Cost cuts at Precise Biometrics

Precise Biometrics has announced steps to reduce the company’s current overheads. The programme of cost cuts are designed to help the company achieve positive cash flow more quickly, but will also lead to 10 of the company’s 47-strong workforce losing their jobs. These jobs will be lost at the company’s head office in Lund, Sweden, and will be spread across the supplier’s administration, sales, management and support departments.This is a short news story only. Visit www.compseconline.com for the latest computer security industry news.     

Monkeys into Men and Men into Monkeys: Chance and Contingency in the Evolution of Man, Mind and Morals in Charles Kingsley’s Water Babies

The nineteenth century theologian, author and poet Charles Kingsley was a notable populariser of Darwinian evolution. He championed Darwin’s cause and that of honesty in science for more than a decade from 1859 to 1871. Kingsley’s interpretation of evolution shaped his theology, his politics and his views on race. The relationship between men and apes set the context for Kingsley’s consideration of these issues. Having defended Darwin for a decade in 1871 Kingsley was dismayed to read Darwin’s account of the evolution of morals in Descent of Man. He subsequently distanced himself from Darwin’s conclusions even though he remained an ardent evolutionist until his death in 1875.     

The management of “quality”: class decomposition and racial formation in a Chicago factory

Workplace training offers a distinctly explicit and uniquely articulate site for the ethnography of the capital–labor relation as an ideological phenomenon, where the everyday work of hegemony is shown to be deeply grounded in the everyday hegemony of work. In this ethnographic account of a factory classroom devoted to introducing production workers to the precepts of Total Quality Management and training them in Statistical Process Control, the neoliberal reform of the labor process—which sought to accomplish a class decomposition of the company’s workforce in favor of an individualizing regime of workers’ personal responsibility and accountability for various quality control operations—repeatedly provoked the company’s Latino workers into angry and vociferous expressions of antagonism to management. Indeed, insofar as the management’s efforts to reform labor by decomposing the workforce as a class formation merely intensified the prevailing preconditions of their racial formation, they thereby only exacerbated anew the Latino workers’ antagonism as workers to the terms of their subordination. Thus, the generic (ostensibly race-neutral) reform of the labor process initiated under the aegis of “Total Quality Management” implicated the presumed management of “quality” in a concomitant reconfiguration of what was, effectively, a contemporary regime of racial management.     

Michael Servetus (1511-1553) did not discover the lesser circulation

In the April issue of this Journal, C. van Tellingen presented a rather global survey of the historical development of ideas on the movement of the blood.1 We would like to briefly comment on Van Tellingen’s views on Michael Servetus and the latter’s non-existing historical relation to William Harvey’s true discovery of the circulation of the blood.     

“My appointment received the sanction of the Admiralty”: Why Charles Darwin really was the naturalist on HMS Beagle

For decades historians of science and science writers in general have maintained that Charles Darwin was not the ‘naturalist’ or ‘official naturalist’ during the 1831–1836 surveying voyage of HMS Beagle but instead Captain Robert FitzRoy’s ‘companion’, ‘gentleman companion’ or ‘dining companion’. That is, Darwin was primarily the captain’s social companion and only secondarily and unofficially naturalist. Instead, it is usually maintained, the ship’s surgeon Robert McCormick was the official naturalist because this was the default or official practice at the time. Although these views have been repeated in countless accounts of Darwin’s life, this essay aims to show that they are incorrect.     

The UK’s 100,000 Genomes Project: manifesting policymakers’ expectations

The UK’s 100,000 Genomes Project has the aim of sequencing 100,000 genomes from UK National Health Service (NHS) patients while concomitantly transforming clinical care such that whole genome sequencing becomes routine clinical practice in the UK. Policymakers claim that the project will revolutionize NHS care. We wished to explore the 100,000 Genomes Project, and in particular, the extent to which policymaker claims have helped or hindered the work of those associated with Genomics England – the company established by the Department of Health to deliver the project. We interviewed 20 individuals linked to, or working for Genomics England. Interviewees had double-edged views about the context within which they were working. On the one hand, policymakers’ expectations attached to the venture were considered vacuous “genohype”; on the other hand, they were considered the impetus needed for those trying to advance genomic research into clinical practice. Findings should be considered for future genomes projects.     

Role of local culture,religion, and human attitudes in the conservation of sacred populations of a threatened ‘pest’ species

Indigenous belief systems and informal institutions that result in the conservation of wild species or sites exemplify biocultural conservation. The erosion of cultural beliefs and practices can have adverse, often severe, consequences for biodiversity. We explored the relationships among informal institutions, religion, and human attitudes toward sacred populations of a threatened, endemic species, Sclater’s monkey (Cercopithecus sclateri), in two communities in southeastern Nigeria. Due to habitat loss and hunting pressure across the species’ range, monkeys in these two sites live alongside people, raid farms and gardens, and are commonly viewed as pests. Using structured (n = 410) and semi-structured (n = 21) interviews, we examined factors influencing residents’ views of the monkeys, mechanisms affecting adherence to social taboos against harming monkeys, and implications for conservation. Our analyses revealed that most residents, particularly those from one community, women, and farmers, held negative opinions of the monkeys. Crop and garden raiding by monkeys had the most adverse effect on people’s attitudes. Although the adoption of Christianity weakened residents’ views regarding the no-killing taboos, continued adherence to the taboos was particularly influenced by supernatural retribution in one site and community disapproval in the other. Only one community widely conferred symbolic importance on the monkeys. Such site differences illustrate the value of local cultural understanding in conservation. Pre-intervention studies of this nature allow for the development of locally and culturally sensitive conservation programs, as well as better-informed assessments of what interventions are most likely to be effective.     

VOICE.TRUST emerges onto European scene

German provider of speaker authentication solutions VOICE.TRUST has formalised its partnership with US company SpeechWorks International. The company, which was launched in 2000, uses SpeechWorks’ SpeechSecure speaker verification technology at the heart of its biometric-based authentication solution VOICE.TRUST Server.This is a short news story only. Visit www.compseconline.com for the latest computer security industry news     

The evolution of syntactic structure

Two new books—Creating Language: Integrating Evolution, Acquisition, and Processing by Morten H. Christiansen and Nick Chater, and Why Only Us: Language and Evolution by Robert C. Berwick and Noam Chomsky—present a good opportunity to assess the state of the debate about whether or not language was made possible by language-specific adaptations for syntax. Berwick and Chomsky argue yes: language was made possible by a single change to the computation Merge. Christiansen and Chater argue no: our syntactic abilities developed on the back of natural selection for general-purpose sequence learning mechanisms. While Christiansen and Chater’s book testifies to impressive developments in constructivist approaches to language development, it’s not obvious that it has the resources to explain the hierarchical nature of syntactic binding. Despite this, the views have much in common.     

La pensée de Gisela Pankow autour du concept de lois immanentes du corps

Gisela Pankow’s theoretical and clinical research led her to work out an original method of dynamic structuration for the cure of psychosis and serious mental disorders. She distinguishes two fundamental functions in the living body-image, and according to her master’s views, Ernst Kretschmer, who introduced the difference betweenKernpsychose (nuclear psychosis) andRandpsychose (marginal psychosis). These two functions are “symbolizing” and are relying on the “immanent laws” of the body. Such pankowian concepts are an extension of psychiatric, psychoanalytic and philosophical works which are not well known in ordinary medical circles: we must quote those of Kurt Goldstein, Gustav Siewerth, Gaston Fessard, for example. G. Pannkow uses ordinary words, such as form, sign, symbol, but this may be deceiving, for symbolism is not the same when speaking about forms or about language. Reading these authors reveals the background of these terms and enlightens the pankowian original concept of the living bodyimage, based on a realistic anthropology of the body’s immanent laws. This paper is only a basic introduction to Gisela Pankow’s rich and fruitful research.     

Factors shaping the tolerance of local Tibetan herders toward snow leopards

Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) have long co-existed with livestock herding people across Asia’s high mountains. Multiple use landscapes however imply potential competition for shared resources, livestock predation, and the risk of retaliatory killing of predators. Community-based conservation is a central pillar for supporting people’s livelihoods and safeguarding predators and their habitat. Based on the theory of planned behavior, we examined the factors that shape herders’ tolerance of snow leopards. Our questionnaire-based study was conducted in the Sanjiangyuan Region, China, encompassing four communities with varying livelihoods, experiences with livestock depredation and levels of exposure to community conservation interventions. Our results showed that respondents generally held positive views towards snow leopards, although women tended to have relatively more negative views towards snow leopards compared with men. Current household income was largely dependent on caterpillar fungus rather than livestock. Social norms around religion and the role of community leaders in our study area seemed to be the main determinants of the generally benign association of people with wildlife, overshadowing potential influences of community-based conservation interventions. Our work suggests that conservations programs will be aided through collaborations with communities and religious institutions, and that conservationists must proactively engage with women as significant actors in conservation.     

Mysteries of attraction: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola,astrology and desire

Although in his later years Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494) vehemently rejected astrology, he earlier used it in a variety of ways, but primarily to provide further evidence for positions to which he had arrived by other means. One such early use appears in his commentary on his friend Girolamo Benivieni’s love poetry, the Canzone d’amore, of 1486–1487. In the passages discussed here, Pico presents an intensive Platonic natural philosophical analysis based on a deep astrologically informed understanding of human nature as he attempts to explain a perennial question, namely, why one person is attracted to a certain person (or people), and another to others. I will place this discussion of the mysteries of attraction and desire in historical perspective by tracing Pico’s changing relationship to astrology during the course of his short but passionate life, and in historiographic perspective by revising Frances Yates’s still influential views concerning Pico’s contribution to Renaissance thought and his relationship with Marsilio Ficino.     

Prostate-specific antigen screening of workers under the age of 40 in Japan

Background: There is no agreement on the usefulness of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test for prostate cancer screening in young men in Japan. We believe that medical check-up departments in hospitals conduct prostate cancer screening in subjects under 40 years of age undergoing intensive health check-up for commercial reasons, and speculate that some medical doctors provide tacit consent for this action. To understand the prevalence of PSA testing in young men, the authors examined the age distribution of workers who underwent the PSA test. Methods: The authors used the 2009 intensive health check-up data of male workers aged 30–65 years (n = 298) in a car-manufacturing company to investigate the status of prostate-cancer screening in young men. Multiple comparison was conducted by Tukey's method when the analysis of variance revealed significant difference. Results: According to the frequency distribution of age, 15.8% of the subjects were under 40 years of age. The mean PSA value increased with age, ranging from 1.0 ng/mL in subjects in their 30s’, to 2.0 ng/mL in subjects in their 60s’. The mean PSA level in subjects in their 60s’ was significantly higher than that in subjects in their 30s’ and 40s’. The percentage of subjects with serum PSA levels of 4 ng/mL or higher in subjects in their 30s’, 40s’, 50s’ and 60s’ were 2.1% (1/47), 1.6% (2/125), 4.4% (5/114) and 8.3% (1/12), respectively. Conclusions: One-sixth of male workers attending the health check-up program were under 40 years of age. According to the criteria of the Japanese Urological Association, this examination program included younger subjects who were not candidates for PSA screening.     

Carl Woese: from Biophysics to Evolutionary Microbiology

This article is a tribute to Carl R. Woese, a biophysicist turned evolutionary microbiologist who passed away on December 30, 2012. We focus on his life, achievements, the discovery of Archaea and contributions to the development of molecular phylogeny. Further, the authors share their views and the lessons learnt from Woese’s life with the microbiologists in India. We also emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and interaction for the progress and betterment of science.     

Saflink bucks industry ‘bad news’ trend

Biometric middleware vendor Saflink has bucked the biometric industry’s current ‘bad news’ trend with a spate of good news stories which mark a turnaround in the company’s fortunes. Not so long ago the vendor had been on the brink of financial disaster but it has managed to pull itself around, even getting re-listed on Nasdaq’s SmallCap market at the end of April — a feat accomplished by very few in recent times.This is a short news story only. Visit www.compseconline.com for the latest computer security industry news.     

Garland Allen,Thomas Hunt Morgan,and Development

Garland E. Allen’s 1978 biography of the Nobel Prize winning biologist Thomas Hunt Morgan provides an excellent study of the man and his science. Allen presents Morgan as an opportunistic scientist who follows where his observations take him, leading him to his foundational work in Drosophila genetics. The book was rightfully hailed as an important achievement and it introduced generations of readers to Morgan. Yet, in hindsight, Allen’s book largely misses an equally important part of Morgan’s work – his study of development and regeneration. It is worth returning to this part of Morgan, exploring what Morgan contributed and also why he has been seen by contemporaries and historians such as Allen as having set aside some of the most important developmental problems. A closer look shows how Morgan’s view of cells and development that was different from that of his most noted contemporaries led to interpretation of his important contributions in favor of genetics. This essay is part of a special issue, revisiting Garland Allen's views on the history of life sciences in the twentieth century.     

The Biosemiotic Glossary Project: Umwelt

This is the second article in a series of review articles addressing biosemiotic terminology. The biosemiotic glossary project is designed to integrate views of members within the biosemiotic community based on a standard survey and related publications. The methodology section describes the format of the survey conducted July–August 2014 in preparation of the current review and targeted on Jakob von Uexküll’s term ‘Umwelt’. Next, we summarize denotation, synonyms and antonyms, with special emphasis on the denotation of this term in current biosemiotic usage. The survey findings include ratings of eight citations defining or making use of the term Umwelt. We provide a summary of respondents’ own definitions and suggested term usage. Further sections address etymology, relevant contexts of use, and related terms in English and other languages. A section on the notion’s Uexküllian meaning and later biosemiotic meaning is followed by attempt at synthesis and conclusion. We conclude that the Umwelt is a centerpiece phenomenon, a phenomenon that other phenomena in the living realm are organized around. To sum up Uexküll’s view, we can characterize an Umwelt as the subjective world of an organism, enveloping a perceptual world and an effector world, which is always part of the organism itself and a key component of nature, which is held together by functional cycles connecting different Umwelten. In order to pay respect to Uexküll’s work, we must move from notion to model, from mention of Uexküll’s Umwelt term to actual application of it.     

Methods of ethics and the descent of man: Darwin and Sidgwick on ethics and evolution

Darwin’s treatment of morality in The Descent of Man has generated a wide variety of responses among moral philosophers. Among these is the dismissal of evolution as irrelevant to ethics by Darwin’s contemporary Henry Sidgwick; the last, and arguably the greatest, of the Nineteenth Century British Utilitarians. This paper offers a re-examination of Sidgwick’s response to evolutionary considerations as irrelevant to ethics and the absence of any engagement with Darwin’s work in Sidgwick’s main ethical treatise, The Methods of Ethics. This assessment of Sidgwick’s response to Darwin’s work is shown to have significance for a number of ongoing controversies in contemporary metaethics.     

Primate Tales: Using Literature to Understand Changes in Human–Primate Relations

Primate species, by and large, are culturally significant icons across their habitat. One of the more prominent expressions of this lies in the revered status of macaques and langurs in South and Southeast Asia, largely because of their religious status in Hinduism. People’s belief in these species’ sanctity often serves to protect them from physical harm or retaliation in conflict situations and thus strongly mediates their conservation. The nature of this interface has changed over the years of mutual interactions between the two groups. Trends in literature are useful markers of sociocultural developments in human life and reflect changes in human views with respect to the world around them. I investigated Tamil language poetical works from southern India to analyze people’s attitudes toward primates and changes in their views of primates over time. My findings suggest that sacredness was not a defining characteristic of human–primate relations in ancient times. The deification of monkeys occurred later and was largely driven by the growing popularity of Ramayana, the Hindu epic. The growing importance of religion in the daily lives of people and increasing urbanization subsequently led to the peripheralization of monkeys in people’s lives and narratives. Monkeys, once considered coinhabitants of a shared landscape, slowly began to be seen as animals with some human-like qualities that represent wild nature. The literary lens is thus a useful tool to map and understand changes in human perceptions of primate species over time and can be a powerful method in ethnoprimatology.