双佐剂包被的破伤风类毒素马匹免疫试验

为提高破伤风免疫马匹的血浆抗体效价,应用不同佐剂配制TT抗原,进行马匹超免疫比较研究;采用FIA和植物油双佐剂包被与单佐剂包被的TT抗原,注射马匹进行超免疫,比较三组血浆的效价;结果显示,双佐剂抗原较单佐剂的免疫效果好,但可能对马匹刺激较强,有待调整注射剂量和免疫程序。     

马免疫血浆的稳定性研究

目的了解不同温度条件对马免疫血浆外观和效价的稳定性影响,为马免疫血浆的采集、分离、贮存、运输及抗毒素生产提供数据支持。方法将破伤风类毒素及肉毒A、B、E、F型类毒素制备的马免疫血浆,分别放置于2~8℃、20℃、37℃3种温度下,并分别于0、1、3、6、12个月取样,依据《中国药典》三部(2010版)的检测方法和标准,对样品进行外观检查及效价检测。结果破伤风及肉毒A、B、E、F型马免疫血浆在2~8℃条件下,放置12个月稳定性良好,外观及效价均符合《中国药典》三部(2010版)规定要求。20℃与37℃下放置的马免疫血浆随着时间的延长,外观会发生不同程度的浑浊,效价也均有不同程度的降低,低效价组比中、高效价组的效价下降明显,且温度越高效价降低幅度越大。结论马免疫血浆在2~8℃条件下质量稳定。     

百白破疫苗新型佐剂的研究进展

百白破疫苗作为中国婴幼儿计划免疫的重要组成部分,可以同时预防由百日咳杆菌、白喉杆菌和破伤风梭菌感染引起的疾病。百白破疫苗中所含抗原需经脱毒处理,需添加佐剂以提高其免疫原性。目前已上市的百白破疫苗基本以铝佐剂为主。多项研究表明,铝佐剂在免疫持久性和安全性等方面存在一定局限。现就近年来对百白破疫苗新型佐剂的研究进展进行汇总,并为未来新型百白破疫苗的应用提供科学依据。     

两种新型佐剂的免疫学研究及应用

疫苗佐剂可非特异性地通过物理的或化学的方式与特异性免疫原性物质结合,从而诱发机体产生长期,高效的特异性免疫反应,提高机体保护能力,同时又能降低免疫物质的使用量,减少疫苗的生产成本。铝佐剂是目前被批准并普遍使用于人类的疫苗佐剂,具有安全,可靠并可显著增强体液免疫反应的特点,但对于细胞免疫和小抗原免疫原性物质的效果不够理想。为了寻找更加高效,安全的新型佐剂,近年来科研人员进行了大量研究。现就两种最有希望的新型佐剂的免疫效果及研究进展进行综述。     

新型疫苗佐剂的研究进展

与传统的灭活或活体疫苗相比,由基因工程重组抗原或化学合成多肽组成的现代疫苗往往存在免疫原性弱等问题,需要新型的免疫佐剂来增强其作用。尽管传统的铝盐佐剂是目前唯一全球公认的人用佐剂,但存在激发细胞免疫应答能力差等不足,因此,需要研发更为安全有效的人用新型佐剂,尤其是安全无毒、能够刺激较强细胞免疫应答的佐剂,以及适合粘膜疫苗、DNA疫苗和癌症疫苗的免疫佐剂。分析阐述了新型佐剂研究状况和佐剂发展方向,并进一步对新型佐剂的临床前和临床试验研究以及已批准上市的新型疫苗佐剂进行了综述。     

聚合破伤风类毒素抗原特性的研究

由戊二醛脱毒的聚合破伤风类毒素,经高压液相层析及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,类毒素中多聚体含量占８１．９％以上,多聚体分子量为８００ｋＤ,常规破类多聚体仅占有２．２４％。聚合破类免疫豚鼠后,平均心血抗体单位达２ＩＵ／ｍｌ,常规破类仅为０．７５ＩＵ／ｍｌ（Ｔ＝１３．１５,Ｐ＜０．００１）,聚合破类免疫马匹后所诱发的抗体水平较常规抗原的高。     

人破伤风类毒素免疫血浆筛选试验中两种抗体检测方法的比较

应用酶联免疫法(ELISA)和间接血凝法(IHA)对1014份破伤风类毒素全程免疫后人血浆进行抗体水平检测,比较两者的收浆率、收浆符合率以及与动物实验的相关性。结果表明两者收浆率均达80%。ELISA法与IHA法的合格浆符合率达92%,与动物实验的相关性更好。ELISA法操作简便快速,结果判读客观明确,优于传统的IHA法,可作为人破伤风类毒素免疫血浆筛选的常规方法。     

人呼吸道合胞病毒G蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及联合不同新型佐剂免疫效果的研究

人呼吸道合胞病毒（Human respiratory syncytial virus, hRSV）是导致5岁以下儿童和老人住院和死亡的主要原因。hRSV囊膜表面的融合蛋白F(Fusion protein, F)和吸附蛋白G(Attachment protein, G)均能诱导产生保护性中和抗体,但目前临床研究主要集中于F蛋白的亚单位疫苗及保护性单抗的研发,对G蛋白的研究较少。虽然G蛋白的高度糖基化导致其免疫原性较差,但使用佐剂能改善G蛋白的免疫效果。本研究利用大肠杆菌成功表达了hRSVA-Long株G蛋白膜外区67～298氨基酸（命名为REG）,并探索了REG与四种不同组合形式的新型佐剂联合免疫BALB/c小鼠的免疫效果：BFA03佐剂、B型CpG OND混合磷酸铝佐剂组合、C型CpG OND混合磷酸铝佐剂组合、BALB/c小鼠CD4+T细胞表位肽混合C型CpG OND和磷酸铝佐剂组合。对每只小鼠大腿肌肉多点注射100μL免疫原,初次免疫后第28天进行加强免疫。实验结果表明,接种REG联合新型BFA03佐剂的小鼠体内诱导产生结合抗体的能力最强,且其与接种REG蛋白联合B型CpG OND...     

新型冠状病毒T细胞表位多肽不同免疫途径及佐剂对免疫应答的影响及长效免疫研究

很多研究表明T细胞免疫在抗新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）感染和预防重症死亡中起到关键作用。T细胞识别由抗原递呈细胞（Antigen-Presenting Cell,APC）递呈的与主要组织相容性复合体（Major Histocompatibility Complex,MHC）结合的短肽,因此新冠T细胞多肽疫苗成为研究重点之一。本研究利用三条C57BL/6J小鼠MHC II类分子限制性的新冠T细胞表位多肽分别结合目前已经在临床上市使用的佐剂：铝佐剂,5’cytosine-phosphateguanine 3’oligonucleotide(CpG-OND,以下简称CpG)佐剂以及铝加CpG佐剂制备成小鼠新冠T细胞多肽疫苗,通过皮下、肌肉、滴鼻（CpG佐剂组别）三种给药方式两次免疫C57BL/6J小鼠,在二免后14 d和6个月（CpG佐剂组别）后利用荧光免疫斑点实验（FluoroSpot）评价疫苗刺激小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞产生的辅助型T细胞1(T helper 1 cell,Th1)应答细胞因子—干扰素γ(Interferon-γ, IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor Necrosi...     

佐剂在结核疫苗研制中的应用进展

佐剂是一类非特异性免疫增强剂。近年来,随着人类对免疫佐剂的不断认识和研究的深入,佐剂在结核疫苗研究中也得到了广泛深入的应用,并发挥着重要的作用。本文就佐剂的分类和功能,在结核疫苗中的应用现状以及相应的优缺点作简要综述。     

精制破伤风类毒素产毒及精制工艺的改进

用超滤、硫酸铵二段盐析法取代等电点沉淀法后,精制破伤风类毒素（精破类）的纯度由８０７Ｌｆ／ｍｇＰＮ提高到１８８３Ｌｆ／ｍｇＰＮ,纯度提高一倍以上。使用双胨培养基取代酪素培养基后,产毒水平由４７Ｌｆ／ｍｌ提高到８８Ｌｆ／ｍｌ（ｔ＝６．４６,ｐ＜０．００１）;用新法精制后,精破类纯度分别为１９４９Ｌｆ／ｍｇＰＮ及１７８５Ｌｆ／ｍｇＰＮ（ｔ＝０．３３４,ｐ＞０．０５）,引用双胨培养基后可提高产毒水平,但不影响精破类的纯度。     

The context of tetanus toxoid application influences the outcome of antigen-specific and self-directed humoral immune response

Results are presented concerning our attempts to create a suitable model system for studying the connection between microbial antigen (micAg), autoimmunity and autoimmune disease on the basis of hyper-immunization and application of micAg in different contexts. Our research was focused on tetanus toxoid (TTd) as a model micAg. Non-pretreated and complete Freund's adjuvant pretreated BALB/c mice were immunized with high doses of TTd mixed with glycerol or aluminum hydroxide as adjuvants. The main aims of the experiments were to evaluate the properties of induced humoral immune responses, evaluate the pathological potential of induced immune responses and determine possible correlations between the properties of a humoral immune response and its pathological potential. The production of TTd-specific and self-reactive β₂-glycoprotein I (β₂-GP I)-specific antibodies (Abs) was detected in all groups but with specific, context-related properties. Analysis of pregnancy-related pathology (anti-β₂-GP I Abs-associated) showed differences in the pathological potential of the induced immune response. It was demonstrated that severity of pathology is positively correlated to the abundance of IgG that recognizes β₂-GP I adsorbed onto phosphatidylserine, and to IgG affinity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that molecular mimicry, which results in generation of anti-β₂-GP I Abs upon TTd immunization, is necessary but not sufficient for the development of pregnancy-related pathology.     

Optimization of tetanus toxoid ammonium sulfate precipitation process using response surface methodology

Tetanus toxoid (TTd) is a highly immunogenic, detoxified form of tetanus toxin, a causative agent of tetanus disease, produced by Clostridium tetani. Since tetanus disease cannot be eradicated but is easily prevented by vaccination, the need for the tetanus vaccine is permanent. The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of optimizing TTd purification, i.e., ammonium sulfate precipitation process. The influence of the percentage of ammonium sulfate, starting amount of TTd, buffer type, pH, temperature, and starting purity of TTd on the purification process were investigated using optimal design for response surface models. Responses measured for evaluation of the ammonium sulfate precipitation process were TTd amount (Lf/mL) and total protein content. These two parameters were used to calculate purity (Lf/mgPN) and the yield of the process. Results indicate that citrate buffer, lower temperature, and lower starting amount of TTd result in higher purities of precipitates. Gel electrophoresis combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometric analysis of precipitates revealed that there are no inter-protein cross-links and that all contaminating proteins have pIs similar to TTd, so this is most probably the reason for the limited success of purification by precipitation.     

肉毒A、B、E、F型抗毒素血浆的试生产与检定

按照《中国生物制品规程》(2000版)的规定,在肉毒A、B、E、F型抗毒素血浆试生产前,制定了肉毒A、B、E、F型类毒素马匹免疫计划及相应抗毒素血浆效价测定方法,免疫结果显示：肉毒A、B、E、F型类毒素免疫马匹成功率分别为75%、75%、60%、100%。     

Physicochemical and immunochemical assays for monitoring consistent production of tetanus toxoid

The detoxification of tetanus toxin by formaldehyde is a crucial step in the production of tetanus toxoid. The inactivation results in chemically modified proteins and it determines largely the ultimate efficacy and safety of the vaccine. Currently, the quality of tetanus toxoid lots is evaluated in potency and safety tests performed in animals. As a possible alternative, this article describes a panel of in vitro methods, which provides detailed information about the quality of tetanus toxoid. Ten experimental lots of tetanus toxoid were prepared using increasing concentrations of formaldehyde and glycine to obtain tetanus toxoids having differences in antigenicity, immunogenicity, residual toxicity and protein structure. The structural properties of each individual toxoid were determined using immunochemical and physicochemical methods, including biosensor analysis, ELISA, circular dichroism, TNBS assay, differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence and SDS-PAGE. The quality of a tetanus toxoid lot can be assessed by these set of analytical techniques. Based on antigenicity, immunogenicity and residual toxicity data, criteria are formulated that tetanus toxoids lot have to meet in order to have a high quality. The in vitro methods are a valuable selection of techniques for monitoring consistency of production of tetanus toxoid, especially for the detoxification process of tetanus toxin.     

The types of bioreactors used for shoots and embryos

Plant regenerated organs such as shoots, bulbs, microtubers, corms, embryos, etc. have been successfully proliferated in the bioreactor. The use of a bioreactor leads to the development of technology suitable for large scale plant propagation. The basic construction and characteristics of various types of bioreactor systems are reviewed in relation to shoot and embryo cultures. A pilot scale 500 liter bioreactor system was applied to the production of large scale Stevia rebaudiana shoots.Abbreviations DW dry weight - EC electrical conductivity - FW fresh weight - ORP oxidation-reduction potential     

A framework for classifying subsistence production types of Nepal

This paper defines a four-tiered, hierarchical system for classifying subsistence production types in Nepal and uses the system to describe the subsistence communities of central Nepal. The system first divides Nepal into a grid of homogenous parts or cells, second, it divides, the cells into ridge-valley slope sequences, third, defines production types for the ridge-valley slope sequences, and, finally, distinguishes local variants of the production types. After describing these tiers, I apply these categories to the northern portions of the central and western development regions where I have done research. I then define how representatives of Nepal as a whole are the production types defined for the central and western development regions. Finally, the paper locates some completed studies within its framework.     

Study on the immune enhancement of different immunoadjuvants used in the pentavalent vaccine for turbots

In this study, we investigated the immune enhancing effects of different adjuvants used in a pentavalent vaccine for turbots. The pentavalent vaccine consisted of inactive bacterial cells from five common pathogenic strains (Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio scophtalmi, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio alginolyticus) and the adjuvants were astragalus polysaccharides (APS), propolis, and the Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). Turbots were immunized with the pentavalent vaccine alone or with one of the adjuvants, and the immune efficiency was evaluated by measuring the activities of lysozyme (LSZ) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and serum antibody titers. Fish were also challenged with the pathogens after immunization and the relative percent survival (RPS) was assessed. Our results showed that APS, propolis, and FCA had significant immune-enhancing effects on turbots as shown by the higher titers of antibodies against the pathogens, increased LSZ and SOD activities, and enhanced RPS after challenge with pathogens. Among the three adjuvants, FCA had the most significant immune synergistic effects with the vaccine, and APS and propolis had lower and similar immune synergies.