market.  相似文献   

18.
    
The chemical composition of the essential oils of Eryngium campestre, E. thorifolium, and E. creticum (Apiaceae), growing in the Aegean region of Turkey (Mount Sandras, Denizli), was determined by direct thermal desorption (DTD)-GC/MS analyses. A total of 49 components were identified in the oils, α-pinene and hexanal being the major compounds. The three essential oils were also tested for their inhibitory activity of nine different methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains by the agar disc diffusion method. The anti-MRSA activity of E. thorifolium oil, the most active of the three oils, was comparable with those of the reference antibiotic vancomycin and oregano oil, although somewhat lower.  相似文献   

19.
    
A phytochemical study of the rhizome essential oils of four different Hedychium species was performed by means of GC and GC/MS analyses. H. ellipticum mainly contained 1,8-cineole, sabinene, and terpin-4-ol, while H. aurantiacum possessed terpin-4-ol, para-cymene, and bornyl acetate as the major entities. Similarly, trans-meta-mentha-2,8-diene and linalool were noticed in H. coronarium. Three different collections (I-III) of H. spicatum showed amazing differences in the relative contents of their essential oils, 1,8-cineole and 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol being identified as markers for samples I and II, terpin-4-ol and sabinene being the major compounds in sample III. The rhizome essential oils of the above species were studied for their antioxidant activities by different methods, including their effect on the chelating properties of Fe(2+), DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and reducing power. Antimicrobial screenings of the oils by the paper-disc method were performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica enterica, and the respective minimum-inhibitory-concentration (MIC) values were determined. The rhizome essential oils from all Hedychium species exhibited moderate-to-good Fe(2+) chelating activity. H. spicatum from collection site III showed a completely different DPPH radical-scavenging profile than the samples from the other collection sites.  相似文献   

20.
    
To identify the best biotypes, an extensive survey of Sicilian wild rosemary was carried out by collecting 57 samples from various sites, followed by taxonomic characterization from an agronomic perspective. All the biotypes collected were classified as Rosmarinus officinalis L. A cluster analysis based on the morphological characteristics of the plants allowed the division of the biotypes into seven main groups, although the characteristics examined were found to be highly similar and not area‐dependent. Moreover, all samples were analyzed for their phytochemical content, applying an extraction protocol to obtain the nonvolatile components and hydrodistillation to collect the essential oils for the volatile components. The extracts were characterized by LC‐UV‐DAD/ESI‐MS, and the essential oils by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. In the nonvolatile fractions, 18 components were identified, namely, 13 flavones, two organic acids, and three diterpenes. In the volatile fractions, a total of 82 components were found, with as predominant components α‐pinene and camphene among the monoterpene hydrocarbons and 1,8‐cineole, camphor, borneol, and verbenone among the oxygenated monoterpenes. Cluster analyses were carried out on both phytochemical profiles, allowing the separation of the rosemary samples into different chemical groups. Finally, the total phenol content and the antioxidant activity of the essential oils and extracts were determined with the Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) colorimetric assay, the UV radiation‐induced peroxidation in liposomal membranes (UV‐IP test), and the scavenging activity of the superoxide radical (O$rm{{_{2}^{{^cdot} -}}}$ ). The present study confirmed that the essential oils and organic extracts of the Sicilian rosemary samples analyzed showed a considerable antioxidant/free radical‐scavenging activity.  相似文献   

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