三浅裂野牵牛NBS类抗病基因同源序列的克隆与分析

NBS类植物抗病基因保守结构域的克隆为利用简并引物扩增抗病基因同源序列提供了可能.根据抗病基因Gro1-4、Gpa2、N等的P-loop和GLPL保守结构域设计简并引物,分离甘薯近缘野生种三浅裂野牵牛NBS类型抗病基因同源序列,共获得6条相关序列,核苷酸序列的相似性为48%~97%,推测氨基酸序列的相似性在25.2%~95.1%之间.系统进化分析表明,6条三浅裂野牵牛RGA序列可分为2个不同的类群:TIR-NBS和non-TIR-NBS.三浅裂野牵牛RGA序列与源自甘薯的RGA序列有很高的相似性,这在一定程度上反映了三浅裂野牵牛与甘薯之间的亲缘关系.分离的6条RGA序列分别命名为ItRGA1~ItRGA6,GenBank登录号分别为DQ849027~DQ849032.     

百合查尔酮合成酶基因的克隆与分析

以西伯利亚百合为试材,通过半巢式PCR和RT-PCR技术分别克隆了查尔酮合成酶基因(CHS)的DNA和cDNA.生物信息学分析显示,CHS的DNA序列全长1 397 bp(登录号HM622754),包含2个外显子和1个内含子;cDNA序列编码区全长1 182 bp(登录号HQ161731),编码393个氨基酸,具有3个典型的CHS蛋白结构域:N-末端结构域(Lys3-Pro229)、C-末端结构域(Gln239-Pro389)和聚合酶Ⅲ结构域(Met1-Thr391);不同百合品种的CHS基因编码的氨基酸序列相似性高达98%,表明百合CHS基因在进化上呈现出十分保守的趋势;不同植物CHS基因序列的系统进化邻接树结果表明:百合与单子叶植物鸢尾及禾本科的水稻、大麦、玉米等亲缘关系更为接近.     

葡萄VvSUN基因的克隆及其控制果形功能初探

SUN基因是控制番茄果实形状的主效基因。该研究从NCBI中查找与番茄SUN相似性最高的葡萄序列,设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR技术从‘天山’葡萄花穗中克隆出该序列,命名为VvSUN基因。序列分析表明,VvSUN基因开放阅读框长度为1 278bp,共编码425个氨基酸;预测蛋白质分子量为48.11kD,理论等电点为10.63。VvSUN蛋白不具有信号肽,为非跨膜蛋白,可能定位于细胞核和线粒体膜上,属于亲水性蛋白;二级结构分析表明α螺旋和无规则卷曲是VvSUN蛋白中主要的结构元件。VvSUN基因编码的氨基酸具有IQ保守结构域,与NCBI中其他7种植物IQD家族成员基因序列相似性在43%~53%;系统进化树分析表明,VvSUN基因与拟南芥IQD12基因亲缘关系最近;推测葡萄VvSUN蛋白质与番茄SUN蛋白质具有相似的功能。荧光定量PCR分析表明,VvSUN基因在两个葡萄品种中均在盛花期表达量最高,花后果实中的表达量均较低;GA3处理后果实果形指数显著增大,且幼果中VvSUN基因表达量明显上升。研究推测葡萄VvSUN基因可能参与果形拉长的调控。     

玉米抗大斑病基因Ht2、Ht3分子标记的应用检测

采用包括两套近等基因系在内的11份含有不同抗大斑病基因的玉米材料,对已报道的与Ht2、Ht3基因连锁的分子标记进行应用性检测。实验选用umc1202、bnlg1152、umc1149、SD-06633和bnlg1666等5对引物进行PCR扩增检测,发现被检测引物均缺乏对相应标记基因的特异性扩增;对与Ht2基因连锁的SCAR引物SD-06633的扩增片段进行了序列分析,发现其在Ht2和HtN基因背景下的扩增片段长度均为631bp,且序列相似性高达98.73%,扩增产物特征一致,无法证明该标记的特异性。检测结果表明,上述已发表的与抗大斑病基因Ht2和Ht3紧密连锁的5个分子标记缺乏特异性,不适用于玉米材料的Ht2和Ht3基因型鉴定。     

甜瓜STK类R基因同源序列的克隆与分析

以植物丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶类( serine-threonine kinase,STK)抗病基因产物催化结构域I和Ⅸ的保守氨基酸序列( FGK/V/L/SVYK/RG,DY/IYSF/YGV/I/M)设计简并引物,对甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,得到大约500 bp的目的条带,通过重组质粒克隆并经PCR检测后得到12条不同的DNA序列,命名为tg1～tg12,其中tg2、tg5、tg9和tg12(Genbank登录号为JN646853 ～JN646856)可以编码完整的氨基酸序列.Blast分析结果显示:4条序列均具有ATP结合部位、底物结合部位和激酶结构域的活化环(A-loop)等,属于典型的蛋白激酶基因家族,可能是STK类R基因的同源序列片段;4条序列与蓖麻(Ricinus communisL.)的STK同源性均较高.氨基酸序列比对结果显示tg2、tg5、tg9和tg12均具有R基因的9个保守结构域,为STK类候选抗病基因类序列.分子系统树显示tg2、tg5、tg9和tg12与已知的R基因(Pto、Lr10和Lectin)在氨基酸水平上的相似性仅为33.5％ ～53.4％,且4个甜瓜同源序列的氨基酸相似性也较低,表明甜瓜RGAs标记可能具有较高的特异性.     

喜盐鸢尾Na~+/H~+逆转运蛋白基因IhNHX1的克隆及序列分析

采用同源克隆和RACE法克隆获得喜盐鸢尾(Iris halophila Pall.)Na+/H+逆转运蛋白基因IhNHX1的全长序列,该基因序列的全长为1 946 bp,包含1个长度为1 611 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码537个氨基酸。序列对比及系统树分析结果表明:IhNHX1基因编码的氨基酸序列与另外11种植物NHX1基因编码的氨基酸序列的一致性高达96.2%,相同序列占61.7%,表明该氨基酸序列保守性较高;在系统树上喜盐鸢尾与其他植物的分支长均大于1.2,表明它们的亲缘关系均较远;IhNHX1基因编码的氨基酸序列含有2个保守结构域,即氨氯吡嗪结合位点和CaM结合结构域,分别是NHX1蛋白的标志性结合位点和重要调节区域。该蛋白质的二级结构和跨膜结构域分析结果表明:在IhNHX1基因编码的蛋白质的二级结构中,α螺旋占48.60%、不规则卷曲占32.03%、延伸链占14.71%、氢键转角占4.66%;该蛋白质含有10个跨膜结构域。此外,对5’RACE方法中5’端正向引物的优化设计步骤进行了归纳,以提高PCR扩增的特异性。     

香蕉抗病种质NBS类RGAs的克隆及相关序列差异分析

根据植物NBS类抗病基因保守氨基酸序列P-loop和疏水氨基酸GLPL保守序列设计简并引物,从香蕉抗镰刀菌枯萎病(4号小种)材料GCTCV-119的基因组DNA及cDNA中扩增获得9个DNA片段和10条cDNA片段,均编码为通读的氨基酸序列,命名为"BR-1"-"BR-19",GenBank登录号依次为EF515833-EF515836, EU123871-EU123885。同源性分析表明,均与已报道的植物抗病基因有不同程度的同源性,具有P-loop(Kinase-1a)、Kinase-2、RNBS-B(Kinase-3a)以及GLPL等保守氨基酸序列,属于non-TIR-NBS类候选抗病基因。其中,BR-5和BR-6与番茄抗镰刀菌枯萎病番茄专化型I2、I2-1和I2-2基因聚为一类,可能与香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病的抗性相关。     

绞股蓝鲨烯环氧酶基因的克隆与序列分析

根据已报道植物鲨烯环氧酶(squalene epoxidase,SE)基因cDNA序列的保守区域设计引物,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,对绞股蓝SE基因进行克隆及序列分析.结果表明,绞股蓝SE基因cDNA全长为1 818 bp,编码一个由525个氨基酸残基组成的多肽.绞股蓝SE基因编码的氨基酸序列中含有52.4%的非极性疏水性氨基酸,26.1%极性中性氨基酸,9.0%酸性氨基酸,12.6%碱性氨基酸.Blast结果显示,绞股蓝SE基因核苷酸序列与其他已报道的植物SE基因相似性为73%～82%,推导的氨基酸序列相似性为63.2%～79.4%.SE氨基酸序列进化分析发现,绞股蓝SE与绿珊瑚、拟南芥亲缘关系较近.     

番茄中Rpi-blb2同源基因的挖掘与鉴定

番茄晚疫病是番茄生产中的主要病害之一,经常会造成较大的经济损失。晚疫病生理小种的变异和进化常会导致番茄品种原有的遗传抗性丧失,因此不断挖掘新的抗性基因,改良番茄晚疫病抗性是番茄抗病育种的长期任务。该研究采用BLAST同源比对的方法,以马铃薯野生近缘种的晚疫病抗性蛋白序列Rpi-blb2为种子序列,在NCBI蛋白质序列数据库中检索得到11条番茄蛋白质序列,这些序列与种子序列相似性为78%~83%,属于番茄疾病抗性蛋白家族,并对该家族成员进行了基因结构、基因定位、序列保守结构域和进化关系等分析。结果表明:该家族中10条序列分布在第Ⅵ条染色体上,1条分布在第Ⅴ染色体上;6号染色体上的10序列呈现2个抗病基因簇分布,在染色体上分别占据2个和3个基因位点;10条同源蛋白是Rpi-blb2的共同垂直同源蛋白,但不具有平行同源关系,大多数成员定位于细胞质。按照蛋白质保守结构域和基因定位的不同可分为三类,第一类共4条系列,包含有DUF3542和NB-ARC两个保守结构域特征序列;第二类共6条序列,与马铃薯Rpi-blb2蛋白一样,仅包含NB-ARC保守结构域特征序列,在这2类蛋白序列的NB-ARC结构域均位于序列中部;第三类(仅包含XP_004239406.1)虽然也具有与第一类蛋白相似的DUF3542和NB-ARC结构域,但在结构域两端的非保守区序列较短,且位于5号染色体上,因此将其单独归为1类。前两类蛋白成员相应的基因具有1~2个内含子,第3类蛋白不含内含子。该研究结果为利用生物技术选育番茄抗性品种提供了理论基础。     

马铃薯根结线虫抗性基因的电子克隆与序列分析

近年来,马铃薯受根结线虫的危害日益严重,造成减产、植株萎蔫、影响其商品性,并使其很容易受其他土传病害侵染。而不同马铃薯材料对根结线虫抗病性存在明显差异。因此,从分子角度挖掘和利用其本身所具备的抗病基因变得尤为重要。本研究采用电子克隆技术,搜索马铃薯EST数据库,拼接获得28 714条重叠群(contigs),以番茄、辣椒中已经克隆的根结线虫抗性基因作为探针,与所拼接的contigs进行比对及序列分析,共获得2条马铃薯根结线虫抗性基因的c DNA序列(contig_5164,contig_12247)。进一步采用生物信息学方法,对所得2条抗性基因序列进行了氨基酸组成和亲缘关系的分析。结果显示,contig_5164总长1 191 bp,推测编码206个氨基酸,等电点为4.77。Contig_12247总长892 bp,推测编码114个氨基酸,等电点为4.24。氨基酸组成均以亮氨酸最多,谷氨酸其次。两基因与番茄亲缘关系最近。随后对拼接所得contigs进行功能注释和GO分类,完成了对马铃薯中5类抗病保守结构域基因的挖掘。本研究的结果可为马铃薯根结线虫抗性基因进一步的研究与应用以及开发利用马铃薯抗性资源奠定基础。     

Cloning of an avilamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü57.

A 65-kb region of DNA from Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü57, containing genes encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis of avilamycins, was isolated. The DNA sequence of a 6.4-kb fragment from this region revealed four open reading frames (ORF1 to ORF4), three of which are fully contained within the sequenced fragment. The deduced amino acid sequence of AviM, encoded by ORF2, shows 37% identity to a 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from Penicillium patulum. Cultures of S. lividans TK24 and S. coelicolor CH999 containing plasmids with ORF2 on a 5.5-kb PstI fragment were able to produce orsellinic acid, an unreduced version of 6-methylsalicylic acid. The amino acid sequence encoded by ORF3 (AviD) is 62% identical to that of StrD, a dTDP-glucose synthase from S. griseus. The deduced amino acid sequence of AviE, encoded by ORF4, shows 55% identity to a dTDP-glucose dehydratase (StrE) from S. griseus. Gene insertional inactivation experiments of aviE abolished avilamycin production, indicating the involvement of aviE in the biosynthesis of avilamycins.     

Cloning and characterization of chemotaxis genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Two chemotaxis-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated PC3 and PC4, were selected by the swarm plate method after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. These mutants were not complemented by the P. aeruginosa cheY and cheZ genes, which had been previously cloned (Masduki et al., J. Bacteriol., 177, 948-952, 1995). DNA sequences downstream of the cheY and cheZ genes were able to complement PC3 but not PC4. Sequence analysis of a 9.7-kb region directly downstream of the cheZ gene found three chemotaxis genes, cheA, cheB, and cheW, and seven unknown open reading frames (ORFs). The predicted translation products of the cheA, cheB, and cheW genes showed 33, 36, and 31% amino acid identity with Escherichia coli CheA, CheB, and CheW, respectively. Two of the unknown ORFs, ORF1 and ORF2, encoded putative polypeptides that resembled Bacillus subtilis MotA (40% amino acid identity) and MotB (34% amino acid identity) proteins, respectively. Although P. aeruginosa was found to have proteins similar to the enteric chemotaxis proteins CheA, CheB, CheW, CheY, and CheZ, the gene encoding a CheR homologue did not reside in the chemotaxis gene cluster. The P. aeruginosa cheR gene could be cloned by phenotypic complementation of the PC4 mutant. This gene was located at least 1,800 kb away from the chemotaxis gene cluster and encoded a putative polypeptide that had 32% amino acid identity with E. coli CheR.     

Organization and repression by juvenile hormone of a vitellogenin gene cluster in the crustacean, Daphnia magna

Two Daphnia magna vitellogenin (VTG) genes in neighboring but opposite orientations were identified. One was the gene for DmagVTG1, a previously characterized VTG polypeptide with a superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like domain at its NH(2)-terminus [Kato et al., Gene 334 (2004) 157-165]. Both genes had a 17-exon and 16-intron structure in the same configuration. DmagVTG2, a polypeptide encoded by the other gene, also had a SOD-like domain at its NH(2)-terminus. The amino acid sequences of the two VTG domains were highly homologous (95.5% identity), while those of the SOD-like domains were less homologous (62.4% identity). The VTG domains are phylogenetically related to insect VTGs while the SOD-like domains are related to viral and bacterial SODs. The intergenic region of 2.6kb between the two genes contains sequences resembling known juvenile hormone (JH)-responsive and ecdysone-responsive elements. JH agonists, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb, strongly repressed the expression of VTG genes in neonate daphnids.     

Nucleotide sequence of diatom plasmids: identification of open reading frames with similarity to site-specific recombinases

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of two small circular DNA plasmids, pCf1 and pCf2 [22], from the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis. pCf1 is 4273 bp, and pCf2 is 4079 bp in size. In each plasmid, all of the major open reading frames (ORFs) are encoded on the same DNA strand. Two ORFs are similar, comparing the two plasmids. ORF218 (pCf1) and ORF217 (pCf2) share 80% amino acid identity and ORF482 (pCf1) and ORF484 (pCf2) share 54% amino acid identity. ORF218/217 shows significant similarity (28–31% amino acid identity) to the Tn3 class of resolvases. Resolvases are most commonly found in bacterial transposons. However, two other features found in the Tn3 class of transposon are missing in the plasmids; an ORF encoding a transposase and terminal inverted repeat sequences. This, and data mapping the portions of the plasmids that hybridize to genomic chloroplast DNA, suggest that the plasmids do not contain active transposons. By analogy with the R46 plasmid from Enterobacter [5, 6], another potential role for the resolvases encoded by pCf1 and pCf2 is the conversion of multimeric forms of the plasmid to monomers. The similarity of ORF218/217 to resolvases documents the first identification of a potential coding function in an algal plasmid.     

Complete Sequence of Plasmid pMP1 from the Marine Environmental Vibrio vulnificus and Location of Its Replication Origin

A novel cryptic plasmid, pMP1, from an environmental Vibrio vulnificus MP-4 isolated from Mai Po Nature Reserve in Hong Kong, has been characterized. The 7.6-kb plasmid had guanine–cytosine content of 40.03% and encoded four open reading frames (ORFs) with >100 amino acids. The predicted protein of ORF1 contained 478 amino acids showing 29% identity and 50% similarity over 309 amino acids to the integrase of Vibrio cholerae phage VP2. ORF2 encoded a putative protein of 596 amino acids, which were 23% identity and 42% similarity over 455 amino acids to the tail tape measure protein TP901 of Chromohalobacter salexigens phage. ORF3 and ORF4 encoded putative proteins of 103 and 287 amino acids, respectively, but showed no homologies to any known proteins. Further experiments indicated that a 3.2-kb fragment from EcoRI digestion could self-replicate. Analysis indicated that a sequence upstream of ORF4 had the features characteristic of theta-type replicons: AT-rich region, six potential direct repeats (iterons) spaced approximately two DNA helical turn apart (about 23 bp), two copies of 9 bp dnaA boxes, three Dam methylation sites, and five inverted repeats. Complementation experiments confirmed that the protein encoded by ORF4 was required for plasmid replication. We propose that ORF4 encode a new type of Rep protein and pMP1 is a new type of theta plasmid.     

Structural characterization of protein secretion genes of the bacterial phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris: relatedness to secretion systems of other gram-negative bacteria

Summary The nucleotide sequence was determined of a 5.3 kb region of the Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris genome carrying a gene cluster encoding protein secretion and pathogenicity functions. A putative promoter sequence and five open reading frames (ORF) which may be part of an operon were revealed. The five predicted primary translation products comprise 531, 390, 147, 169 and 138 amino acids with M_r values of 58854, 42299, 15548, 18214 and 15108 respectively. A sixth, partial ORF is also present. Between ORF1 and ORF2 is a sequence of unknown function showing 7 by duplications. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF1 is related to the Klebsiella pneumoniae PulE protein, to the Bacillus subtilis ComG ORF1 and to the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB ORF11 products. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequence of ORF2 showed homology to the Pu1F and to the ComG ORF2 products. The proteins encoded by ORF3, 4 and 5 showed amino acid homology to PulG, H and I products respectively. The proteins encoded by ORF2, 3, 4 and 5 showed significant hydrophobic domains which may represent membrane-spanning regions. By contrast the protein encoded by ORF1 was largely hydrophilic and had two putative nucleoside triphosphate binding sites.The nucleotide sequence data in this paper have been deposited in the EMBL, Genbank and DDBJ nucleotide sequence databases under the accession number X59079     

Comparative analysis of the plasmids from two isolates of "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense"

Two plasmids from the plant-pathogenic mollicute "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense" were completely sequenced from two isolates derived from different plant hosts. Plasmid pPAPh2 (3607bp) was obtained from Phormium showing Phormium yellow leaf symptoms and pPASb11 (3635bp) from strawberry showing strawberry lethal yellows symptoms. The plasmids varied in their copy number and nucleotide sequence yet contained the same four open reading frames (ORFs). The deduced amino acid sequence derived from ORF1 shares similarity with hypothetical proteins encoded on the plasmids from onion yellows and beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent phytoplasmas. The deduced amino acid sequences of both ORF2 and ORF3 share similarity with functionally unknown proteins on the chromosome of onion yellows phytoplasma. An ORF with a similar sequence to ORF2 is also present on the chromosome of "Ca. P. australiense." The deduced amino acid sequence derived from ORF4 is most similar to replication proteins encoded by other phytoplasma plasmids and by geminiviruses, the only protein on the plasmids for which a putative function can be assigned. The identities of the deduced amino acid sequences of ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, and ORF4 between pPAPh2 and pPASb11 were 89, 68, 91, and 68%, respectively; the differences being consistent with the subgroup status of the parental phytoplasmas.