芥菜原生质体培养和植株再生

从芥菜无菌苗的下胚轴和子叶游离获得原生质体,在含1.5毫克/升NAA、0.6毫克/升BA和0.5毫克/升2.4-D的DPD液体培养基中静置培养。试验表明,经13℃低温预处理不仅能够提高原生质体的分裂频率,而且能够加速原生质体的发育进程;除木糖外,葡萄糖、甘露醇和山梨醇均可作为原生质体培养初期的渗透稳定剂。来源于下胚轴原生质体的愈伤组织在含3毫克/升BA、0.1毫克/升GA_3或3毫克/升BA的MS培养基上诱导出了芽,含0.05毫克/升IBA的MS培养基上诱导出根,从而获得了完整植株。     

芥菜型油菜原生质体再生成植株的研究

芥菜型油菜子叶和下胚轴原生质体在含0.5毫克/升NAA、0.5毫克/升2,4-D和1毫克/升BA的Nitsch培养基中发育成愈伤组织。“黄辣芥”子叶原生质体来源的愈伤组织在无生长素而含有3毫克/升BA或2毫克/升KIN的MS固体培养基上分化了芽;即使是低水平的生长素(0.05毫克/升NAA)也不利于芽的分化。当芽长到2—3厘米高时,将其从愈伤组织上切下,转移到不含细胞分裂素而有0.01—0.05毫克/升IAA的MS培养基上,很快长出根,从而得到完整的再生植株。     

豌豆组织培养中的器官发生及影响分化频率的几个因素

在豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)的组织培养中,研究了影响器官分化频率的几个因素。试验结果表明,基本培养基中B_5较好,补加NAA0.1毫克/升和BA0.5-2毫克/升的B_5培养基明显促进芽的分化,但抑制根的形成;培养基蔗糖浓度从2%提高到5%对芽的诱导有显著促进作用;氮素含量的最适浓度为840毫克/升,特别是NO_3~-与NH_4~ 的浓度比为8∶1时,芽的诱导频率可达100%,不同的外植体器官分化能力不同,苗端最好,上胚轴次之,子叶仅产生少数芽,而下胚轴没有分化。     

花生(Aracbis bypogaea L.)胚芽的离体培养

花生的胚芽外植体在附加KT、BA或ZT(2—5毫克/升)的MS培养基上培养时,可从基部切口处分化出具有数量众多的营养芽和花芽的芽簇。将芽簇切开后转移到同样的培养基上继续培养,两种芽都能不断分化。营养芽能够迅速生长成为完整的再生植株。花芽可进一步形成花蕾,并在既无根又无叶片的情况下开花。每天24小时光照,培养基中附加BA,有利于营养芽的分化和生长;而每天12或16小时光照,培养基中附加KT,有利于花芽的分化和开花。花生胚芽的离体培养不仅可为器官分化和开花生理的研究提供一种实验系统,而且可作为快速无性繁殖和种质保存的方法。     

银杏组织培养的初步研究

用银杏(Ginkgo biloba Linn.)种子胚剪成2—3段,培养在White+2,4-D5毫克/升+NH_4Cl5.34—53.49毫克/升+LH200—400毫克/升的培养基上,诱导愈伤组织形成,并在培养10—25天后在胚轴的伤口上形成芽,再转移到加有0.05％活性碳的上述培养基上,6—10天后生根长成完整植株。     

油菜游离细胞培养及易再生的体细胞无性系的建立

以芥菜型油菜(Brcssica juncea)下胚轴来源的愈伤组织为材料,进行悬浮细胞振荡培养,得到游离的单细胞。这些细胞作浅层液体静置培养,可获得高频率的愈伤组织。在附加有水解乳蛋白200毫克/升、BA 2—3毫克/升及GA,0.1—1毫克/升的MS培养基上,这些愈伤组织分化了芽。分化的芽在无激素或附加有0.01—0.1毫克/升IAA或NAA的MS培养基上长出根,从而发育成完整植株。当对游离细胞获得的再生植株的茎切段愈伤组织,再经上述程序进行细胞培养时,发现愈伤组织诱导率及愈伤组织分化频率均远远高于原供体,从而建立了B.juncea易再生的体细胞无性系。     

甜茶组织培养研究

甜茶的茎段和实生苗培养在MS基本培养基中,研究植物激素对器官形成的影响,试验结果表明BA0.5-2.0毫克/升明显促进芽的形成和增殖;而对照(基本培养基)无形成芽。细胞分裂素对芽的起动是必需的。BA0.5-2.0毫克/升和GA_s1.0毫克/升配合使用,对茎段形成芽和增殖反而减少,但形成的苗较高和幼叶生长良好。通过继代培养,可繁殖大量小苗,它揭示出同一块外植体生长出许多小植株的可能,将无根苗转入含有IBA0.25-0.50毫克/升的1/2MS培养基中,能诱导生根,发展完整植株。试管苗移植土壤中,获得成功,幼苗生长良好。     

圆叶娃儿藤离体组织培养的快速繁殖研究

圆叶娃儿藤实生苗的上胚轴在H+6—BA2毫克/升的培养基上可产生大量不定芽,并发展成无根苗。当无根苗转至1/2 MS+NAA0.25毫克/升的培养基上10天后即可生根获得完整再生植株并移栽成活。通过这一实验程序已可使组织培养这一方法成功地作为圆叶娃儿藤快速繁殖的一种手段。     

茄属六种植物的组织培养

材料类别:子叶、茎尖。下胚轴;植株的茎段、叶柄、叶片等。培养条件:基本培养基为MS,诱导愈伤组织及分化培养基为:1.MS+BA 0.2-1.0;2.MS+BA1+NAA0.5;3.MS+BA2+NAA0.2(单位:毫克/升,下同)。生根培养基即MS或 MS+IAA0.5或NAA 0.1。每天光照10—12小时,光强1000     

问题解答

问:怎样理解"子叶以下的胚轴"?答:初中《植物学》第26页,以大豆和豌豆为例说明双子叶植物的种子在萌发时,有的种子的子叶出土,有的种子的子叶则不出土,常以"子叶以下的胚轴"不伸长为由.胚轴位于胚根和胚芽之间,同时与子叶相连,从子叶着生点至第一片真叶的一段称上胚轴,从子叶着生点至根的一段称下胚轴.书上说的"子叶以下的胚轴"就是指的下胚轴.但是,我们认为:"子叶以下的胚轴"的提法不妥,它容易使人混淆概念,以为胚轴完全处于子叶     

Branch development in Lupinus angustifolius L.#I. Not all branches have the same potential growth rate

Although the basal and uppermost lateral branches of Lupinus angustifolius L. frequently grow and contribute to yield, buds formed in the axils of leaves 6-12 (referred to as middle buds) rarely grow. This may be due to an inherent limitation of these buds, or some form of apical dominance or competition imposed by the plant. The hypothesis that middle buds have the full capacity to grow, but remain suppressed on intact plants was tested. The main stem apex and buds from the axils of leaves 1 and 8 (bud 1 and bud 8) were excised and cultured on sterile agar. The buds were removed from culture and weighed every 2-3 d for 21 d. The growth rate of apices from the main stem was approximately 5.8 mg d^-1, compared to 2.4 mg d^-1 for bud 1 and 0.9 mg d^-1 for bud 8. Buds in the axils of leaves 6-10 on intact plants were painted six times with a synthetic cytokinin, benzylaminopurine, from 40 d after sowing. This promoted rapid elongation and thickening of these buds, visible as early as 5 d after painting began. The rapid growth of these branches was associated with a reduction in the length of the remaining branches on the plant. However, excision of lower branches did not increase the growth of the middle buds. It is concluded that buds 6-12 of Lupinus angustifolius L. have a partial potential to grow. This potential appears to be limited by innate factors in the bud, and may be structural and/or hormonal. The limitation appears to develop very early in the plant, and potential growth is not modified by subsequent nutrition of the plant.     

鱼腥草组织培养研究

以鱼腥草带侧芽茎段为外植体进行组培快繁研究。结果表明,初代培养以MS+6-BA1.0mg/L+NAA0.05mg/L为最佳,30d侧芽诱导率可达66.7%;MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.2mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L对芽苗的继代增殖效果最好,40d芽苗的增殖倍数可达7.4,且芽苗较高;以MS+6-BA3.0mg/L+2,4-D 0.5mg/L+NAA0.1mg/L对芽苗的继代增重效果最好,40d芽苗鲜重为7.358g;以沙和蛭石(1:1)为基质瓶外生根效果最好,30d芽苗生根率可达84%。     

Correlative inhibition of lateral bud growth in Phaseolus vulgaris L. timing of bud growth following decapitation

Summary On intact, 3-week-old plants of Phaseolus the larger bud in the axils of the primary leaves shows slow, continuous elongation growth. Release from correlative inhibition can be detected within 30 min following decapitation. When 0.1% indoleacetic acid in lanolin is applied to the decapitated stem stump, the lateral bud shows slow growth during the first 7 h, then stops completely for a further 15 h but after 2 days a further gradual increase in length is observed.The movement of ¹⁴C-labelled assimilates from the subtending primary leaf into the lateral bud increases following removal of the shoot apex. When indole acetic acid is applied to decapitated plants the ability of the buds to import ¹⁴C increases for 5–7 h and then declines to a negligible amount. Little or no radioactivity from tritiated indoleacetic acid is transported into the lateral buds of decapitated plants during the first 48 h following removal of the apex and it appears that rapid metabolism of the compound occurs in the stem tissues.     

不同生长调节剂对狗肝菜愈伤组织诱导和离体快繁的影响

目的 :研究不同生长调节剂对狗肝菜愈伤组织诱导和离体快繁的影响。方法 :狗肝菜不同外植体在附加不同生长调节剂的培养基上诱导愈伤组织 ,比较愈伤组织的诱导率 ;用 3因子 5水平的正交实验 ,比较不同生长调节剂对丛生芽诱导的影响 ;在附加不同生长调节剂的培养基上比较芽增殖倍数 ;附加不同浓度NAA的培养基上比较生根效果。结果 :愈伤组织诱导率相对以叶片最高 ,茎段次之 ,最后为叶柄 ;愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为MS 6-BA0 .5 NAA1 .5 ;不同激素对茎段芽诱导的影响次序为 6-BA>KT >NAA ,芽诱导的最佳培养基为MS 6-BA2mg/L KT1mg/L NAA0 .5mg/L ;芽继代增殖的最佳激素组合是MS 6-BA2mg/L NAA2mg/L ,增殖倍数达 3.0 0 ,影响芽继代增殖的因素次序为 6-BA >NAANAA0 .5mg/L的生根效果较好。结论 :附加一定的生长调节剂能提高狗肝菜愈伤组织的诱导率和离体快繁的效率。     

大果良种沙棘愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的研究

大果良种沙棘的幼嫩茎尖,茎段外植体接种在MS,1／2MS附加不同浓度配比的IAA,IBA,BA,NAA培养基上可诱导茎尖及腋芽生长,将诱导产生的无性系芽接种在MS或1／2MS附加BA0．3－0．5mg/L,NAA0．05mg/L的培养基上可形成丛生芽,同时在小叶片和嫩茎上诱导产生愈伤组织,继续培养愈伤组织表面形成大量的绿色突起,进一步分化成不定芽,在相同培养基上,不定芽上可直接产生不定芽,从而形成多达数百个的不定芽族,不定芽长至3cm时切下转至1／2MS附加IAA或IBA 0．2mg/L的培养基上可生根而形成完整 的再生植株。     

Correlative Inhibition of Lateral Bud Growth in Phaseolus vulgaris L.--Influence of the Environment

The influence of various environmental factors upon main stemand lateral bud growth has beeninvestigated using Phaseolusvulgaris, with the object of discovering why there is variabilityin the response of lateral buds on decapitated plants to apically-appliedIAA. Light intensity, light quality and temperature had differentand specific effects on main stem and lateral bud growth inintact plants and on the effectiveness of IAA in inhibitingprimary leaf axillary bud growth in decapitated plants. Photoperiod,on the other hand, was apparently ineffective. It is concluded that environmental factors, as well as contributingto the normal regulation of apical dominance, could also partlyor wholly account for the variation in effectiveness of appliedIAA found by different workers. IAA was least effective whenthe temperature was lower at night than during the day.     

Effect of Abscisic Acid and Other Plant Hormones on Growth of Apical and Lateral Buds of Seedlings

The effect of abscisic acid (AbA) on the growth of lateral and apical buds was studied in seedlings of Pisum sativum and some other species. The hormone was applied in three different ways: 1) directly to the lateral bud on the second node of decapitated pea seedlings as 5 μI droplets in an ethanolic solution; 2) to the cut surface of decapitated seedlings: 3) to the apical bud of intact plants. AbA directly applied in amounts of 5 to 0.1 μg to the lateral bud of the second node of decapitated seedlings had a strong inhibitory effect on the bud. Application to the cut surface of seedlings decapitated about 5 mm above the second node resulted in slight inhibition of the lateral bud on the second node and in growth promotion of the bud on the first node. When AbA at 10 to 0.1 μg was applied to the apical bud of intact seedlings, the growth of this bud was inhibited but the lateral buds grew out. It is concluded that the release of the lateral buds from apícal dominance is the result of the inhibitory effect of AbA on growth of the apical bud and of low transport of AbA. This conclusion is supported by application of GA₃ and IAA, individually and each combined with AbA.     

Bud and crown architecture of white spruce and black spruce

Needle primordia in buds and branch lengths were assessed in the crown of a plantation-grown white spruce tree. There was a gradation in needle primordia in buds in branches within the crown. The largest number of primordia was in the terminal bud of the leading main stem shoot, with the number in first-order whorl lateral shoot terminal buds decreasing from whorl 1 to whorl 4, below which buds contained a similar small number of primordia (about one-third as many as in the terminal shoot). Previous year's shoot elongation followed a similar pattern (i.e., elongation of whorl branches was greater closer to the top of the tree and elongation in the fourth through ninth whorls was about one-third that of the main stem leader). Higher order branches within whorls had within-branch gradation in shoot elongation and number of needle primordia, with older branches having as few as 16–30 primordia in buds and 3–4 cm elongation for high-order branches on older main stem whorls. There were strong correlations between the number of primordia in branch terminal buds and branch length/diameter and bud length/diameter/volume. In both black spruce and white spruce, there were strong correlations of number of needle primordia in main stem leader terminal buds with number of needle primordia in terminal buds of first and second whorl leaders.     

Correlative Inhibition of Lateral Bud Growth in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Effect of Application of Indol-3yl-Acetic Acid to Decapitated Plants

In view of the variation in the ability of indol-3yl-aceticacid (IAA) to prevent lateral bud growth on decapitated plantsvarious factors which might influence the response have beeninvestigated in Phaseolus vulgaris L. The effectiveness of IAAapplied in lanolin varied from experiment to experiment. Factorsthat altered the response included the time of year, the concentrationand quantity of IAA, the age of the plant, the type of lanolinand the region of application. In many instances IAA, at a concentrationbelieved to mimic the auxin relations of the intact plant, cancompletely replace the main shoot with respect to the correlativeinhibition of lateral bud growth. The evidence for the involvementof IAA as the primary determinant in apical dominance in P.vulgaris is summarized.