循环光合磷酸化

文章在回顾循环光合磷酸化和循环电子传递链发现的基础上,分析了循环光合磷酸化在光合作用中的地位,并对影响循环光合磷酸化的内外因素及其调控作了述评,为进一步开展相关研究提供参考.     

Cyclic nucleotides

The natural occurrence of cyclic nucleotides in higher plants, formerly a topic of fierce debate, is now established, as is the presence of nucleotidyl cyclases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases capable of their synthesis and breakdown. Here we describe the significant properties of cyclic nucleotides, also outlining their second messenger functions and the history of plant cyclic nucleotide research over its first three decades. Findings of the last five years are detailed within the context of the functional role of cyclic nucleotides in higher plants, with particular emphasis upon nucleotidyl cyclases and cyclic nucleotide-responsive protein kinases, -binding proteins and -gated ion channels, with future objectives and strategies discussed.     

Cyclic GMP transporters

The biokinetics of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) is characterized by three distinct processes: synthesis by guanylate cyclases (GCs), conversion of cGMP to GMP by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and the excretion of unchanged cGMP by transport proteins in the cell membrane. Efflux is observed in virtually all cell types including cells which originate from brain. Studies of intact cells, in which metabolic inhibitors and probenecid reduced extrusion of cGMP and wherein cGMP was extruded against concentration gradients, indicated the existence of ATP requiring organic anion transport system(s). Functional studies of inside-out vesicles have revealed cGMP transport systems wherein translocation is coupled to hydrolysis of ATP. The extrusion of cGMP is inhibited by a number of unrelated compounds and this indicates that cGMP is substrate for multispecific transporters. Recent transfection studies suggest that members of the MRP (multidrug resistance protein) family; MRP4, MRP5 and MRP8 translocate cGMP across the cell membrane. Many of the MRPs have been detected in brain. In addition tertiary active transport by the organic anion transporter family has also been identified. At least one member (OAT1) shows relative high affinity for cGMP and is also expressed in brain. The biological significance of cGMP transporters has to be clarified. Their role in cGMP biokinetics, being responsible for one of the cellular elimination pathways, is well established. However, there is growing evidence that extracellular cGMP has effects on cell physiology and pathophysiology by an auto- or paracrine mechanism.     

Cyclic peptides revisited

A multistep computational scheme was used to deduce possible conformations for a cyclic antagonist analog of somatostatin that has been reported by Coy and coworkers. An algebraic algorithm was used to find dihedral angles that give cyclic structures, the energy was computed for these structures, the lower-energy structures were classified into conformational families, the energy was minimized for the lowest-energy member of each family, and finally, the structures from energy minimization were reclassified. Analysis revealed seven distinct conformational families that contain reverse turns. The families differ in the position of the turns in the primary sequence; frame-shifted turns are observed at each possible position.     

Studies On Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism In Tetrahymena Pyriformis: Partial Characterization of Cyclic Amp- and Cyclic Gmp-Dependent Phosphodiesterases*

SYNOPSIS. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase [EC 3.1.4.17] was examined in Tetrahymena pyriformis strain NT-1. Enzymic activity was associated with the soluble and the particulate fractions, whereas most of the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity was localized in the soluble fraction: the activities were optimal at pH 8.0–9.0. Although very low activities were detected in the absence of divalent cations, they were significantly increased by the addition of either Mg²⁺ or Mn^2-. A kinetic analysis of the properties of the enzymes yielded 2 apparent K_III values ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 50 μM and from 0.1 to 62 μ M for cyclic AMP and GMP. respectively. A Ca²⁺-dependent activating factor for cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase was extracted from Tetrahymena cells, but this factor did not stimulate guanylate cyclase [EC 4.6.1.2] activity in this organism. On the other hand, Tetrahymena also contained a protein activator which stimulated guanylate cyclase in the presence of Ca²⁺, although this activator did not stimulate the phosphodiesterase. the results suggested that Tetrahymena might contain 2 types of Ca²⁺-dependent activators, one specific for phosphodiesterase and the other for guanylate cyclase.     

Growth Control and Cyclic Alterations of Cyclic AMP in the Cell Cycle

Growth stimulated by protease treatment of untransformed cells is correlated with a decrease in cell cAMP levels and can be prevented by dibutyryl cAMP. The changed growth characteristics of transformed cells are discussed with regard to cAMP levels.     

蛋白质错误折叠循环扩增技术

目前发现有多种人类及动物疾病是由体内蛋白质的错误折叠引起的,其中朊毒粒病因具有传染性而备受关注.朊毒粒病研究的核心问题之一是正常细胞朊蛋白（PrPc）向异常致病朊毒粒（PrPsc）转变的机制.蛋白质错误折叠循环扩增技术（protein misfolding cyclic amplification,PMCA）就是最新发明的在体外诱导朊蛋白（PrPc）产生错误折叠生成朊毒粒（prpsc）的技术.该文将概要介绍此项技术的原理、技术要点及在诊断与基础研究方面的应用前景.     

Cyclic AMP-mediated cyst expansion

In polycystic kidney disease (PKD), intracellular cAMP promotes cyst enlargement by stimulating mural epithelial cell proliferation and transepithelial fluid secretion. The proliferative effect of cAMP in PKD is unique in that cAMP is anti-mitogenic in normal renal epithelial cells. This phenotypic difference in the proliferative response to cAMP appears to involve cross-talk between cAMP and Ca²⁺ signaling to B-Raf, a kinase upstream of the MEK/ERK pathway. In normal cells, B-Raf is repressed by Akt (protein kinase B), a Ca²⁺-dependent kinase, preventing cAMP activation of ERK and cell proliferation. In PKD cells, disruption of intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis due to mutations in the PKD genes relieves Akt inhibition of B-Raf, allowing cAMP stimulation of B-Raf, ERK and cell proliferation. Fluid secretion by cystic cells is driven by cAMP-dependent transepithelial Cl⁻ secretion involving apical cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl⁻ channels. This review summarizes the current knowledge of cAMP-dependent cyst expansion, focusing on cell proliferation and Cl⁻-dependent fluid secretion, and discusses potential therapeutic approaches to inhibit renal cAMP production and its downstream effects on cyst enlargement. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Polycystic Kidney Disease.     

循环光合磷酸化和光合作用

光合作用被称为"地球上最重要的化学反应",其二氧化碳同化是由还原辅酶II(NADPH)和腺三磷(ATP)来推动的。ATP主要来源于非循环光合磷酸化和循环光合磷酸化,但以往研究集中在前者。21世纪以来,随着测定技术的发展和多条与循环光合磷酸化有关的电子传递途径的发现,循环光合磷酸化的重要性和功能引起了极大地关注。该文作者结合自己实验室的相关的研究,围绕循环光合磷酸化的发现和重要性、同化力两个组分的比例与促进光合磷酸化提高光合作用的途径进行探讨,为进一步深入研究提供参考。     

Cyclic AMP in Metobolism

Throughout the animal kingdom cyclic AMP is involved in the regulation of enzyme activity under the influence of hormones. As this review shows, a few clues are beginning to emerge about the way in which this is being achieved.     

Cyclic sulfamide gamma-secretase inhibitors

A novel series of N-alkyl-substituted cyclic sulfamides were developed from a screening hit. Chemistries were developed which allowed surveys of N-alkyl groups and amines resulting in the identification of N-trifluoroethyl-substituted cyclic sulfamides with good in vitro and in vivo gamma-secretase activity. One compound with subnanomolar activity elicited a reduction in brain Abeta40 after oral dosing in APP-YAC mice.     

Cyclic control in ecosystems

The theory of feedback control as a possible stabilizing mechanism has already been introduced into ecosystem analysis. One problem in the theory is the identification of the informational links by which such controls operate. Cyclic controls—for example, zero- mean sine functions added to certain exchange flows in the system—might also contribute to system stability. Their advantage is that they operate without need for information from the rest of the system. The theory of ecosystem cyclic control is presented and applied to data from an oyster reef ecosystem.