氮素形态对不同专用型小麦生育后期光合特性及穗部性状的影响

采用盆栽的方法研究了氮素形态对不同专用型小麦生育后期光合特性及穗部性状的影响,结果表明：强筋型豫麦34在硝态氮处理下,生育后期衰老延缓,旗叶保持较高的光合速率、PSI活性(Fv／Fo)、PS Ⅱ最大光能转换效率(Fv／Fm)、实际光化学效率(фPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)较高,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)降低,发生光抑制的可能性较小,穗部性状较好,穗粒重最高。中筋型豫麦49和弱筋型豫麦50在酰胺态氮处理下,光合和荧光参数较优,穗粒重较高,有利于实现高产。     

渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

用叶绿素荧光诱导动力学技术,研究模拟干旱条件对小麦幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数,即原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、光合电子传递量子效率(φPSⅡ)、qP(光化学猝灭)、qNP(非光化学猝灭)、ETR(表观光合量子传递效率)的影响.结果表明,渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数影响较大.随着渗透胁迫的加剧,F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o都表现出现降低-增加-降低的趋势,在渗透胁迫2 h以前,小麦叶片内部没有发生光抑制,但随着胁迫的加剧,F_v/F_m值增加,使得小麦幼苗叶内发生光抑,导致ΦPSⅡ和ETR的下降;在渗透胁迫过程中,小麦叶片吸收光能的光化学猝灭(qP)的下降和光化学猝灭(qNP)呈现先降低后增加的趋势,说明小麦在受到干旱胁迫前期,PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例降低;在胁迫2h后,随着胁迫的加剧,qP和qNP增加有利于提高PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,将更多的光能用于推动光合电子传递,提高了光合电子传递能力,同时非光化学能量耗散的提高,有助于耗散过剩的激发能,以保护光合机构,缓解环境胁迫对光合作用的影响,体现了小麦叶片的自我保护机制.两个品种相比,长武13的叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度比陕253小,具有更强的抵御干旱胁迫的能力.     

玉米全生育期黄化材料的光合性能分析

通过对玉米(Zea mays L.)黄化材料和2份正常自交系的光合特性、光响应曲线及荧光动力学参数进行分析,结果表明,黄化材料yglm1的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均显著低于正常自交系Mo17和RP128,而蒸腾速率(Tr)却显著高于正常自交系;黄化材料的光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率及表观量子效率均高于正常自交系Mo17和RP128,但其净光合速率却低于正常自交系;黄化材料的荧光动力学参数初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能捕获效率(Fv'/Fm')、PSⅡ光下实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均显著低于正常自交系Mo17和RP128,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)显著高于正常自交系。相对于正常自交系,黄化材料具有较低的电子传递潜力、原初光能捕获效率和转换效率、光能分配及利用率,这可能是导致其净光合能力降低的根本原因。     

热锻炼对甘蓝幼苗叶片激发能分配的影响

以喜温凉的蔬菜甘蓝为试材,研究了热锻炼与对照甘蓝幼苗叶片光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数对高温胁迫的响应．结果表明,叶片温度在25-35℃之间,热锻炼苗和对照苗叶片叶绿素可变荧光(Ｆv)、光化学猝灭(qP)、非光化学猝灭(qN)、PSⅡ化学效率(ФPSⅡ)没有明显的变化;当叶温高于35℃时。热锻炼苗的Fv、qP和中ФPSⅡ均明显高于对照,37℃时Fv、qP和ФPSⅡ分别比对照高53％、24％和86％;qN较对照低22％,尤其是与光抑制(光破坏)有关的qNs明显降低,以维持较高的高能态猝灭(qNf)耗散过剩激发能。保护PSⅡ反应中心不受破坏。减轻了光抑制,这与热锻炼幼苗叶片在高温下具有较高的光合能力是一致的。     

外源水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响

以黄瓜品种‘中农203号’幼苗为试材,采用水培法研究了根际施用0.05、0.10和0.50 mmol/L水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响,以探讨水杨酸对光合作用的调节机制。结果显示:黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、荧光参数和光能分配对水杨酸的响应存在明显的浓度依赖性。0.05和0.10 mmol/L水杨酸处理提高了叶片PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ),使PSⅡ吸收光能中分配于光化学反应的能量增加,进而提高了Pn,并以0.10 mmol/L水杨酸施用效果最明显,差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);而0.50 mmol/L水杨酸处理降低了ΦPSⅡ、Fv/Fm等,使光能分配于热耗散和荧光耗散的比例升高,导致Pn下降。研究表明,水杨酸对黄瓜叶片光合的正负调节作用与浓度依存下的PSⅡ活性和光能分配改变有关。     

渭北黄土区农林复合系统中大豆辣椒的光合生理特性

研究了农林复合系统不同处理对大豆、辣椒的光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明,从单作到距李子1m处,随着距李子树越近,遮光愈多.各处理大豆、辣椒的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)表现出与光合有效辐射(PAR)基本一致的日变化模式,且与单作相比,各处理大豆、辣椒的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均有不同程度的降低.相关性分析结果表明二者的光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率均与光合有效辐射呈正相关关系.随着遮荫程度的提高,大豆、辣椒叶绿素含量和表观量子效率(Ф)升高,光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)降低.二者叶绿素荧光参数最大光能转换效率( Fv / Fm ) 、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ФPSⅡ ) 以及光化学猝灭系数( qP)均有不同程度的升高,而非光化学猝灭系数( qN P)却逐渐降低.说明大豆、辣椒能适应弱光环境,在较低的光照条件下正常生长.     

不同品种美国山核桃叶绿素荧光参数日变化的研究

以湖南省永州市冷水滩采穗圃中的美国山核桃为试材,研究了叶绿素荧光参数的日变化规律。结果表明:初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSII原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、光合量子产额(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)和表观电子传递速率(ETR)均存在着明显的日变化。其中Fv/Fm、Fm、Yield、qP均呈先下降后上升的趋势,在中午强光下降低到最低值;qN则呈先上升后下降的趋势,在中午时分达到峰值;Fo呈下降趋势,部分品种傍晚稍有回升,但仍比早晨低;ETR日变化呈双峰曲线。不同品种间Fv/Fm、Yield、ETR、qP、qN对光强和温度的响应也存在着明显差异,可作为鉴定品种耐光抑制能力大小的指标。     

外源ATP对NaCl胁迫下菜豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性的调节

盐胁迫是影响植物生长的主要逆境因子之一,外源ATP被发现可作为信号分子参与植物对逆境胁迫生理反应的调节。为了探明外源ATP在植物盐胁迫响应中的作用,以增强植物对土壤盐渍化的耐性,更好地应用于土壤盐渍化修复。该研究以菜豆( Phaseolus vulgaris)为材料,通过叶绿素荧光技术探讨了外源ATP 对菜豆叶片在NaCl胁迫下叶绿素荧光特性的变化规律。结果表明：在NaCl胁迫下,叶片光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)潜在最大光化学量子效率( Fv/Fm)、光适应下最大光化学效率( Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率[ Y (Ⅱ)]、光化学荧光猝灭( qP)、电子传递速率( ETR)与对照组相比均有显著性下降,而非光化学猝灭( NPQ)和( qN)较对照组有显著性增加,这表明NaCl胁迫导致菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率的下降和光能耗散的增加。而外源ATP(eATP)的处理能有效缓解NaCl胁迫所造成的Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、Y(Ⅱ)、qP、ETR下降和NPQ、qN的上升。该研究结果表明在NaCl胁迫下外源ATP可以有效地提高菜豆幼苗光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)的光化学反应效率。     

胡杨异形叶光合系统Ⅱ叶绿素荧光特性

以塔里木盆地胡杨3种典型异形叶(条形叶、卵形叶与锯齿阔卵形叶)为材料,利用光合与叶绿素荧光测定技术测量胡杨异形叶气体交换与叶绿素荧光动力学参数,探讨异形叶光合机构对太阳辐射光能的利用、能量分配与耗散特性及影响其光合能力的主要因素,揭示胡杨异形叶光合生理功能的差异与生理生态适应机制。结果表明:(1)晴天正午胡杨异形叶净光合速率(P_n)、PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率(F_v′/F_m′)、实际光化学量子效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))、光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著降低,而PSⅡ激发能压力(1-qP)、光合功能相对限制(L_(PFD))则显著增大,至傍晚F_v′/F_m′、Φ_(PSⅡ)、qP与光化学反应能量(P)恢复,表明荒漠强太阳辐射导致正午胡杨异形叶光合作用发生了光抑制,但并未造成PSⅡ反应中心的不可逆破坏。(2)3种异形叶采取了不同的适应方式来适应荒漠强光环境。卵形叶通过提高光能捕获与转化效率、光化学反应能量来保持叶片高光合能力以消耗多余能量、降低过剩激发能对光合机构的影响;锯齿叶通过保持高光合电子传递能力来缓解光合膜上的还原态压力并以热耗散清除过剩激发能,二者协同保护光合机构免受强光损伤从而维持较高的P_n;条形叶不耐强光,但可以通过降低光能捕获与转化效率并将吸收的光能更多用于热能和荧光辐射耗散过剩激发能来适应强光环境。(3)逐步回归分析表明,锯齿叶光合能力主要受PSⅡ反应中心光合电子传递速率和非光化学猝灭过程中的非辐射能量耗散的影响;卵形叶、条形叶分别受PSⅡ反应中心光能捕获与转化效率和非光化学猝灭过程中的过剩激发能耗散的影响。综上所述,胡杨异形叶在生长发育过程中采取了不同的生态策略来适应荒漠环境。     

培养基对不同性别水蕨配子体叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了MS和改良knop’s培养基条件下水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)两性配子体和雄配子体叶绿素荧光参数的差异,结果表明:MS培养基中两性配子体PSⅡ线性电子传递的量子效率ФPSⅡ和PSⅡ驱动的电子传递速率ETRPSⅡ值显著高于MS培养基中的雄配子体以及改良knop’s培养基中的配子体;各组配子体光化学效率Fv/Fm值无显著差异;外源营养对各组配子体光化学荧光猝灭系数qP和非光化学荧光猝灭系数qN的影响不具明显规律性。综上所述,MS培养基中外源糖类的添加使水蕨配子体PSⅡ的光合活性增强,有利于大量快速生长的两性配子体的形成。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.