Responses of barley,pea, and maize to inoculation with different vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in irradiated soil

Summary The efficiency of different VAM fungi was investigated by inoculating barley, pea, and maize with different VAM fungi in irradiated soil in pots buried in the field. VAM frequency, growth and nutrient uptake were measured. In barleyGlomus epigaeus (CA) andG. macrocarpus (CA) were the most efficient out of 11 tested species and increased yield of grain by 24% and 21%, though they were not significant according to oneway analysis of variance. In pea, yield of grain was significantly increased from 46% to 104% (mean=68%) by 7 out of 10 tested species and by 105% by application of P fertilizer. The most efficient species wereG. epigaeus (CA),G. mosseae (GB), andG. etunicatus (CA). In maizeG. mosseae (GB) andG. caledonius (DK) increased total yield significantly by 59% and 47% in one experiment and in another experiment yield of cob was increased by 68% byG. mosseae (GB), 72% byG. caledonius (DK), and by 153% by application of P fertilizer. This experiment demonstrated that responsiveness to inoculation by VAM fungi differed among plant species, and that efficiency of different VAM fungi differed.     

黑果枸杞功能性状对氮磷添加的响应及其可塑性

分析养分添加对荒漠植物功能性状的影响,对揭示其响应和适应环境变化的规律至关重要.本研究以黑果枸杞为材料,设置3个氮磷(NP)添加量(低、中、高)和N/P(5∶1、15∶1、45∶1),量化分析了整株、根、茎、叶和果实性状对NP添加的响应.结果 表明:黑果枸杞功能性状差异化响应了NP添加量和比例,随NP添加量的增加,生物...     

Research approaches to study the functioning of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in the field

Approaches suitable for the study on the functioning of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) in the field are discussed, with emphasis on those VAM-specific processes which may influence P nutrition of crops. These processes are related to hyphal P transport in particular, and conventional techniques based on comparisons between VAM-colonized plants and uncolonized controls are therefore of limited value in such studies. Novel methods are described, which make use of a two-compartment principle and isotopes to directly measure the P transport by the VAM mycelium under controlled conditions and in the field. The principle of isotopic equilibrium may be used for indirectly quantifying the relative amounts of P supplied by hyphae and by roots of VAM plants. The hyphal contribution to P uptake may also be assessed by comparing hyphal uptake of ³²P from a hyphal compartment with uptake of ³³P from a corresponding compartment containing both roots and hyphae. These methods are suitable for a functional characterization of VAM fungi and for identifying constraints to the functioning of VAM.     

帽儿山地区不同类型河岸带土壤的反硝化效率

以帽儿山地区森林背景下的森林、皆伐、草地河岸带和农田背景下的森林、裸地河岸带土壤为研究对象,采用硝态氮消失法,研究了不同背景下各类型河岸带的反硝化强度及其影响因素．结果表明：各类型河岸带中,农田背景下的森林河岸带土壤反硝化强度最大,其硝态氮消失率的变化范围为46．79％～91．13％,农田背景下的裸地河岸带土壤反硝化强度最小,其硝态氮消失率的变化范围为15．64％～81．84％;森林背景下土壤反硝化强度的大小顺序为皆伐河岸带〉森林河岸带〉草地河岸带,其硝态氮消失率的变化范围依次为42．06％～90．39％、28．24％～85．73％、21．44％～83．11％．研究区河岸带表层土壤的反硝化强度大于底层．河岸带土壤反硝化强度均受可利用碳、硝态氮的限制,各类型河岸带以农田背景下森林河岸带土壤反硝化潜力最大．     

不同耐旱性玉米杂交种及其亲本叶片活性氧代谢对水分胁迫的响应

干旱是制约玉米生产最主要的逆境因子。通过在活动式防雨棚下进行盆栽试验,以耐旱性不同的2个玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系为材料,研究了水分胁迫下玉米叶片活性氧代谢的变化及膜脂过氧化水平。结果表明,在水分胁迫下：（1）玉米叶片O2产生速率和H2O2含量升高、活性氧清除酶类SOD、CAT、AsP活性和清除剂AsA含量在生育前期略微升高,在生育后期明显降低,致使膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量在整个生育期,特别在生育后期明显升高;（2）耐旱性不同的玉米材料维持活性氧代谢平衡的能力存在差异,且该差异在生育后期更为明显。耐旱性较强的掖单2号及其亲本叶片昕产生速率和H2O2含量增加幅度小。生育前期SOD、CAT和AsP活性,以及AsA含量增幅大,后期清除酶活性和清除剂含量较高,全生育期内MDA含量增幅小,表现出较强的维持活性氧代谢平衡能力。而耐旱性较弱的掖单13及其亲本正相反;（3）杂交种维持活性氧代谢平衡的能力受亲本维持能力遗传决定。杂交种各指标的相对耐旱值与其两亲本的平均值呈正相关,其中CAT和AsP活性以及AsA含量3个指标差异达显著水平。     

玉米籽粒灌浆特性对播期的响应

以‘京科528’(JK528)和‘郑单958’(ZD958)为试验材料,设置早春播(4月10日播种)和春播(5月14日播种)2个播期处理,研究不同播期条件下玉米的籽粒灌浆特性.结果表明: JK528、ZD958在早春播条件下的最终百粒重和产量显著高于春播,增幅分别为6.8%和10.1%、17.8%和9.2%;籽粒最大灌浆速率(G_max)、平均灌浆速率(G_ave)表现为早春播高于春播,而籽粒活跃灌浆期(P)呈相反趋势;JK528百粒重和产量显著高于ZD958,其中JK528百粒重和产量较ZD958高7.4 g和1189.6 kg·hm^-2,增幅分别为21.6%和10.8%;P表现为ZD958大于JK528,而W_max、G_max、G_ave和T_max表现为JK528大于ZD958;同一播期,JK528在灌浆中期的平均灌浆速率高于后期,且高于ZD958.相关分析表明,籽粒干物质积累量与平均气温和积温间呈极显著正相关.可见,充分利用光热资源,提高灌浆速率,有利于获得较高粒重,从而提高玉米产量.JK528在灌浆前中期灌浆速率快的优势弥补了其灌浆活跃期略短的情况,进而在不同播期条件下均可获得较高的粒重.     

遮荫对两个基因型玉米叶片解剖结构及光合特性的影响

以耐荫性不同的玉米品种郑单958(ZD958,耐荫性较强)和豫玉22(YY22,耐荫性较弱)为材料,研究了苗期50%遮荫对玉米叶片形态结构和光合特性的影响。结果表明:形态结构上,苗期遮荫处理后,玉米叶片变薄,单位面积叶绿体数目减少,基粒数、基粒厚度和片层数增加,但是YY22的叶绿体大部分发育不良,肿胀呈球形,基粒片层和基质片层出现不同程度的松散;而ZD958大部分叶绿体结构良好,各部分发育基本正常。光合特性上,弱光胁迫使玉米叶片叶绿素含量升高,净光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)降低,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)增加,但是YY22的Pn、Fv/Fm和Φ_PSⅡ显著下降,Ci和NPQ显著升高;而ZD958的Fv/Fm和Φ_PSⅡ下降幅度较小,且NPQ增加亦不显著。研究结果提示,弱光胁迫对玉米叶片形态结构和光合特性影响较大,且存在基因型差异,耐荫性较强的品种对弱光环境的适应性较强。     

The influence of rooting density in the soil on P removal by cereals on soils with different yield potential

Summary In field experiments on soils of different rooting density and different yield potential relationships between P uptake and root penetration of the soil, respectively, EUF-P contents in the topsoil were studied.On soils under uniform climatic and management conditions yields increased with increasing total root length in the subsoil (30–100 cm depth), while a negative correlation was found to exist between yields and total root length in the topsoil (0–30 cm).P removal was significantly correlated with the readily available water capacity of the rooted soil volume, which indicates the yield potential of a soil. There was no significant correlation between EUF-P contents of the soils and the P contents of the plants, but P contents in plant dry matter was significantly correlated with rooting density in the topsoil. Considering the effect on P contents of both EUF-P content in the topsoil and rooting density, the correlation coefficient was increased.     

河北固城夏玉米比叶面积对水分梯度的响应

基于河北固城农试站2013-2015年夏玉米田间水分控制试验,研究了夏玉米比叶面积(SLA)随发育期的变化趋势,并分主要发育时段探讨了SLA与水分梯度的定量关系。结果表明,从七叶期开始夏玉米SLA随发育进程的推进总体呈下降趋势,七叶期至成熟期SLA变化范围平均为14.6-34.9m~2/kg。尽管干旱胁迫会明显降低夏玉米地上绿叶面积和干重,但却使SLA表现出"补偿性"增大,用于弥补干旱胁迫导致光合产物不足引起的叶片扩张乏力。夏玉米出苗-拔节期、抽雄-成熟期土壤相对湿度(θ)每降低1%,SLA分别上升0.45m~2/kg和0.07m~2/kg,表明出苗-拔节期夏玉米对干旱的"适应"能力更强;而拔节-抽雄期SLA与θ的关系较为复杂,表现为先增大后减小的抛物线型。     

苗期玉米叶片光合特性对水分胁迫的响应

以2个抗旱性不同的玉米品种为材料进行盆栽试验,在苗期设置4个水分梯度,研究气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数及光响应特征。结果表明:随水分胁迫的加剧,除细胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和非光化学淬灭(qN)上升外,其它参数均下降,先玉335(XY335)各参数的变化幅度小于陕单902(SD902);轻度胁迫下品种间气体交换参数差异最大,严重干旱下叶绿素荧光参数差异最大;净光合速率(Pn)和相对电子传递速率(rETR)的光响应曲线拟合结果显示,水分胁迫导致玉米叶片最大光合速率和光能利用率下降,XY335各参数的下降幅度小于SD902;轻度干旱下Pn光响应拟合参数品种间差异最大,严重干旱下rETR光响应拟合参数差异最大。综上表明,水分胁迫导致玉米叶片对强光的敏感性增加,干旱和光抑制对光系统Ⅱ造成的叠加伤害随干旱加重和品种抗旱性弱而加剧,是制约光合作用的主要原因;旱区强光下的玉米幼苗应及时补水,以避免严重干旱和高光强的叠加伤害。     

不同氮水平下作物养分吸收与利用

玉米与马铃薯间作是重要的间作种植模式,具有较突出的资源利用和产量优势,但养分吸收和利用对作物产量优势的贡献及这种贡献对施氮量的响应机制尚不清楚.本研究采用玉米单作、马铃薯单作和玉米与马铃薯间作3种种植模式,分别设置N₀(0 kg·hm^-2)、N₁(125 kg·hm^-2)、N₂(250 kg·hm^-2)和N₃(375 kg·hm^-2)4个氮水平,通过2年田间小区试验,研究不同氮水平下间作产量优势的营养基础.结果表明: 随着施氮量的增加,氮、磷、钾的单作加权平均吸收量逐渐增加,间作则先增加后减少.间作在N₁水平时具最高的养分吸收优势,分别较单作加权平均值增加氮吸收14.9%、磷吸收38.6%、钾吸收27.8%;间作在N₀和N₃时具有更高的养分利用效率,较单作可提高氮利用效率3.5%～14.3%、磷利用效率3.5%～18.5%、钾利用效率10.6%～31.6%.N₀和N₁时玉米与马铃薯间作具有显著产量优势,其营养基础在N₀时主要是提高了作物养分利用效率,而N₁时则是促进养分吸收的结果.充分发挥间作促进养分吸收对玉米与马铃薯间作产量优势的贡献,需要合理控制氮肥的投入.     

Response of root mRNA population to sulphate shortage in maize seedlings

Roots of ten-days-old seedlings obtained from a maize hybrid grown in complete or in sulphate-deprived medium were used to extract Poly(A)+RNA. The response to sulphate deprivation, which is known to increase the uptake capacity up to ten times, was manifested also by the expression of three mRNA species, as shown by the in vitro translation of the mRNA population. One hour after transfer to complete nutrient medium all three mRNAs were still present.Abbreviations BSA Bovine Serum Albumine - DTT 1,4-Dithio-DL-Threitol - EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid - MES 2-(N-Morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid - SDS Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate - TCA Trichloracetic acid - TRIS Tris(hydroxy-methyl)-aminomethane     

玉米幼苗根系分泌物对芘污染的响应

根际袋土培试验研究了玉米幼苗根系分泌物中的可溶性糖、低分子量有机酸和氨基酸对不同芘污染水平(50、200、800mgkg-1,记为T1、T2、T3)的响应差异,探讨芘胁迫下植物根系的生理生态效应。结果表明,较低浓度芘可适当地刺激玉米的生长,高浓度芘处理抑制了玉米的生长,并且抑制作用随芘处理浓度的提高而增强;芘对玉米根系的影响要大于对茎叶的影响。芘胁迫下促进了根系分泌可溶性糖、低分子量有机酸和氨基酸增多。T1、T2和T3处理根系分泌物中可溶性糖、低分子量有机酸、氨基酸含量分别是T0处理的1.14、1.81、1.35倍,1.24、4.31、2.94倍,1.58、5.56、5.40倍。不同芘污染水平下,乙酸分泌量表现为T2T3T1,酒石酸和柠檬酸分泌量表现为T3T2T1,草酸分泌量表现为T3≈T2T1。芘处理对根系分泌氨基酸种类的影响不大,而对各氨基酸分泌量的变化幅度影响较大;芘胁迫处理对于18种常见氨基酸组分的分泌量的影响各不相同。不同芘污染水平下,天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸和丙氨酸分泌量表现为T3T2T1,苏氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、甘氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、鸟氨酸分泌量表现为T2T3T1。     

不同生育期玉米叶片光合特性及水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应

利用大型移动防雨棚开展了玉米水分胁迫及复水试验,通过分析玉米叶片光合数据,揭示了不同生育期水分胁迫及复水对玉米光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫导致玉米叶片整体光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度下降以及光合速率日变化的峰值提前;水分胁迫后的玉米叶片蒸腾速率、光合速率和气孔导度为适应干旱缺水均较对照显著下降,从而提高了水分利用效率,缩小了与水分充足条件下玉米叶片的水分利用效率差值;在中度和重度水分胁迫条件下,玉米叶片的水分利用效率降幅低于光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的降幅, 有时甚至高于正常供水条件下的水分利用效率;适度的水分胁迫能提高玉米叶片的水分利用效率,从而增强叶片对水分的利用能力,抵御干旱的逆境;水分亏缺对玉米光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的影响具有较明显滞后效应,干旱后复水,光合作用受抑制仍然持续;水分胁迫时间越长、胁迫程度越重,叶片的光合作用越呈不可逆性;拔节-吐丝期水分胁迫对玉米叶片光合作用的逆制比三叶-拔节期更难恢复。     

玉米苗期SR蛋白基因家族的干旱胁迫应答

基因表达的选择性剪接(Alternative splicing, AS)调控与植物对逆境胁迫应答密切相关, SR蛋白(Serine/ arginine-rich proteins)是其中关键的调节因子。文章对玉米B73参考基因组进行分析显示: 多数SR蛋白家族基因成员启动子区域含有3~8种与发育或胁迫相关的顺式调控元件; 27个基因成员编码碱性蛋白, 其中23个成员的编码蛋白依照其N′端的首个RRM(RNA recognition motif)结构域特征大体上可划分为5个亚组。利用双向分级聚类方法, 对三叶期干旱胁迫下玉米杂交种郑单958及其亲本郑58和昌7-2的SR蛋白基因家族的分析显示, 该基因家族的表达模式具有明显的组织表达特异性和基因型依赖性特征; 其中在干旱胁迫下地下组织以下调表达模式为主, 而地上组织中以上调表达模式为主。在重度干旱胁迫后的3个不同时段复水过程中, 地上和地下组织中SR蛋白基因家族的表达皆以下调表达模式为主。另外, 尽管不同基因成员的表达模式在干旱胁迫及其后的复水过程中存在明显差异, 但普遍存在自身选择性剪接现象。SR蛋白基因家族在玉米干旱胁迫的应答规律, 为从AS-network视角解析玉米的抗逆分子机制提供了新思路。     

Radial diffusion transport of water in various zones of maize root and its sensitivity to mercury chloride

NMR-spin echo method was used for comparative study of radial water diffusion in various zones of maize (Zea mays L., cv. Donskaya 1) primary root. Coefficients of water diffusion varied strongly along the root length; the pattern of variations depended on the period during which the diffusion of water molecules was traced. Water diffusion transport in various root zones was unevently sensitive to mercury chloride, an aquaporin inhibitor. The discovered variations in the mobility of water molecules were assigned to morphological and functional features of cells and tissues in the root zones examined; they were interpreted in terms of variable contribution and redistribution of water flows along several transport pathways. The decrease in diffusional water flows could be caused by cell wall modifications (deposition of suberin) that emerge in the endoderm regions distant from the root apex and diminish the contribution of apoplastic transport.     

Acquisition of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in soil at different P and micronutrient levels

Sustainability of soil-plant systems requires, among other things, good development and function of mycorrhizal symbioses. The effects of P and micronutrient levels on development of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and uptake of Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe by maize (Zea mays L.) were studied. A pot experiment with maize either inoculated or not with Glomus intraradices was conducted in a sand:soil (3 :1) mix (pH 6.5) in a greenhouse. Our goal was to evaluate the contribution of mycorrhizae to uptake of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by maize as influenced by soil P and micronutrient levels. Two levels of P (10 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ soil) and three levels of a micronutrient mixture: 0, 1X and 2X (1X contained, in mg kg⁻¹ soil, 4.2 Fe, 1.2 Mn, 0.24 Zn, 0.06 Cu, 0.78 B and 0.036 Mo), were applied to pots. There were more extraradical hyphae at the low P level than at the high P level when no micronutrients were added to the soil. Root inoculation with mycorrhiza and application of micronutrients increased shoot biomass. Total Zn content in shoots was higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants grown in soils with low P and low or no micronutrient addition. Total Cu content in shoots was increased by mycorrhizal colonization when no micronutrients were added. Mycorrhizal plants had lower Mn contents than non-mycorrhizal plants only at the highest soil micronutrient level. AMF increased total shoot Fe content when no micronutrients were added, but decreased shoot Fe when plants were grown at the high level of micronutrient addition. The effects of G. intraradices on Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe uptake varied with micronutrient and P levels added to soil. Accepted: 27 December 1999     

华北夏玉米干物质分配系数对干旱胁迫的响应

干物质分配系数反映作物各器官干物质的分配与积累,研究干物质分配系数对干旱胁迫的响应,是研究干旱胁迫对作物生长发育影响的基础.本文基于华北夏玉米主产省山东、河北和山西3个试验点2013—2015年田间水分控制试验资料,建立了夏玉米苗期、抽雄期、灌浆期3个主要发育阶段叶、茎、穗的干物质分配系数与土壤相对湿度的定量关系模型,分析了叶、茎、穗干物质分配系数对不同程度干旱胁迫的响应.结果表明: 3个阶段叶、茎、穗的干物质分配系数与土壤相对湿度均呈显著的一元二次关系.干旱胁迫下,叶片向外转运的干物质相对减少,叶干物质分配比例增加,并且在轻、中度干旱胁迫时的灌浆期(叶干物质分配系数增加0.04~0.09)以及重度干旱胁迫时的抽雄期(叶干物质分配系数增加0.17)响应最敏感.穗干物质分配系数对干旱胁迫表现为负响应,干旱胁迫越严重,分配系数越小,轻-重度干旱胁迫使穗干物质分配系数减小0.08~0.34.茎干物质分配系数对干旱胁迫的响应总体表现为灌浆期(正响应)＞抽雄期(负响应)＞苗期(负响应).     

不同施肥模式下稻田土壤微生物生物量磷对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应

通过15年的红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式下土壤微生物生物量磷(MB-P)对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应.结果表明红壤稻田有机碳源的长期投入和土壤有机碳的逐年升高使土壤微生物生物量碳(MB-C)维持在较高水平(＞800 mg·kg-1),是稻田土壤MB-P(＞16.0 mg·kg-1)提高的主要原因.长期不施磷肥条件下,土壤全磷含量与试验前相比显著降低(P＜0.05),而土壤有机磷含量平均提高了29.3%;土壤亏损的磷形态主要是无机磷(Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P),其中Al-P含量处于最低水平(平均0.5 mg·kg-1).另外,长期不施磷肥土壤的MB-P远高于Olsen法提取态磷(Olsen-P)(＜7.0 mg·kg-1),而稻田土壤MB-P与Al-P呈显著相关(P＜0.05),表明土壤微生物对稻田土壤Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P的利用是促进其向有效磷方向转化的关键途径.磷肥配合有机养分循环利用不仅提高了土壤磷库的积累,而且通过土壤微生物的活化有效地提高了土壤磷的有效性.     

控释尿素施用方式及用量对夏玉米氮肥效率和产量的影响

在大田条件下以不施氮为对照,研究了施氮量为75和150 kg N·hm^-2条件下,普通尿素底施、控释尿素底施和侧施对夏玉米光合性能、氮肥效率和产量的影响.结果表明：与普通尿素相比,相同施氮水平下,包膜控释尿素处理玉米果穗叶光合速率、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率均显著提高,玉米籽粒产量比普通尿素平均提高9.5%;与控释尿素侧施相比,底施使玉米籽粒产量提高6.2%.包膜控释尿素处理的氮肥农学利用率（AE）和偏生产力（PFP）比普通尿素平均分别提高74.5%和11.0%;与包膜控释尿素侧施相比,底施使AE和PFP分别提高26.8%和5.7%.控释尿素施用量较高时,玉米光合性能得到改善,产量、AE和PFP显著提高;与控释尿素侧施相比,底施对玉米产量、AE和PFP的增加效果更显著.