21世纪的菌根学

进入21世纪第1个10年,菌根学(mycorrhizology)研究进入菌根学发展史上第2个辉煌时期。文中总结了21世纪首个10年期间菌根学研究的特点,预测了今后40年(21世纪上半叶)的发展趋势。这对于推动菌根学进一步研究及其菌根生物技术应用具有深刻的现实意义。     

Genetic Variants of TPCN2 Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the Chinese Population

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine whether TPCN2 genetic variants are associated with type 2 diabetes and to elucidate which variants in TPCN2 confer diabetes susceptibility in the Chinese population.

Research Design and Methods

The sample population included 384 patients with type 2 diabetes and 1468 controls. Anthropometric parameters, glycemic and lipid profiles and insulin resistance were measured. We selected 6 TPCN2 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs35264875, rs267603153, rs267603154, rs3829241, rs1551305, and rs3750965). Genotypes were determined using a Sequenom MassARRAY SNP genotyping system.

Results

Ultimately, we genotyped 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3750965, rs3829241, and rs1551305) in all individuals. There was a 5.1% higher prevalence of the rs1551305 variant allele in type 2 diabetes individuals (A) compared with wild-type homozygous individuals (G). The AA genotype of rs1551305 was associated with a higher diabetes risk (p<0.05). The distributions of rs3829241 and rs3750965 polymorphisms were not significantly different between the two groups. HOMA-%B of subjects harboring the AA genotype of rs1551305 decreased by 14.87% relative to the GG genotype.

Conclusions

TPCN2 plays a role in metabolic regulation, and the rs1551305 single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes risk. Future work will begin to unravel the underlying mechanisms.     

Gene-Gene Interactions Lead to Higher Risk for Development of Type 2 Diabetes in an Ashkenazi Jewish Population

Background

Evidence has accumulated that multiple genetic and environmental factors play important roles in determining susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although variants from candidate genes have become prime targets for genetic analysis, few studies have considered their interplay. Our goal was to evaluate interactions among SNPs within genes frequently identified as associated with T2D.

Methods/Principal Findings

Logistic regression was used to study interactions among 4 SNPs, one each from HNF4A[rs1884613], TCF7L2[rs12255372], WFS1[rs10010131], and KCNJ11[rs5219] in a case-control Ashkenazi sample of 974 diabetic subjects and 896 controls. Nonparametric multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) and generalized MDR (GMDR) were used to confirm findings from the logistic regression analysis. HNF4A and WFS1 SNPs were associated with T2D in logistic regression analyses [P<0.0001, P<0.0002, respectively]. Interaction between these SNPs were also strong using parametric or nonparametric methods: the unadjusted odds of being affected with T2D was 3 times greater in subjects with the HNF4A and WFS1 risk alleles than those without either (95% CI = [1.7–5.3]; P≤0.0001). Although the univariate association between the TCF7L2 SNP and T2D was relatively modest [P = 0.02], when paired with the HNF4A SNP, the OR for subjects with risk alleles in both SNPs was 2.4 [95% CI = 1.7–3.4; P≤0.0001]. The KCNJ11 variant reached significance only when paired with either the HNF4A or WFSI SNPs: unadjusted ORs were 2.0 [95% CI = 1.4–2.8; P≤0.0001] and 2.3 [95% CI = 1.2-4.4; P≤0.0001], respectively. MDR and GMDR results were consistent with the parametric findings.

Conclusions

These results provide evidence of strong independent associations between T2D and SNPs in HNF4A and WFS1 and their interaction in our Ashkenazi sample. We also observed an interaction in the nonparametric analysis between the HNF4A and KCNJ11 SNPs (P≤0.001), demonstrating that an independently non-significant variant may interact with another variant resulting in an increased disease risk.     

家族高发性2型糖尿病的遗传模式研究

对1999～2000年门诊及住院的家族高发性2型糖尿病患者为先证者的136个大家系进行研究,以探讨该病的遗传模式。对家系人群采用Falconer 法估算遗传率,用Penrose法进行多基因分析,并用S.A.G.E-REGD软件拟合A型回归Logistic模型进行复合分离分析的方法,对家族高发性2型糖尿病家系进行研究。结果表明,136个大家系的2型糖尿病遗传率为94.07%±5.84%,提示在这些家系中可能有显性主基因存在。多基因分析研究表明,在该人群中,2型糖尿病因性别不同而存在两种遗传模式。复合分离分析拒绝单纯环境模型、非传递模型、共显性模型,接受隐性模型和显性模型,但隐性模型为最佳遗传模式。因此,2型糖尿病具有高度的遗传性和遗传异质性,总体表现为多因子遗传,在部分遗传背景较一致的家系人群中可能存在由主要基因决定的常染色体显性遗传。 Abstract:This study is to explore the genetic model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) among the hereditary family.One hundred and thirty-six pedigrees of familial type 2 DM were studied.The heritability of type 2 DM was estimated according to Falconer's method and the multi-factorial inheritance analyzed according to Penrose's method.Complex segregation analysis was performed using S.A.G.E-REGD.The heritability of familial type 2 DM was 9407%±5.84%.Dominant major gene might influence the genesis of type 2 DM.Analysis of multi-factorial inheritance indicated that there be two genetic patterns respectively in male and female populations.By complex segregation analysis,environment,non-transmitted and co-dominant inheritance were rejected.Autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance and autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance was accepted but AR inheritance was the best pattern.This study suggested that type 2 DM had significant heritability and genetic heterogeneity,which appeared to be a disease of multi-factorial inheritance generally and autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance in part of pedigrees.     

The fight against epizootics in the 21st Century

The fight against epizootics is today better organized. The tools, methods and strategies used work well and are constantly being improved, which is necessary since disease epidemiology is evolving extremely fast, dominated by a growing complexity associated to global changes and the emergence of new pathologies. The foundation of the strategy is still based on a permanent epidemiological surveillance and the immediate use of appropriate measures. Among the essential prerequisites there is the existence of effective veterinary services, for which support programmes have been developed, notably by the OIE, which is also responsible for the definition of the norms applicable in animal health. Three examples of control programmes against major epidemics are discussed here: Rinderpest (declared eradicated worldwide in 2011), Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1), and Foot and Mouth Disease.