陕西省枣疯病的潜在风险分析及管理对策

[目的]枣疯病是我国枣树的一种毁灭性病害。近年来,该病害在陕西枣区发病面积日益扩大,造成枣树成片死亡,对陕西的红枣产业构成严重威胁。本文旨在明确枣疯病在陕西省的风险等级,为枣疯病的管控提供依据。[方法]采用有害生物风险分析程序和方法,从枣疯病发生现状、潜在危害性、寄主的经济重要性、定殖扩散的可能性以及风险管理的难度等5个方面,对枣疯病在陕西省的风险性进行了定性和定量综合评估。[结果]枣疯病在陕西全部枣区适生,在陕西省的风险综合评价值R=2.84,危险等级为Ⅰ级。[结论]枣疯病在陕西属于特别危险有害生物,对陕西红枣产业有很高的风险。根据其危险等级,提出应清除病原和严格检疫、加强枣园管理和防治媒介昆虫等管理对策。     

树莓疫霉根腐病入侵我国的风险分析

[目的] 树莓疫霉根腐病是全球树莓种植业的最主要病害,也是我国《进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》中的检疫性病害之一。随着我国树莓引种和种植面积的不断增加,其入侵和发生的风险也在不断升高,有必要对该病传入我国风险进行分析。[方法] 采用有害生物风险分析程序对其进行安全性评估,并应用多指标综合评价方法,对树莓疫霉根腐病菌的入侵风险进行定性和定量分析,计算综合风险值后再确定其入侵的风险等级。[结果] 树莓疫霉根腐病菌是对中国树莓产业具有潜在威胁的有害生物,其综合风险值(R)为2.22。[结论] 树莓疫霉根腐病菌属于高风险的有害生物,建议我国各个种苗进境口岸的检疫部门加强对该病的检疫力度,严防其传入我国。     

红火蚁在云南的入侵风险分析

[背景]红火蚁是一种严重威胁公共设施、动植物和人类安全的重要害虫,在国际上被列为极具破坏性和攻击性的入侵生物之一。自2004年在我国大陆广东省首次发现以来,其发生范围急剧扩大,目前已扩散至南方多个省份。[方法]通过分析该虫进入、定殖和扩散的可能性、危害影响和危害管理难度等5个方面,依据国际植物检疫措施标准（ISPM）中的有害生物风险分析原则,利用云南外来入侵有害生物多指标综合评价体系,对红火蚁在云南的入侵风险进行评估。[结果]通过定性和定量风险分析,对其入侵云南的风险做出综合评价,得出风险评估值R=2．25。[结论与意义]红火蚁在云南属高度风险的有害生物,需在云南各口岸进境检疫中实施相应的风险管理,分析结果可为云南省开展红火蚁的检疫防控提供参考。     

基于半定量分析方法的谷斑皮蠹中国适生性分析

本文对仓储害虫谷斑皮蠹Trogoderma granarium Evens的形态特征、国内外分布情况、生物学和寄主等进行了描述.并根据半定量有害生物风险分析的方法,采用多指标综合评估方法来计算谷斑皮蠹的风险程度,评价出谷斑皮蠹属于高度危险的有害生物,并提出相应的风险管理对策.     

海南岛青皮林自然保护区

海南岛青皮林自然保护区位于海南岛东部万宁市沿海,北纬18。11',东经11O。10'。长16公里、宽400米,总面积14234亩,其中核心区面积4784亩,缓冲区496亩。青皮林地处海岸带,离潮汐线仅50米。保护对象是青皮林及其生境。它是非常珍贵的森林生态系统,对于保护与合理利用海南岛自然资源,具有重大的科学、文化与经济价值。保护区属热带海洋性季风气候,终年高温,干湿季明显。年均气温24.4℃,1月份18.7℃;年日照2196小时;年降雨量2200毫米,多集中于5—10月份;平均风速2.6米/秒。青皮林在植物区系属于热带成分,但有别于海南植物区系。这片单优青皮林…     

盐源县小高山林业有害昆虫红脂大小蠹风险性评估

[目的] 针对盐源小高山林业有害昆虫红脂大小蠹进行风险性评估，为该地区开展红脂大小蠹的防控、监测预警和风险管理提供依据。[方法] 采用多指标综合评价法、风险分析方法，对影响红脂大小蠹的分布、传入定殖扩散、潜在危害、受害寄主经济重要性、危险性管理难度这5个因素进行分析，经查阅文献，并综合考虑红脂大小蠹在"国外、国内和盐源小高山"的分布对综合评价值R的影响，通过调整地理分布在评估系统的权重，进而优化评估体系，提出风险评估量化指标体系，计算红脂大小蠹的风险性分值。[结果] 盐源县小高山红脂大小蠹的风险性分值为2.05，为高度危险发生害虫。[结论] 红脂大小蠹已对盐源县小高山地区的云南松林造成一定的危害，应加强监测预警，防控其危害进一步扩大，为林业生态安全提供保障。     

几内亚甘蔗象Rhabdoscelus obscurus随进境原木传入扩散的风险分析

根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险性分析程序,利用相关风险分析模型,从国内分布状况、潜在的危害性、受害寄主的经济重要性、传播和扩散的可能性及风险性管理难度5个方面对几内亚甘蔗象传入扩散风险进行定性、定量分析。结果表明其综合风险值R为2.57,属于高度危险的有害生物。据此提出了3条风险管理对策,以期使风险降低到可接受水平。     

海南石梅湾青皮林最小取样面积与物种多样性研究

石梅湾海岸青皮(Vatica hainanensis)林是海南独特的雨林群落之一。本文选用8种“种-面积渐近线”对该群落的最小取样面积进行了拟合研究。结果表明,其中5条曲线的R^2大于0．97,拟合状况很好,但所得出的最小取样面积各不相同。进一步经过“重要值-面积曲线”的群落特征分析,确认群落的最小取样面积只有800m^2。石梅湾青皮林最小取样面积比海南其他类型雨林、滇南热带雨林、东南亚热带雨林以及非洲雨林都要小。通过对1000m^2样地的物种多样性分析,结果表明：在垂直结构上,石梅湾青皮林B层乔木的Gleason指数大于A层乔木,和海南山地雨林的情况不同。海岸青皮林为物种多样性不高的单优林,群落的物种多样性、均匀度远小于海南其他类型的山地雨林与混合青皮林;在海岸青皮林群落内,青皮的相对密度、相对优势度、重要值大大高于其他物种。此研究表明：海南热带雨林同样存在物种多样性不高、单优特征显著的顶极群落;海南海岸青皮林是迄今为止热带雨林取样面积最小的森林类型。     

外来入侵甜菜孢囊线虫在新疆的适生性分布及风险评估

[目的] 甜菜孢囊线虫是世界性的重要进境检疫性有害生物,每年造成严重的经济损失。甜菜是新疆重要的优势经济作物,总产量占全国总产量一半以上。对新疆开展甜菜孢囊线虫适生性分析及风险评估,旨在为我区重大外来有害生物的科学预警及防控提供指导。[方法] 采用BIOCLIM模型对甜菜孢囊线虫在新疆的具体潜在分布区进行预测,并采用多指标赋值运算,对其入侵的风险进行定量分析。[结果] 甜菜孢囊线虫在新疆荒漠绿洲区的适生区域主要集中在阿勒泰市、塔城、博乐市、伊犁州、乌鲁木齐市、昌吉州、库尔勒市、阿克苏乌什县和拜城县和哈密市的巴里坤哈萨克族自治县。甜菜孢囊线虫的危险性综合评估风险值R为2.397,属于高度危险等级。[结论] 新疆主要甜菜种植区为甜菜孢囊线虫的高度适生区,需要高度重视,其预测结果为建立甜菜孢囊线虫长效预警与防控机制提供必要的理论基础。     

植物种质资源引进风险分析方法概述

种质资源作为生物资源的重要组成部分,是培育作物优质、高产、抗病（虫）、抗逆新品种的物质基础。近年来,为满足我国种业飞速发展的需要,我国不断从国外引入大量的种质资源,种质资源相比其他植物产品携带有害生物的风险更高。种质资源引进过程中不可避免地携带有害生物,可能会带来严重危害。目前,美国、澳大利亚等国家已制定了关于种质资源的风险分析方法,但我国缺少针对种质资源有害生物统一的风险分析方法。本文分析了国际植物检疫措施标准、主要的贸易国家及我国有害生物风险分析标准方法的主要内容,针对引进种质资源过程中亟需解决的有害生物风险分析问题开展讨论,并对种质资源有害生物风险分析系统其未来展开工作提出以下建议：设置符合种质资源风险分析特性的指标;采用半定量风险评估方法对种质资源进行风险分析;根据不断的学习和实际工作的需要,对风险评估指标体系进行验证和适当修改。     

内蒙古典型草原区狭颅田鼠集群数量与被捕食风险的关系

2005年9月15日—30日,在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟西乌珠穆沁旗的典型草原上研究了狭颅田鼠(Microtus gregalis)冬季集群与来自艾虎(Mustela eversmanni)的捕食风险。采用鼠洞口数量作为狭颅田鼠集群大小的指标,分析了艾虎对不同大小狭颅田鼠集群的捕食优先选择偏好。对实验样地内狭颅田鼠的洞群洞口数进行了调查统计(样地内总共涉及102个狭颅田鼠有效洞群),并计数此期间的艾虎粪便堆数以及攻击掘开狭颅田鼠洞群的情况。运用非参数的Mann-Whitney U检验法进行数据分析,结果表明:从艾虎遗留的粪便痕迹来看,没有被艾虎访问过的田鼠洞群与被艾虎访问过的洞群之间差异达到极显著水平;另外,从狭颅田鼠洞口被艾虎掘开的痕迹来分析,没有被艾虎挖掘的洞群与被艾虎挖掘的洞群之间的差异也达到极显著的水平;另外,随着田鼠洞群洞口数量的增加,出现艾虎粪便和掘洞的频次和概率就越高。表明艾虎对狭颅田鼠集群洞口数的选择差异性非常显著,明显倾向于选择在洞口数量多的狭颅田鼠洞群停留,同时也更倾向于掘开洞口数量较高的狭颅田鼠洞群作为捕食对象。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

二疣犀甲对油棕、椰子的风险性分析及防控策略

二疣犀甲是危害椰子、油棕等木本油料作物的重要害虫,本文从形态学、生物学、分布及危害等不同方面对该虫进行了阐述,并对其风险性进行了定性定量评价,结果表明:二疣犀甲的R值为2.0,属于高风险有害生物。同时从生物防治、物理防治、化学防治、农事操作及检验检疫技术的应用等方面制定了二疣犀甲的综合防控策略,为该虫的危害评价和防护技术的制定提供了参考。     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.     

蓝莓瘿蚊入侵我国的风险分析

【目的】蓝莓瘿蚊是蓝莓上的一种重要害虫,近年来在世界范围内传播扩散迅速,随着我国蓝莓引种和种植面积的不断增加,其入侵我国的风险不断升高,一旦入侵我国,将对我国蓝莓产业造成巨大损失,有必要对该害虫入侵我国风险进行分析。【方法】采用有害生物风险分析程序对其进行安全性评估,应用多指标综合评价方法,对蓝莓瘿蚊入侵我国的风险进行定性和定量分析,确定蓝莓瘿蚊入侵我国的风险性等级。【结果】蓝莓瘿蚊综合风险值(R)为2.12,是对中国蓝莓产业具有潜在威胁的有害生物。【结论】蓝莓瘿蚊属于高风险有害生物,建议口岸检疫部门采取针对性风险管控措施,严防其传入我国。     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Movement and spatial organization of small mammals following vertebrate predator exclusion

Predation directly changes the demographics of prey, generally through a numerical decrease. An indirect effect of predators is alteration of movements and spatial patterns of prey. The relationship between these direct and indirect effects can be tested by excluding predators. Home range size of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) decreased and home range overlaps increased in the absence of predators. Home range size and overlaps of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) did not change despite an increase in vole density. P. leucopus had significantly lower interspecific home range overlaps with M. pennsylvanicus than intraspecific overlaps. The changes in P. leucopus spatial behavior may be an indirect effect of predator exclusion resulting from the increase in M. pennsylvanicus densities.     

中国石蕊科地衣研究之四石蕊属地衣新种及中国新记录

摘要:本文报道了中国横断山地区石蕊属地衣12种,其中新种1个:贡嘎石蕊(Cladonia ngganensis S.Y. Guo & Wei),中国新记录11种:类黄粉石蕊(Cl. bacilliformis),比蒙氏石(Cl. beaumontii),小棍棒石蕊(Cl. clavulifera),圆筒石蕊(Cl. cylindrica),具粉石蕊(Cl. farinacea),北海道石蕊(Cl. hokkaidensis),厚叶石蕊(Cl. incrassata),大叶石蕊(Cl. macrophylla),丛杯石蕊( Cl. mateocyatha),多孔石蕊(Cl. multiformis)和亚石蕊(Cl. subrangiformis)。对于每一种的化学成分及地理分布进行了测定和分析。