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1.
Andriianova DA Smirnova GP Galanina LA Feofilova EP Usov AI 《Bioorganicheskaia khimiia》2012,38(2):251-256
Preliminary data on the polysaccharide composition of mycelium of the submerged grown fungus Cunninghamella japonica (synonymous with C. echinulata) were obtained. Mild acid hydrolysis of the mycelium led to formation of glucose, mannose and galactose, whereas acid treatment under drastic conditions afforded glucosamine as the hydrolysis product of chitin and chitosan, the summary content of both glucosaminoglycans being estimated as about 35%. Sequential treatment of the mycelium with hot water, 2% aqueous NaOH and 10% AcOH gave rise to several polysaccharide fractions, which were characterized by their monosaccharide composition. The yield ofchitosan extracted by AcOH was negligible. Additional purification of the fraction obtained by the action of alkali afforded a polysaccharide preparation, which was shown to be a linear (1-->3)-alpha-D-glucopyranan according to the data of chemical methods of structural analysis and NMR spectroscopy. It was concluded that Cunninghamella japonica differs from several other known representatives of Mucorales by the presence of this alpha-D-glucan, as well as by low content of chitosan and polyuronides. 相似文献
2.
D. A. Andriyanova G. P. Smirnova A. S. Shashkov A. O. Chizhov L. A. Galanina E. P. Feofilova A. I. Usov 《Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry》2011,37(3):356-363
Preliminary data on the polysaccharide composition of mycelium and cell walls of the fungus Penicillium roqueforti grown by the method of submerged cultivation have been obtained. Mild acid hydrolysis of both mycelium and cell walls results
in formation of glucose, mannose, and galactose, while the treatment with acid under severe conditions results in formation
of glucosamine, a product of chitin hydrolysis, the content of which is 19% in the cell walls. Several polysaccharide fractions
were isolated from mycelium by successive extraction with hot water and 1 M NaOH at room temperature; their monosaccharide
composition was characterized. The main fraction extracted by alkali, according to the data of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry,
and the chemical methods of structural analysis, is a linear α-D-glucopyranan, where the blocks of (1 → 3)-bound glucose residues are linked by single bonds (1 → 4). Water-soluble polysaccharides
contain the linear blocks of (1 → 5)-bound residues of β-galactofuranose, most probably attached to the mannan core. The findings
are of interest for chemotaxonomy of Penicillium fungi. 相似文献
3.
Andriianova DA Smirnova GP Shashkov AS Chizhov AO Galanina LA Feofilova EP Usov AI 《Bioorganicheskaia khimiia》2011,37(3):399-407
Preliminary data on the polysaccharide composition of mycelium and cell walls of the submergedly grown fungus Penicillium roqueforti were obtained. Mild acid hydrolysis of mycelium and cell walls led to formation of glucose, mannose and galactose, whereas acid treatment under drastic conditions afforded glucosamine as the hydrolysis product of chitin, which content in the cell walls was estimated as 19%. Sequential treatment of the mycelium with hot water and 1 M NaOH at room temperature gave rise to several polysaccharide fractions, which were characterized by their monosaccharide composition. The main fraction obtained by the action of alkali, according to NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and chemical methods of structural analysis data, is a linear alpha-D-glucopyranan containing blocks of (1 --> 3)-linked glucose residues interconnected by (1 --> 4)-linkages. Water-soluble polysaccharides contained linear blocks of (1 --> 5)-linked beta-galactofuranose residues, probably connected with a mannan core. The data obtained may be important for chemotaxonomy of the genus Penicillium. 相似文献
4.
Thanyaporn Kleekayai Worapot Suntornsuk 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(5):1145-1154
Potato chip processing waste of trimmed potato, potato peel and substandard (low-quality) potato chips, obtained from a potato
chip processing plant, were used as substrates for chitosan production from Rhizopus oryzae. It was cultured on each waste product at 30 ± 2°C and 70% moisture content for 21 days. Fermented potato peel had the highest
yield after 5 days of fermentation. The cultivation condition of chitosan obtained from R. oryzae was optimum for a peel size of less than 6 mesh, 70% moisture content and a pH of 5. Furthermore, the best extraction condition
was using 46% sodium hydroxide at 46°C for 13 h followed by 2% acetic acid at 95°C for 8 h. The maximum chitosan yield obtained
by these conditions was 10.8 g/kg substrate. Fungal chitosan properties were found to be 86–90% degree of deacetylation, molecular
weight of 80–128 kDa and viscosity of 3.1–6.1 mPa s. Therefore, potato peel could be applied as a low cost substrate for chitosan
production from R. oryzae. 相似文献
5.
Skriptsova AV Shevchenko NM Tarbeeva DV Zvyagintseva TN 《Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)》2012,14(3):304-311
Sterile and reproductive tissues of five brown algae (Sargassum pallidum, Silvetia babingtonii, Fucus evanescens, Saccharina japonica, and Alaria ochotensis) from Russian Far East seas were compared for the content and monosaccharide composition of fucoidans as well as the content
of laminarans and alginic acids. It was proved that reproduction has an apparent effect on fucoidan content and its monosaccharide
composition. Fucoidan content in fertile tissues was shown to be 1.3–1.5 times as high as in sterile ones. Based on the present
and previously reported data, we believe that fucoidan accumulation during the development of reproductive structure is a
general trend for brown seaweeds. Reproduction also caused changes in the monosaccharide composition. As a result, fertile
plants synthesized fucoidan with less heterogeneous monosaccharide composition in comparison with sterile ones. Structural
changes of this polysaccharide are species-specific and perhaps depend on the type of the synthesized polysaccharide. The
fertile plants of S. babingtonii yielded the highest fucoidan content [25% dry weight (dw)] among the tested species, whereas the maximum alginic acid content
was found for the sterile tissues of S. japonica—up to 43% dw. There was no general trend in alginic acid content variation during sporulation. The alginic acid content was
much higher in the sterile tissues of S. japonica in comparison with the fertile ones. On the contrary, the fertile tissues of A. ochotensis contained more alginic acid than the sterile ones. 相似文献
6.
T. I. Imbs E. L. Chaykina L. A. Dega A. P. Vashchenko M. M. Anisimov 《Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry》2011,37(7):871-876
A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of brown algae extracts has been performed. It was found that L. cichorioides is characterized by a high content of mannitol, glutaminic acid, and iodine. In the extracts obtained from C. costata, high levels of mineral substances and free amino acids were revealed. Extracts obtained from F. evanescens were rich with proteins and phenol compounds. Extracts obtained from L. japonica were characterized by uniquely high iodine and free amino acid contents, among which glutaminic acid prevailed. All studied
extracts were shown to stimulate soy seedling growth and increase its productivity. The strongest stimulatory effect on seedling
growth was from the extract obtained from L. japonica in a concentration of 100 μg/ml, whereby the growth of root and stem was increased by 20 and 26%, respectively, compared
to the control values. Treatment of seeds with the extract of L. japonica in a concentration of 2 mg/ml led to an increase in productivity by 15.6%. Brown algae extracts can be recommended for agriculture
to stimulate growth and prepare seeds for sowing. 相似文献
7.
Eun-Young Kim Dong-Gyun Kim Yu-Ri Kim Hye-Jung Hwang Taek-Jeong Nam In-Soo Kong 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(1):123-130
The brown alga Saccharina japonica is abundant on rocky coasts of Far East Asia, including Korea, Japan, and China. S. japonica produces high levels of compounds used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Thus, many studies have focused
on the biosynthesis, extraction, purification, and application of carbohydrates, as well as biochemical features that yield
cellular proteins. However, total protein isolation has proved difficult, due to viscous polysaccharides on the surface of
S. japonica. To extract total proteins cleanly from S. japonica, we examined various lysis buffers and detergents for effective cell lysis and removal of polysaccharide. Lysis solution
D (7 M urea, 4% [3-(3-cholami-dopropyl dimethylammonio) propanesulfonate], 2 M thio-urea, 100 mM dithiothreitol, 4% pharmalyte,
4% polyvinylpyrrolidone) achieved a comparatively high yield of protein extraction, with 12 mg of proteins purified per 1 g
of dry weight of S. japonica. Proteins isolated using lysis solution D and subjected to two-dimension polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis generated more
than 200 protein spots. Of these, 60 spots were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/mass
spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) and MALDI-TOF/MS/MS. A database search revealed that these proteins include glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase, tryptophan synthase α chain, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), actin, phosphoglycerate kinase, elongation
factor Tu, kinesin, fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a–c binding protein F precursor and ATP synthase subunit β. Many protein spots
were unidentified. When S. japonica was incubated at different pH, tryptophan synthase α chain and variant surface glycoprotein 7 precursor were highly expressed
at pH 7.5 and 9.5, respectively, whereas 6PGD and kinesin showed low expression at pH 9.5. 相似文献
8.
Min‐Woo Kim Yeon Soo Han Yong Hun Jo Myung Hyo Choi Seung Ho Kang Sun‐Am Kim Woo‐Jin Jung 《Entomological Research》2016,46(5):324-328
Chitins and chitosans are some of the most abundant natural polysaccharide materials, and are used to increase innate immune response and disease resistance in humans and animals. In this work, chitin and chitosan from housefly, Musca domestica, pupa shells were obtained by treatment with HCl and NaOH. For chitin extraction, 2 N HCl and 1.25 N NaOH solutions were used to achieve decalcification and deproteinization, respectively. For chitosan extraction, 50% NaOH solution was used to achieve deacetylation. The yields of chitin and chitosan from pupa shells of M. domestica were 8.02% and 5.87%, respectively. The deacetylations of chitosan (from chitin C1 and C2) were 89.76% and 92.39%, respectively, after the first alkali treatment with 50% NaOH (w/w) solution at 105 °C for 3 h and 5 h, respectively. The viscosities of the chitosans (from chitin C1 and C2) were 33.6 and 19.2 cP, respectively. 相似文献
9.
In this work, response surface methodology was used to determine optimum conditions for extraction of polysaccharides from defatted peanut cake. A central composite design including independent variables, such as extraction temperature (x1), extraction time (x2), and ethanol concentration (x3) was used. Selected response which evaluates the extraction process was polysaccharide yield, and the second-order model obtained for polysaccharide yield revealed coefficient of determination of 97.81%. The independent variable with the largest effect on response was ethanol concentration (x3). The optimum extraction conditions were found to be extraction temperature 48.7 °C, extraction time 1.52 h, and ethanol concentration of 61.9% (v/v), respectively. Under these conditions, the extraction efficiency of polysaccharide can increase to 25.89%. The results of structural analysis showed that the main composition of defatted peanut cake polysaccharide was α-galactose. 相似文献
10.
Ulrich Metzger Ulrich Lankes Kai Fischpera Fritz H. Frimmel 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,85(1):197-206
Extracellular polymeric substances were extracted from the bacterial strain Pseudomonas putida and the fungal species Aureobasidium pullulans using three different methods (formaldehyde–NaOH, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and cation-exchange-resin). The
composition of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was analysed by biochemical and high-resolution solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic methods. The EPS yield was strongly dependent on the extraction method, with
the formaldehyde–NaOH method showing the best extraction efficiency. The NMR method revealed that when using the EDTA extraction
method, about 40% of the EDTA accumulated in the EPS and that was responsible for the apparent high extraction yields. EPS
protein content determined by the NMR method was up to 30% higher than the protein content determined using the biochemical
(Lowry) method for P. putida and for A. pullulans. The average protein carbon content determined by the NMR method was approximately 70% of the total carbon content. NMR results
could be supported by elemental analysis, which showed a high nitrogen content (~10%) in the EPS. The carbohydrate carbon
content detected with both methods in the cell aggregates and the EPS was approximately 20% in each. In this study, quantitative
13C cross-polarisation magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy was conducted on unlabeled cell strains, and EPS and could be used
to quantify protein and carbohydrate of different samples. 相似文献
11.
Enrique Hernández-Garibay Jose A. Zertuche-González Isai Pacheco-Ruíz 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(3):537-542
In order to obtain information on the content and composition of the water-soluble polysaccharides from Ulva clathrata, an extraction at 60°C, in different media, was performed: water, EDTA and HCl (F-I), each followed by a sequential extraction
in NaOH 0.1 M (F-II). The extracts were recovered and analyzed for total carbohydrates, proteins, rhamnose, uronic acids and
sulfate content. Differences were obtained in the yield and composition in both fractions of the different media (F-I and
F-II). Higher yields resulted in the first fraction on all media. HCl extraction was the best in both fractions (14.83 ± 1.5%
and 5.96 ± 1.1%, F-I and F-II, respectively). In all cases, F-I was more sulfated ranging from 27.87% to 35.8% and higher
in rhamnose content, whereas F-II had higher protein and slightly higher uronic acid content. FTIR spectra showed that soluble
polysaccharides from the green seaweed U. clathrata are sulfated polysaccharides, similar to ulvan obtained from other Ulva species and confirmed by the 1 H-NMR spectrum, where the characteristic signal for the deoxy sugar (rhamnose) is present. 相似文献
12.
N. V. Kozhemyakina E. P. Ananyeva S. V. Gurina V. A. Galynkin 《Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology》2010,46(5):536-539
A study is made on a strain of higher basydiomycete Flammulia velutipes (Fr.) P. Karst. The conditions of maximum biomass production by Flammulia velutipes were studied. Soluble and insoluble fractions were isolated from mycelium. The composition of cultured mycelium and aqueous
extracts from mycelium were investigated. These objects mainly contained carbohydrates (65.3 and 84.0% in insoluble and soluble
fractions, respectively, and 56% mycelium), proteins (7.5–10.0% in fractions and 17.5% in mycelium), as well as an insignificant
amount of mineral substances. The main carbohydrate component of fractions was glucose (53.6–78.8%); galactose and mannose
were also present, as well as fucose and xylose in insignificant amounts. The aqueous extracts from mycelium demonstrated
immunomodulating activity. They rendered a stimulating effect on the functional activity of macrophages—central cells of the
reticluoendothelial system. The soluble fraction had a more pronounced effect than the insoluble fraction. 相似文献
13.
The mycelium of Mucor rouxii reached a 50% degree of lysis after 50 days incubation, and was then stable with the incubation time. The pH of the medium was 4.3 when autolysis began, rising to pH 7.6 after 6 days of autolysis and remaining there for the duration of the experiment. Maximum degradation of mycelium occurs during the first days of autolysis. Glucosamine is present in the culture liquid during all the autolytic process. Enzymes implicated in the degradation of chitosan and chitin were studied in the culture fluid during autolysis. An exochitosanase activity was detected after a day of autolysis, and its activity increased during 20 days of autolysis and afterwards remained constant until the end of the process. An endochitosanase activity was detected in the culture fluid from the beginning of the autolysis, having its maximum activity after 34 days of incubation. Both activities show an optimum pH of 5.5, but the pH range of activity for endochitosanase was broader than for exochitosanase. Both activities were not inhibited by 0.5 mM glucosamine. Activities of the enzymes B-N-acetylglucosaminidase and chitinase were not found. The chitosan content in the cell walls decreased with the incubation time. In these cell walls the chitin content experienced an increase at the beginning of the autolysis, decreasing afterwards. The enzymatic complex obtained from autolyzed cultures of M. rouxii hydrolyzed 2-day-old cell walls of this fungus. The hydrolysis was 21% after 24 h of incubation, liberating glucose and glucosamine. As a consequence protoplasts from M. rouxii germinated spores were obtained with its own lytic enzymes in adequate osmotic conditions. The involvement of chitosanases in the autolysis of this fungus have been studied. 相似文献
14.
The composition, molecular weight and in vitro antioxidant activity of various sulfated polysaccharides obtained by anion
exchange chromatography, acid hydrolysis and radical process degradation of the crude sulfated polysaccharide extracted from
Laminaria japonica were compared. The low sulfated F-A2, with a peak-molecular weight (Mp) of 5–15 kDa, 14.5% sulfated ester and 21.8% glucuronic
acid, exhibited a very strong antioxidant activity on superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, with activity even higher than that
of large molecular weight fractions F-A and F-B. However, highly sulfated fractions with a peak-molecular weight below 15 kDa
had much lower antioxidant activities than other fractions. These results indicated that the sulfate group of the low molecular
weight fractions represents a physical block for the reaction with oxygen radicals. The chemical properties and antioxidant
activities of sulfated polysaccharide fractions obtained by radical process degradation of crude sulfated polysaccharide were
quite different from those obtained by acid hydrolysates. By radical process degradation, the high molecular weight was decreased
to give LM2 (Mp 8 kDa) and LM1 (Mp 1.5 kDa), with a yield of 40% and 15%, respectively. LM2 was enriched with fucose and sulfated
ester, while containing low amounts of glucuronic acid. The antioxidant activity showed that LM2 was unable to scavenge either
superoxide or hydroxyl radical, which suggested that radical process degradation targeted mainly ascopyllan-like species rich
in glucuronic acid, while the fraction rich in sulfated l-fucose remained unchanged. However, LM1 with Mp 1.5 kDa still retained apparent scavenging ability for superoxide radical,
although it contained no glucuronic acid and certain amounts of galactose and mannose as main neutral sugars. These result
suggest that the antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharides is apparently related not only to molecular weight and sulfated
ester content, as previously determined, but also to glucuronic acid and fucose content. 相似文献
15.
Pressurized water extraction of β‐glucan enriched fractions with bile acids‐binding capacities obtained from edible mushrooms
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Marimuthu Palanisamy Laila Aldars‐García Alicia Gil‐Ramírez Alejandro Ruiz‐Rodríguez Francisco R. Marín Guillermo Reglero Cristina Soler‐Rivas 《Biotechnology progress》2014,30(2):391-400
A pressurized water extraction (PWE) method was developed in order to extract β‐glucans with bile acids‐binding capacities from cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus) to be used as supplements to design novel foods with hypocholesterolemic properties. Extraction yields were higher in individual than sequential extractions being the optimal extraction parameters: 200°C, 5 cycles of 5 min each at 10.3 MPa. The crude polysaccharide (PSC) fractions, isolated from the PWE extracts contained mainly β‐glucans (including chitooligosaccharides deriving from chitin hydrolysis), α‐glucans, and other PSCs (hetero‐/proteo‐glucans) depending on the extraction temperature and mushroom strain considered. The observed bile acids‐binding capacities of some extracts were similar to a β‐glucan enriched fraction obtained from cereals. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:391–400, 2014 相似文献
16.
Improvement in tannase recovery using enzymatic disruption of mycelium in combination with reverse micellar enzyme extraction 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary A high activity tannase (tannin acyl hydrolase EC 3.1.1.20) is synthetized in high yield by Aspergillus niger LCF 8. At the production optimum, the tannase is strongly bound to the mycelium and detachment of the enzyme by classical physical and chemical means, largely failed. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cell walls using a chitinase from Streptomyces griseus followed by reverse micellar tannase extraction resulted in a recovery of 43% active enzyme, i.e. an improvement in yield of 2.5 from a previous process. Best conditions were enzymatic hydrolysis of mycelium with chitinase at pH 6.0 and 25°C for 2.5 h followed by tannase extraction at pH 7.5 with isooctane containing 80 mM cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and stripping at pH 4.0 in the presence of 0.35 M NaCl. 相似文献
17.
Different methods were investigated for the rapid mass culture of Cistella japonica by using water extracts of some nutritional sources. In an agar culture test, there was little difference in mycelial growth in water extracts of wheat bran, rice bran and potato. In suspension culture with wheat bran extract, which is easily and cheaply available, the mycelium of C. japonica increased seven times more than that in agar culture after a month's incubation. C. japonica from suspension culture was pathogenic to Chamaecyparis obtusa. These results suggest that suspension culture in water extract of wheat bran can be adopted for the rapid mass culturing of C. japonica for use in inoculation tests. 相似文献
18.
Mario Antonio Vergara-Rodarte Gustavo Hernández-Carmona Y. Elizabeth Rodríguez-Montesinos Dora Luz Arvizu-Higuera Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez Jesús Iván Murillo-Álvarez 《Journal of applied phycology》2010,22(6):753-759
Gracilaria vermiculophylla, from Baja California Sur, Mexico, was studied in order to determine the seasonal variation of yield and quality of native
and alkaline agar during 2007–2008. The highest alkaline agar yield was obtained in summer (17%) and the highest gel strength
in spring (1,132 g cm−2). The highest melting temperature was 98°C (winter). The highest gelling temperature was 68°C (summer). The values obtained
are within the range of the most important Gracilaria species harvested worldwide. During the agar extraction step, the best results were obtained after 30 min of alkali treatment
with sodium hydroxide (7%), after which the quality decreased significantly. We produced Colagar from G. vermiculophylla which consists of the seaweeds treated with sodium hydroxide and dried. The yield and quality of the agar obtained from the
Colagar shows stability in both yield and quality during 1 year of storage, suggesting that alkali treatment is a good method
of avoiding agar hydrolysis during storage. 相似文献
19.
T Roukas 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1999,22(6):617-621
Aureobasidium pullulans P56 was investigated using an adaptation technique and a mixed culture system. The adaptation of A. pullulans and the mixed cultures of A. pullulans and/or Lactobacillus brevisX20, Debaryomyces hansenii 194 and Aspergillus niger did not increase the production of polysaccharide. Enzymic hydrolysis of lactose in deproteinized whey gave a higher polysaccharide
concentration and polysaccharide yield than acidic hydrolysed lactose. Maximum polysaccharide concentration (11.0 ± 0.5 g L−1), biomass dry weight (10.5 ± 0.4 g L−1), polysaccharide yield (47.2 ± 1.8%) and sugar utilization (93.2 ± 2.8%) were achieved using enzyme-hydrolysed whey (pH 6.5)
containing 25 g L−1 lactose and supplemented with K2HPO4 0.5%, L-glutamic acid 1%, olive oil 2.5%, and Tween 80 0.5%. In this case the pullulan content of the crude polysaccharide was 40%.
Received 16 December 1997/ Accepted in revised form 12 March 1999 相似文献
20.
The structural investigation of an extracellular polysaccharide released during photoautotrophic growth by the cyanobacterium
Nostoc insulare is reported. After 60 days of cultivation, an average yield of purified, desalted, and freeze-dried released polysaccharide
(RPS) of 0.9 g L−1 medium was obtained. The apparent hydrodynamic volume, determined for RPS, was 1.1 × 106 Da, and the average molecular weight was 2.8 × 106 Da. No sulfate and only traces of pyruvate and acetate groups were detectable. A protein content of only 0.7% indicates a
high degree of purity of RPS. The following constituent uronic acids and sugars were identified: glucuronic acid (GlcA), glucose
(Glc), arabinose (Ara), and for the first time, cyanobacterial RPSs 3-O-methyl-arabinose (3-O-Methyl-Ara). Adapted from linkage
analyses of untreated RPS and of RPS treated by means of reduction of uronic acids, mild acid hydrolysis with oxalic acid,
or lithium degradation, respectively, the following partial structure of RPS is proposed, which possesses an arborisation
built by 1,3,4-Glcp and a side chain built by 3-O-Methyl-Araf: →1)-Glcp-(3→1)-Glcp-[(3→1)-3-O-Methyl-Araf](4→1)-GlcAp-(4→). 相似文献