戊型肝炎病毒ORF3及其蛋白的研究进展

戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)是发展中国家急性肝炎流行的重要病原体之一,由于缺少有效的细胞培养系统和廉价的小型动物模型,对病毒的生物学特性及发病机理了解较少。近几年在HEV ORF3及其蛋白的分子生物学特性和功能研究方面取得了一些进展,为深入了解HEV的感染和致病机理提供了新的理论依据,对这些研究成果进行了综述。     

Varicella-Zoster Virus ORF49 Functions in the Efficient Production of Progeny Virus through Its Interaction with Essential Tegument Protein ORF44

The ORF49 tegument protein of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is one of the core gene products that is conserved among herpesvirus family members. Although ORF49 is known to be a cell-tropic factor, its detailed functions remain elusive. ORF44 is another core gene product reported to be essential, although its characterization and detailed functional analysis have not been reported. These two core gene products form a complex in other herpesviruses beyond the host species and herpesvirus subfamilies. Here, we show that complex formation between ORF44 and ORF49 is conserved in VZV. We serendipitously found that binding is eliminated by an amino acid substitution at position 129 (phenylalanine 129), and four amino acids in the carboxyl-terminal half of the acidic cluster in ORF49 (i.e., aspartate-phenylalanine-aspartate-glutamate from positions 41 to 44 [41DFDE44]) were identified as its binding motif. Alanine substitutions in each domain rendered the ORF44F129A mutation lethal for VZV, similar to deletion of the entire ORF44. The phenotype of the ORF49-41AAAA44 mutation was comparable to that of the ORF49-defective virus, including small-plaque formation, impaired growth, and low infectious virus production. These results suggest that the interaction between ORF44 and ORF49 is essential for their role in VZV infection and that ORF49 is required for the efficient production of infectious progeny virus mediated by the conserved interaction between the two proteins.     

HEV ORF2重组菌菌种的稳定性及融合蛋白的应用

对HEVORF2 (HumanHepatitisEopenreadingframe)重组菌菌种进行稳定性研究并将其表达的融合蛋白用于酶标试剂。将重组菌种传 10 0代次 ,每隔 10代取样检测蛋白表达、质粒性状、遗传稳定性、染色特性、菌落形态及电镜检查。将其表达的融合蛋白经层析纯化用于酶标试剂中。经传代的各代菌体与菌种多项指标差异不显著 ,酶标试剂有敏感度及特异性 ,此菌种可作为表达融合蛋白ORF2 组装酶标试剂而长期使用。     

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) ORF32 Encodes a Phosphoprotein That Is Posttranslationally Modified by the VZV ORF47 Protein Kinase

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encodes five gene products that do not have homologs in herpes simplex virus. One of these genes, VZV open reading frame 32 (ORF32), is predicted to encode a protein of 16 kDa. VZV ORF32 protein was shown to be phosphorylated and located in the cytosol of virus-infected cells. Antibody to ORF32 protein immunoprecipitated 16- and 18-kDa phosphoproteins from VZV-infected cells. Since VZV encodes two protein kinases that might phosphorylate ORF32 protein, immunoprecipitations were performed with cells infected with VZV mutants unable to express either of the viral protein kinases. Cells infected with VZV unable to express the ORF66 protein kinase contained both the 16- and 18-kDa ORF32 phosphoproteins; however, cells infected with the VZV ORF47 protein kinase mutant showed only the 16-kDa ORF32 phosphoprotein. Treatment of [³⁵S]methionine-labeled proteins with calf intestine alkaline phosphatase resulted in a decrease in size of the ORF32 proteins from 16 and 18 kDa to 15 and 17 kDa, respectively. VZV unable to express ORF32 protein replicated in human melanoma cells to titers similar to those seen with parental virus; however, VZV unable to express ORF32 was impaired for replication in U20S osteosarcoma cells. Thus, VZV ORF32 protein is posttranslationally modified by the ORF47 protein kinase. Since the VZV ORF47 protein kinase has recently been shown to be critical for replication in human fetal skin and lymphocytes, its ability to modify the ORF32 protein suggests that the latter protein may have a role for VZV replication in human tissues.     

利用DNA Shuffling技术构建重组PRRSV ORF5基因

通过DNA shuffling技术对PRRSV ORF5基因进行改组,研究其对异源毒株交叉中和能力。将获得的嵌合基因△2ORF5与载体pET-32a连接,转化到大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21中,经诱导表达获得约42 kDa重组蛋白。将纯化的重组△2ORF5蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备多克隆抗体,Western blotting试验表明其与4株亲本毒株重组ORF5蛋白具有良好的反应性。病毒感染抑制试验结果表明,多克隆抗体对4株亲本毒株具有较高的抑制率(53%)。研究结果为研制新型PRRSV疫苗奠定了基础。     

Genetic Variation of Chinese PRRSV Strains Based on ORF5 Sequence

Thirteen isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from different provinces of China were studied and compared with several PRRSV isolates from other countries. Phylogenetic analysis shows that all Chinese isolates of PRRSV in this study belong to the American genotype, except for one strain, B13, which clustered as a European genotype. Sequence analysis revealed that PRRSV Chinese isolates of the American genotype were highly similar in the ORF5 sequence and could be classified into two subclades. One contains PRRSV isolates that are more closely related to the American vaccine strain MLV Resp and its parent strain VR-2332, and the other contains ones only distantly related to them. Within the Chinese isolates slight genetic variation occurred, and some strains may originate directly from the vaccine virus.     

Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF94, A Novel Late Protein Is Identified to be a Component of ODV Structural Protein

Orf94 (Bm94) of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) potentially encodes 424-amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 49.4 kDa, but its function remains unknown. Blast search results revealed that Bm94 homologues exist in 10 completely sequenced Lepidopteron NPVs with identities ranging from 95 to 37%. Results of our recent study showed that Bm94 was transcribed from 12 to 72 h and the corresponding protein was detected from 24 to 72 h post-infection. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed that Bm94 was present in occlusion-derived virus (ODV) and in total protein from BmNPV-infected BmN cells, but not in budded virus. Immunofluoresence analysis revealed that the protein located primarily in the cytoplasm and was also present in the nucleus in the later infection. In conclusion, these results together indicated that Bm94 was a late gene, which distributed both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, and was identified to be a component of BmNPV ODV.     

戊型肝炎病毒结构区ORF2蛋白在巴氏毕赤酵母中的胞内表达与纯化的初步研究

为寻求新型表达系统来研制戊型肝炎基因工程疫苗 ,利用甲醇营养型酵母 pichiapastoris表达系统表达戊型肝炎病毒 (HEV)结构区ORF2蛋白。采用PCR方法从HEVcDNA中扩增得到的ORF2基因克隆到酵母表达载体pPIC3.5K上 ,构建成重组质粒 pPIC3.5KORF2。该质粒转化酵母菌GS115 ,经G418筛选得到高拷贝转化子。转化菌株经Mut表型鉴定后 ,用含甲醇的培养基诱导表达 ,SDS PAGE及ELISA筛选高表达活性菌株 ,放大培养后进行亲合层析纯化。在该系统中成功地表达了高生物活性的HEVORF2蛋白 ,经亲和层析纯化后扫描分析重组蛋白分子量约为 5 9kD ,纯度可达 96 %。Westernblotting证实 ,它与HEVORF2单克隆抗体有特异性反应。HEV结构区ORF2蛋白在甲醇营养型酵母中的成功表达 ,以及初步纯化得到的具有强免疫学活性的重组蛋白 ,为研制新型戊型肝炎基因工程疫苗奠定了基础     

The structural and accessory proteins M,ORF 4a,ORF 4b,and ORF 5 of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are potent interferon antagonists

The newly emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic respiratory virus with pathogenic mechanisms that may be driven by innate immune pathways. The goal of this study is to characterize the expression of the structural (S, E, M, N) and accessory (ORF 3, ORF 4a, ORF 4b, ORF 5) proteins of MERS-CoV and to determine whether any of these proteins acts as an interferon antagonist. Individual structural and accessory protein-coding plasmids with an N-terminal HA tag were constructed and transiently transfected into cells, and their native expression and subcellular localization were assessed using Wes tern blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. While ORF 4b demonstrated majorly nuclear localization, all of the other proteins demonstrated cytoplasmic localization. In addition, for the first time, our experiments revealed that the M, ORF 4a, ORF 4b, and ORF 5 proteins are potent interferon antagonists. Further examination revealed that the ORF 4a protein of MERS-CoV has the most potential to counteract the antiviral effects of IFN via the inhibition of both the interferon production (IFN-β promoter activity, IRF-3/7 and NF-κB activation) and ISRE promoter element signaling pathways. Together, our results provide new insights into the function and pathogenic role of the structural and accessory proteins of MERS-CoV.     

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, the gene product of open reading frame (ORF) 2816 and ORF 2895 in Rhodobacter capsulatus

In eubacteria, green algae, and plant chloroplasts, isopentenyl diphosphate, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, is synthesized by the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. The five carbons of the basic isoprenoid unit are assembled by joining pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The reaction is catalyzed by the thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase. In Rhodobacter capsulatus, two open reading frames (ORFs) carry the genes that encode 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase. ORF 2816 is located in the photosynthesis-related gene cluster, along with most of the genes required for synthesis of the photosynthetic machinery of the bacterium, whereas ORF 2895 is located elsewhere in the genome. The proteins encoded by ORF 2816 and ORF 2895, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase A and B, containing a His(6) tag, were synthesized in Escherichia coli and purified to greater than 95% homogeneity in two steps. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase A appears to be a homodimer with 68 kDa subunits. A new assay was developed, and the following steady-state kinetic constants were determined for 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase A and B: K(m)(pyruvate) = 0.61 and 3.0 mM, K(m)(D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) = 150 and 120 microM, and V(max) = 1.9 and 1.4 micromol/min/mg in 200 mM sodium citrate (pH 7.4). The ORF encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase B complemented the disrupted essential dxs gene in E. coli strain FH11.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)SD2株ORF5/ORF6双基因真核表达载体在哺乳动物细胞中的表达

为了实现猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的ORF5和ORF6基因在同一质粒中分别表达各自编码的蛋白,发挥E蛋白的病毒中和优势和M蛋白的细胞免疫优势,将构建成功的pIRES-ORF5/ORF6转移载体用脂质体法转入稳定表达的细胞CHO,经G418加压筛选获得具稳定表达的细胞株。以RT-PCR、SDS-PAGE、Western blot和间接免疫荧光检测目的蛋白的表达情况。结果表明:RT-PCR检测到两种目的基因的转录;SDS-PAGE和West-ern blot检测到同时表达的两种目的蛋白;间接免疫荧光检测到目的蛋白得到表达。     

Molecular Analysis of ORF6, ORF7 and ORF8 of Beet yellows virus Iranian Isolate

Beet yellows virus (BYV), a member of the Closteroviridae family, is one of the most important sugar beet yellowing viruses. The nine ORFs of BYV genome encode different proteins required for BYV life cycle. We sequenced a part of the genome of BYV Iranian isolate consisting of ORF6, ORF7 and ORF8. The primer pair BYVA/Z was used for amplification of this region in RT‐PCR. The amplicon (1615 bp) was cloned and sequenced. Comparisons showed the amplified segment is corresponding to ORF6, ORF7 and ORF8 of BYV genome encoding coat protein, p20 and p21 proteins, respectively. The ORF7 of BYV Iranian isolate overlaps with ORF6 and ORF8 in four and 26 nucleotides at 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively. The ORF7 of Iranian isolate of BYV was sequenced completely. However, approximately 24 nt. from the beginning of ORF6 and 23 nt. from end of ORF8, including the stop codon, were not determined. ORF6, ORF7 and ORF8 showed the highest similarity at nucleotide (98.3, 99.4 and 99.2%) and amino acid (97.4, 98.9 and 100%) sequence levels, with BYV Ukrainian isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of ORF6, ORF7 and ORF8 revealed closer relationship of Iranian isolate of BYV with BYV Ukrainian isolate than other BYV isolates available at GenBank.