Antiviral Compounds Against Nucleocapsid Protein of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a severe diarrhea disease in swine that is caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Nucleocapsid (N) protein is the RNA-binding protein of PEDV, which plays an important role for virus life cycle. The aim of this research was to screen and characterize the compounds that could inhibit the activity of PEDV N protein. The gene encoding PEDV N protein obtained from PEDV Thai isolate was cloned and expressed in E. coli. Its amino acid sequence was employed to generate the three dimensional structure by homology modeling. There were 1,286 compounds of FDA-approved drug database that could virtually bind to the RNA-binding region of N protein. Three compounds, trichlormethiazide, D-(+) biotin, and glutathione successfully bound to the N protein, in vitro, with the IC₅₀ at 8.754?mg/mL, 0.925?mg/mL, and 2.722?mg/mL. Antiviral activity in PEDV-infected Vero cells demonstrated that the effective concentration of trichlormethiazide, D-(+) biotin, and glutathione in inhibiting PEDV replication were 0.094, 0.094 and 1.5?mg/mL. This study demonstrated a strategy applied for discovery of antiviral agents capable of inhibiting PEDV N protein and PEDV replication. The compounds identified here exhibited a potential use as therapeutic agents for controlling PEDV infection.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒地方株LJB/03分离及培养特性

从黑龙江省某猪场疑为病毒性腹泻的发病猪采集腹泻粪便样品,以RT-PCR法扩增出猪流行性腹泻病毒M基因后,采用细胞培养法进行病毒分离。对细胞培养分离物进行间接免疫荧光、免疫电镜观察、RT-PCR及ELISA法检验,其中间接免疫荧光试验可见培养细胞中存在明显的特异性绿色荧光;免疫电镜下可见大小符合预期、有囊膜、花瓣状的典型冠状病毒结构特征;RT-PCR检测证实存在PEDVM基因;间接ELISA检测中平均P/N比值为7.6;从而确认为分离到一株猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV),命名为PEDVLJB/03株。随后,对该分离毒株的培养特性及如何提高病毒滴度进行探索。通过摸索该分离毒株的蚀斑形成条件,建立了PEDV蚀斑形成方法,并采用该方法进行病毒的蚀斑纯化,纯化得到PEDV大蚀斑克隆株和小蚀斑克隆株。对大、小两种蚀斑克隆株的病毒滴度测定结果表明,大小蚀斑克隆株细胞感染滴度相差明显。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒嵌套式RT—PCR检测方法的建立

Two pairs of primers were designed according to the N gene sequence of PEDV-CV777 strain in Genebank (No. AF353511). PCR amplification product of outer-primers was 1328bp, and the inter-primers amplification product was 538bp, With the primers, a nested PCR assay was established to detect PEDV. This method was sensitive and specific and could be used in PEDV diagnosis and epidemiological investigation.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒嵌套式RT-PCR检测方法的建立

猪流行性腹泻(Porcine epidemic diarrhea,PED)是由猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, PEDV)引起的一种以呕吐、腹泻和失水为特征的猪肠道传染病.各种年龄的猪都可发病[1],哺乳仔猪、架子猪或育肥猪的发病率最高可达100%,尤其哺乳仔猪的受害最严重.本病在欧洲许多国家均有报道.上海畜牧兽医研究所等单位证实,我国近年来发生的仔猪腹泻,有很多为PEDV引起.     

猪流行性腹泻抗原基因在乳酸菌中的表达及优化

目的：优化猪流行性腹泻抗原基因COE在乳酸乳球菌中的表达。方法：将表达猪流行性腹泻抗原基因COE的重组乳酸菌活化,酶切鉴定其稳定性,然后设计实验分别从pH值、温度、Nisin浓度、诱导时间、菌体密度等条件对COE表达进行优化,SDS-PAGE检测表达效果。结果：COE在乳酸乳球菌中的最佳表达条件为pH 7.0、T（温度）=30℃、Nisin=2ng/mLt、（诱导时间）=4h和OD600=0.5,在以上条件下相对表达量分别达到了15.48%、15.05%、15.82%、14.72%和20.47%。在最佳表达条件下得到SOE的相对表达含量达到21%。结论：COE重组质粒稳定,其在乳酸菌中经优化表达后可为今后研制猪流行性腹泻乳酸菌疫苗提供数据。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)与抗病毒天然免疫

猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)是引起猪流行性腹泻病等肠道疾病的一种动物冠状病毒.PEDV与宿主系统相互作用,特别是其对宿主抗病毒天然免疫调节作用和机制是目前动物冠状病毒研究的基础科学问题之一.基于作者近几年来对人类重要冠状病毒对宿主抗病毒天然免疫系统调节作用的研究,本文对PEDV基因组与编码蛋白主要功能以及PEDV调节宿主抗病毒天然免疫反应及其可能机制的进展和现状进行了分析.与人类冠状病毒相似,PEDV编码的木瓜样蛋白酶(papain like protease,PLP)是一个多功能蛋白酶,除了蛋白酶活性外,还具有去泛素化酶(DUB)活性和宿主干扰素拮抗活性,是PEDV编码的一种新型病毒来源DUB和宿主干扰素拮抗蛋白.这些研究为阐明PEDV对宿主抗病毒天然免疫反应调节作用和其致病机制提供了重要的理论依据,为研制新型PEDV免疫防治措施提供了重要理论基础.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒与宿主抗病毒天然免疫抑制

猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)能引起猪腹泻等肠道疾病,属于α属冠状病毒,它的爆发给很多国家养猪业造成了严重的经济损失。2010年以来,PEDV感染在中国出现大规模爆发,一种突变型PEDV也于2013年在美国出现并迅速传播。 RNA病毒能够通过Toll样受体通路3（TLR3）和RIG-I样受体通路（RLR）诱导I型干扰素的产生。但以往的研究表明,PEDV感染能抑制I型干扰素的合成。近年来有关PEDV调节宿主天然免疫应答的研究取得了很大进展。PEDV主要通过编码作为干扰素拮抗剂的病毒蛋白以及隐藏病毒自身病原相关分子模式（PAMP）等两种方式逃逸宿主天然免疫应答。目前已报道,PEDV非结构蛋白1可通过降解CBP阻碍干扰素调节因子3(IRF-3)组装成增强子复合体;木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶可通过其去泛素化酶活性阻断天然免疫信号通路传递;3C样蛋白酶可通过剪切NEMO发挥干扰素拮抗剂活性;核衣壳蛋白通过结合TBK1抑制I型干扰素产生。PEDV也可通过合成加帽酶隐藏其病原相关分子dsRNA来避免激活天然免疫通路。PEDV抗病毒天然免疫机制阐明为研究PEDV感染免疫和致病机制提供了重要的理论依据,为研发抗PEDV新型疫苗和药物提供了基础。     

Manipulation of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Genome Using Targeted RNA Recombination

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe economic losses in the swine industry in China and other Asian countries. Infection usually leads to an acute, often lethal diarrhea in piglets. Despite the impact of the disease, no system is yet available to manipulate the viral genome which has severely hampered research on this virus until today. We have established a reverse genetics system for PEDV based on targeted RNA recombination that allows the modification of the 3′-end of the viral genome, which encodes the structural proteins and the ORF3 protein. Using this system, we deleted the ORF3 gene entirely from the viral genome and showed that the ORF3 protein is not essential for replication of the virus in vitro. In addition, we inserted heterologous genes (i.e. the GFP and Renilla luciferase genes) at two positions in the viral genome, either as an extra expression cassette or as a replacement for the ORF3 gene. We demonstrated the expression of both GFP and Renilla luciferase as well as the application of these viruses by establishing a convenient and rapid virus neutralization assay. The new PEDV reverse genetics system will enable functional studies of the structural proteins and the accessory ORF3 protein and will allow the rational design and development of next generation PEDV vaccines.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒S基因片段的克隆及原核表达

为研究猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV)S基因片段的原核表达产物是否具有抗原性,分析S基因抗原位点后,用PCR技术扩增S蛋白主要抗原区的核酸序列,经克隆后将目的片段连接到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中,成功构建了重组质粒pET-28a-PEDV-Sp,其重组菌于37℃、0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达4 h后进行SDS-PAGE分析,在分子质量约为29 kDa处出现一新蛋白带,与预期相符。质谱鉴定表明,已成功表达了目的蛋白。纯化后的重组蛋白免疫兔制备多克隆抗体,抗体效价检测结果显示该蛋白具有良好的抗原性。该研究为猪流行性腹泻基因工程疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒单克隆抗体及其抗原表位的研究进展

猪流行性腹泻(Porcine epidemic diarrhea,PED)是由猪流行性腹泻病毒(PED virus,PEDV)引起的一种严重危害养猪生产的常见疫病。近年来,由于新的PEDV变异毒株的出现,许多国家的养猪业遭受了巨大的经济损失。PEDV也因此受到更多关注,关于PEDV的研究报道也日渐增多。基于国内外有关PEDV的最新研究进展,本文系统归纳和分析了PEDV结构蛋白和非结构蛋白单克隆抗体以及单克隆抗体识别的特异性抗原表位,以期为开发鉴别诊断方法和表位疫苗等提供信息。     

Aminopeptidase N Knockout Pigs Are Not Resistant to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection

<正>Dear Editor,Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) is the etiologic agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED), which is an acute, highly contagious, and devastating enteric viral disease in pigs(Lee 2015). PEDV is a coronavirus that mainly infects and replicates in villous enterocytes of the small intestine in pigs(Li et al. 2016). PEDV can infect     

Evaluation on the Efficacy and Immunogenicity of Recombinant DNA Plasmids Expressing Spike Genes from Porcine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PDEV) can cause severe diarrhea in pigs. Development of effective vaccines against TGEV and PEDV is one of important prevention measures. The spike (S) protein is the surface glycoprotein of TGEV and PEDV, which can induce specific neutralization antibodies and is a candidate antigen for vaccination attempts. In this study, the open reading frames of the TGEV S1 protein and in addition of the S or S1 proteins of PEDV were inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector, pIRES, resulting in recombinant plasmids, pIRES-(TGEV-S1-PEDV-S1) and pIRES-(TGEV-S1-PEDV-S). Subsequently, 6–8 weeks old Kunming mice were inoculated with both DNA plasmids. Lymphocyte proliferation assay, virus neutralization assay, IFN-γ assay and CTL activity assay were performed. TGEV/PEDV specific antibody responses as well as kinetic changes of T lymphocyte subgroups of the immunized mice were analyzed. The results showed that the recombinant DNA plasmids increased the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subgroups. In addition, the DNA vaccines induced a high level of IFN-γ in the immunized mice. The specific CTL activity in the pIRES-(TGEV-S1-PEDV-S) group became significant at 42 days post-immunization. At 35 days post-immunization, the recombinant DNA plasmids bearing full-length S genes of TGEV and PEDV stimulated higher levels of specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in immunized mice.     

Complete Genome Sequence of a Variant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain Isolated in China

Since October 2010, an outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has been observed in some provinces of China. Here we report the complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain LC, which was recently isolated from sucking piglets that suffered from severe watery diarrhea in Guangdong. It will help in understanding the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of PEDV in China.     

Structural Basis for the Ubiquitin-Linkage Specificity and deISGylating Activity of SARS-CoV Papain-Like Protease

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) encodes a papain-like protease (PLpro) with both deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating activities that are proposed to counteract the post-translational modification of signaling molecules that activate the innate immune response. Here we examine the structural basis for PLpro''s ubiquitin chain and interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) specificity. We present the X-ray crystal structure of PLpro in complex with ubiquitin-aldehyde and model the interaction of PLpro with other ubiquitin-chain and ISG15 substrates. We show that PLpro greatly prefers K48- to K63-linked ubiquitin chains, and ISG15-based substrates to those that are mono-ubiquitinated. We propose that PLpro''s higher affinity for K48-linked ubiquitin chains and ISG15 stems from a bivalent mechanism of binding, where two ubiquitin-like domains prefer to bind in the palm domain of PLpro with the most distal ubiquitin domain interacting with a “ridge” region of the thumb domain. Mutagenesis of residues within this ridge region revealed that these mutants retain viral protease activity and the ability to catalyze hydrolysis of mono-ubiquitin. However, a select number of these mutants have a significantly reduced ability to hydrolyze the substrate ISG15-AMC, or be inhibited by K48-linked diubuiquitin. For these latter residues, we found that PLpro antagonism of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NFκB) signaling pathway is abrogated. This identification of key and unique sites in PLpro required for recognition and processing of diubiquitin and ISG15 versus mono-ubiquitin and protease activity provides new insight into ubiquitin-chain and ISG15 recognition and highlights a role for PLpro DUB and deISGylase activity in antagonism of the innate immune response.