单孢融合性实验法鉴定采自四川北部的小孔异担子菌

在四川北部九寨沟和黄龙保护区的云杉、松树和铁杉上发现异担子菌 ,并从 6号标本中分离到 73个单孢菌株。在每个标本中随机选取 2个菌株分别与欧洲的原始多年异担子菌、小孔异担子菌和冷杉异担子菌的单孢菌株进行融合性交配。试验表明 ,这 6号标本都是小孔异担子菌。四川的菌株与欧洲的原始多年异担子菌交配不融合 ,而与欧洲的小孔异担子菌完全融合 ,并在交配后的菌落中形成锁状联合 ,且在交配的菌落中不产生拮抗线。虽然四川的菌株与欧洲的冷杉异担子菌有较高的融合性 ,但这些交配大部分为单项交配 ,即只在四川一侧的菌落中产生锁状联合 ,而且在交配的菌落中多数产生拮抗线。研究样品全部采自天然林 ,小孔异担子菌在四川经营林分中的致病性还有待进一步调查。     

梗孢酵母属的一个新种

作者于1978年从福建省福州市西湖公园的芒果花中分离出一株酵母1519。该菌株不产生子囊孢子、掷孢子,亦未见到有锁状连合。未发现有性繁殖。无性繁殖是在母细胞上产生小梗,小梗上产生子细胞,子细胞还可再生小梗再生子细胞。如果子细胞不脱落则成链状或分枝的链状。不发酵任何糖。按照形态和繁殖特征只符合Lodder(1970)酵母分类专著中半知菌部分的梗孢酵母。因此将它放入梗孢酵母属,命名为福州梗孢酵母(Sterigmatomyces fuzhouensis sp.n.)。     

一株来源于土壤的横梗霉菌及其产羧甲基纤维素酶性质

从广州徐闻农垦丰收农场土壤样品中分离到一株产羧甲基纤维素酶菌株,结合菌株形态特征和ITS基因序列同源性分析结果,表明该菌株为Lichtheimia sp.的未定种,其系统分类学关系与横梗霉菌Lichtheimia ramosa isolate K12(MN190291.1)最近,故命名为:横梗霉菌XWNR1(Lichtheimia ramosa XWNR1),该菌种保藏号为CCTCC NO:M2018230。采用刚果红染色法发现该菌粗酶液能够降解羧甲基纤维素钠产生透明圈,初步确定该菌具有产羧甲基纤维素酶的能力。通过优化该菌发酵培养条件,结果表明:该菌株以2.0×10^6接种浓度、1%接种量,28℃180 r/min恒温振荡培养60 h时,菌株分泌的羧甲基纤维素酶具有最好的活力。酶学性质初步研究结果表明,该羧甲基纤维素酶在最适pH 7.0、最适反应温度40℃条件下具有较好的pH稳定性和热稳定性。     

华中和华南的岛生异担子菌T生物种的鉴定研究

在湖南省衡山和江苏省紫金山的马尾松上发现岛生异担子菌,并从11号标本中分离到单孢菌株。在每个标本中随即选取两个或一个单孢菌株分别与已知的岛生异担子菌的T、N和Y生物种的单孢菌株进行融合性交配。实验表明这11号标本都是岛生异担子菌T生物种。T生物种的岛生异担子菌在中国广泛分布,且通常生长在马尾松上。N和T生物种具有相似的形态特征,Y生物种与N和T生物种的主要形态区别是具有较小的孔口和担孢子。     

β-葡萄糖苷酶产生菌的筛选及其所产纤维素酶酶系组成分析

从木霉属、曲霉属、担子菌等17种试验菌株中筛选出一株产β-葡萄糖苷酶活性较高的黑曲霉A.niger-nl-1。该菌株在适宜的培养条件下,β-葡萄糖苷酶的最高活力达到4.7U/mL,适宜的产酶周期为4d。制备的β-葡萄糖苷酶最适反应温度为55℃、最适反应pH为5.0。该菌株除能产生β-葡萄糖苷酶外,还能产生内切葡聚糖酶和外切葡聚糖酶,滤纸酶活达到0.62IU/mL。     

出芽短梗霉菌株PA-2全基因组测序及分析

【背景】出芽短梗霉菌株PA-2是一株分离自青海省海东市平安区患病杨树叶片上的真菌,前期研究表明该菌株具有除草和抑菌能力,说明其在生物农药方面具有潜在的应用前景。【目的】了解菌株PA-2的基因组序列信息,挖掘其生防相关功能基因簇,为进一步研究解析该菌株生防机理及生防功能改造提供遗传背景信息。【方法】利用IlluminaHiSeq高通量测序平台对生防菌株PA-2进行全基因组测序,用生物信息学的方法对测序数据进行基因组组装、基因预测及功能注释、碳水化合物活性酶预测、次级代谢产物合成基因簇预测,利用刚果红染色等方法对水解酶活性进行衡量。【结果】菌株PA-2基因组序列全长28 932 793 bp,平均GC含量为50%,共编码10 839个基因,预测到该菌株具有4个已知的次级代谢产物合成基因簇,编码Melanin、Burnettramic Acid A、ACR-Toxin I、Abscisic Acid,该菌株能水解纤维素和果胶。【结论】有助于在基因组层面上解析菌株PA-2生防机制的内在原因,为深入了解出芽短梗霉菌次级代谢物合成途径提供参考,对菌株PA-2的下一步相关研究具有重要意义。     

海冰微生物Pseudoalteromonas sp. ANT319耐盐性初步研究

南极海冰微生物在适应极端环境的长期进化过程中,获得了特殊的生理生化特性和基因表达调控机制。为了更多的了解南极微生物的逆境适应机制,以隶属南极海冰微生物典型菌属Pseudoalteromonas的ANT319为研究对象,探讨了该菌株在3%~12%的盐度梯度下的抗盐生长情况、蛋白质含量变化、细胞膜透性、丙二醛含量变化和不同盐度对菌株细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,此菌株的最适生长盐度为9%,随着盐度的升高,细胞内蛋白质含量升高,膜透性逐渐增加,SOD和POD的酶活性呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,在9%盐度下达到最高,CAT活性和MDA则基本上保持不变。可见,随着盐度的增加,细胞膜逐渐受到破坏,同时生物体对盐迫作出应激反应,产生较多蛋白来清除不良因素下产生的有害活性氧,包括生物体内抗氧化酶在内的蛋白含量及其活性的增加,研究结果初步揭示了海冰细菌的耐盐机制。     

杀松材线虫的两株野生担子菌

为了筛选有效的杀松材线虫野生担子菌菌株,以期用于开发安全高效杀松材线虫生防制剂,从野外采集担子菌子实体,采用常规组织分离法获得纯培养菌株303株,以全齿复活线虫Panagrellus redivivus作靶标进行皿内菌丝杀线虫活性测定,获得2株高活性的菌株BSN003和BSN034,结合形态学和ITS序列分析,将菌株BSN003鉴定为Neonothopanus nambi,菌株BSN034鉴定为棕榈微皮伞Marasmiellus palmivorus;两菌株的菌丝在平板上对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus均有较强的杀线虫能力,在长有菌落的CMA平板上接种松材线虫48h,菌株BSN003处理线虫的死亡率为100%,菌株BSN034处理线虫的捕食率为93.6%。本研究表明N. nambi和棕榈微皮伞是松材线虫生物防治的潜在资源。     

201株不同类型酵母的初步分类及胞外脱氧核糖核酸酶和蛋白酶的比较研究

本文初步研究了分离自中国南方数省各种基物上的201株酵母,共发现4个新记录,另有个别疑难菌株拟作进一步研究。对9属174株担子菌酵母与子囊菌酵母进行胞外酶等的比较研究,发现其胞外脱氧核糖核酸酶(DNase)及蛋白酶的产生情况在不同亲缘的酵母间有一定的规律性。并对蛋白酶测试方法进行了改良,从而缩短试验周期并减少了污染机会。     

长江、黄河源头地区土壤中的齿梗孢属真菌

在进行长江、黄河源头地区土壤中暗色丝孢菌多样性研究的过程中,从该地区分离、鉴定出8种齿梗孢属真菌。其中,中华齿梗孢Scolecobasidium chinense、青海齿梗孢S. qinghaiense为新种,树状齿梗孢S. dendroides为中国新记录种。对新种及中国新记录种作了较详细的描述。研究菌株的干制培养物和活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室（HSAUP）。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coprinopsis cinerea</Emphasis> from rice husks forming sclerotia in agar culture

Sclerotia were formed in agar culture by a fungus with clamp connections isolated from rice husks at Tsukuba, Japan. The sclerotia were brown, globose to ellipsoidal, small, up to 200 μm in diameter, and composed of external rind tissue and internal medulla tissue. Such tiny sclerotia have not been commonly reported among basidiomycetous fungi in the literature. The fungus was identified as Coprinopsis cinerea on the basis of morphological characteristics together with molecular analyses. Three reference strains of C. cinerea formed sclerotia similarly under identical cultural conditions.     

Sterigmatosporidium gen. n., a new heterothallic basidiomycetous yeast,the perfect state of a new species of Sterigmatomyces Fell

Sterigmatosporidium gen. n. is described as a new basidiomycetous yeast-like fungus with the single species Sterigmatosporidium polymorphum sp. n. for which a Latin diagnosis and a preliminary life cycle are presented. The mean character distinguishing the new genus from the imperfect genus Sterigmatomyces is the development of a dikaryotic mycelium with clamp connections producing sexual spores in ramified whorls and lateral chlamydospores as well as blastospores. The dikaryotic phase could be induced by crossing compatible haploid clones of the heterothallic fungus, which are similar to Sterigmatomyces but not identical with any known species.     

VOLVARIELLA VOLVACEA AND ITS LIFE HISTORY

Volvariella volvacea (Bull. ex Fr.) Sing. is a large pileate edible fungus of the tropics and sub-tropics. It has two kinds of spores, one being the sexual basidiospores in tetrads and the other the asexual chlamydospores. Both monosporous and vegetative hyphae are multinucleate, and there are no clamp connections. Fifty monospores were isolated from two fruiting bodies, and were cultivated individually with four replicates under controlled laboratory conditions. On the average, 76% of the monosporous progenies were fertile. The fungus is homothallic. The development and life cycle of the fungus are described. The possible mechanisms of homothallism are also discussed.     

Enviromentally Induced Changes in Clamp Connection Incidence in Hyphal Branching Systems of Coprinus disseminatus

The incidence of clamp connections among surface hyphae at thecolony margin of apparent dikaryons from four stocks of Coprinusdisseminatus has been investigated under several environmentalconditions. On 2 per cent malt agar, clamp connections are formed at allnodes of the main leader hyphae, but they are absent from theearlier-formed nodes of primary branch hyphae. Most primarybranches have begun to form clamp connections by their fifthcell division, and continue to do so subsequently. Onset ofclamp connection formation in primary branches is delayed whenthe concentration of malt in the medium is reduced. The occurrenceof clamp connections on main leader hyphae is reduced or preventedwhen nutrient supply in the medium is reduced, or when the mediumis ‘pre-staled’ by previous growth of C. disseminatus.Clamp-free main hyphal tips revert to formation of clamp connectionswhen the intact hyphal system is transferred to more favourableenvironmental conditions. Presence of clamp connections on bothmain and branch hyphae is associated with high hyphal diameter,and in some instances, also with high hyphal extension rate. The significance of these observations to mechanisms of growthof hyphal branching systems and their relevance to other speciesthat form clamp connections intermittently, are discussed.     

A NEW BASIDIOMYCETOUS SEPTAL TYPE: THE MULTIPERFORATE SEPTUM IN KRIEGERIA ERIOPHORI

Septa from metabasidia and clamp connections of the heterobasidiomycetous sedge parasite Kriegeria eriophori were studied with light and electron microscopy. Septa from clamp connections subtending probasidia were reconstructed from serial sections. Septa at clamp connections are perforated by multiple, simple pores, while metabasidial septa possess single, central swellings which probably represent pores occluded by wall material. The occurrence of multiperforate septa in the fungi is reviewed. The septal morphology of K. eriophori is compared to that of simple-septate heterobasidiomycetes, and the systematic and functional implications are discussed.     

Isolation of a homothallic mutant in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lentinula edodes</Emphasis>

To obtain a homothallic mutant in Lentinula edodes, basidiospores derived from the common Bmut dikaryon (A1B1mut × A2B1mut) were treated with UV irradiation. Of a total of approximately 5000 monosporous cultures recovered, a single basidiospore isolate was found to produce the hyphae bearing clamp connections without mating. This mutant strain could form fruit bodies, and all its single basidiospore isolates developed into colonies with clamp connections. Such homothallic behaviors were transmitted from the mutant strain to the next generation. During the germination and following hyphal elongation in a single basidiospore of mutant strain, clamp connections were clearly detected in multicellular hyphae, which contained two nuclei in each cell. Their clamp connections were morphologically variable, viz., pseudo, abnormal, and true clamps. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles among the basidiospore isolates of mutant strain were identical, indicating that the mutant strain produced isogenic basidiospore progeny. Contribution no. 385 from the Tottori Mycological Institute     

Localization of beta-(1,3)-glucanase in the mycelium of Sclerotium rolfsii.

The role of the lytic enzyme beta-(1,3)-glucanase in cell wall synthesis and its distribution in the mycelium of the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii were studied. Enzyme activity was determined after enzyme extraction with Triton X-100 from a cell wall preparation. Specific zones of immunofluorescence appeared in the hyphal tips, clamp connections, new septa, and lateral branching when a specific antiserum was used with the indirect method of the fluorescent antibody staining. Enzymatic activity in the cell wall preparation was inactivated by diethylpyrocarbonate. However, 69% of the total enzymatic activity was present in a latent form which was not affected by the ester. This result suggests that most of the beta-(1,3)-glucanase was present along the hyphal cell walls in a "masked" form. An active enzyme appeared only in those regions which showed immunofluorescence. The activity of glucan synthetase, an enzyme essential for wall formation, was higher in the branching funus grown on L-threonine-supplemented synthetic medium than in the synthetic medium-grown fungus.     

Diploid strains of the pathogenic basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans are thermally dimorphic

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic human pathogenic fungus with a defined sexual cycle. Clinical and environmental isolates of C. neoformans are haploid, and the diploid stage of the lifecycle is thought to be transient and unstable. In contrast, we find that diploid strains are readily obtained following genetic crosses of congenic MATalpha and MATa strains. At 37 degrees C, the diploid strains grow as yeast cells with a single nucleus that is larger than a haploid nucleus, contains a 2n content of DNA by FACS analysis, and is heterozygous for the MATalpha and MATa loci. At 24 degrees C, these diploid self-fertile strains filament and sporulate, producing recombinant haploid progeny in which meiotic segregation has occurred. In contrast to dikaryotic filament cells that are typically linked by fused clamp connections during mating, self-fertile diploid strains produce monokaryotic filament cells with unfused clamp connections. We also show that these diploid strains can be transformed and sporulated and that an integrated selectable marker segregates in a mendelian fashion. The diploid state could play novel roles in the lifecycle and virulence of the organism and can be exploited for the analysis of essential genes. Finally, the observation that dimorphism is thermally regulated suggests similarities between the lifecycle of C. neoformans and other thermally dimorphic human pathogenic fungi, including Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Sporothrix schenkii.     

Thelocarpon cyaneum sp. nov.

Thelocarpon cyaneum, a new lichenicolous fungus on Polyblastia, is described from Antarctica.     

Antarctomyces pellizariae sp. nov., a new,endemic, blue,snow resident psychrophilic ascomycete fungus from Antarctica

Extremophiles - In the present study, we have identified and characterised a new snow resident ascomycete blue stain fungus from Antarctica named Antarctomyces pellizariae sp. nov. Menezes,...