A more specific ELISA assay for the detection of antiphospholipid antibodies

The anticardiolipin ELISA assay was devised just over 10 years ago to detect patients with the APS, a disorder of recurrentthrombosis and/or pregnancy Though a series of workshops, the ELISA technique for detection of anticardiolipin antibodies has been standardized and units of measurement established.Manipulation of phospholipid antigens has enable a more specific detection of APS sera without loss of sensitivity. Inclusion of an in-house positive control in addition to calibrators may enable greater reproducibility of the anticardiolipin test. Since the lupus anticoagulant test alone may be positive, physicians should order both tests in patients suspected of having the APS. These patients need to be diagnosed since prophylactic tre prevent recurrent thrombosis and pregnancy losses.     

Recombinant NhSAG1 ELISA: a sensitive and specific assay for detecting antibodies against Neospora hughesi in equine serum

Neospora hughesi is a recently identified cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. However, the significance of this parasite is poorly understood. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a recombinant form of the N. hughesi 29-kDa surface antigen (rNhSAG1) was developed for serodiagnosis of equine N. hughesi infections. Parallel ELISA analysis showed that animals immunized or infected with N. hughesi exhibited greater antibody reactivity with rNhSAG1 than with the Neospora caninum homolog, rNcSAG1. The rNhSAG1 ELISA showed 94.4% sensitivity and 95.0% specificity when compared with N. hughesi western blot results for 1,006 samples. The N. hughesi seroprevalence was 3.4% for the 1,917 samples tested by ELISA, which is less than earlier reports. Importantly, western blot analysis of ELISA-positive sera revealed only 18 true seropositive samples for an even lower seroprevalence of 0.9%. These results imply that Neospora spp. infections are uncommon in horses. The sensitivity and specificity exhibited by the rNhSAG1 ELISA suggest that it has a potential use for serodiagnosis of N. hughesi infection in equids. Furthermore, the high-throughput capability of the ELISA will allow for screening large sample sets, which should provide a better understanding of N. hughesi epidemiology.     

阿特拉津高灵敏酶联免疫吸附检测法的建立

目的：建立高灵敏度的阿特拉津酶联免疫吸附检测法。方法：将间接竞争ELISA进行条件优化以提高检测灵敏度,包括包被抗原与一抗的最佳工作浓度筛选、选择一抗的最佳稀释度对包被抗原进行细化筛选、不同有机溶剂对竞争结合反应的影响、酶标二抗稀释度筛选等。用建立的酶联免疫检测法检测实际样品,再与高效液相色谱法（HPLC）检测进行比较。结果：利用优化后条件建立了阿特拉津间接竞争ELISA检测曲线,标准曲线的相关系数R²=0.9958,相关性较好。另由此标准曲线可得LOD （最低检出限）为1.972 ng/ml。用于检测实际样品,回收率在80%-120%之间。当添加样品浓度为（0~6） ng/ml时,该法的检测灵敏度高于HPLC。结论：新建立的阿特拉津ELISA特异性好、精密度高,可代替大型仪器用于阿特拉津实际样品检测。     

A neuronal cell-based botulinum neurotoxin assay for highly sensitive and specific detection of neutralizing serum antibodies

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A and B are widely used as pharmaceuticals to treat various neurological disorders and in cosmetic applications. The major adverse effect of these treatments has been resistance to treatment after multiple injections. Currently, patients receiving BoNT therapies and patients enrolled in clinical trials for new applications and/or new formulations of BoNTs are not routinely monitored for the formation of neutralizing antibodies, since no assay other than the mouse protection procedure is commercially available that reliably tests for the presence of such antibodies. This report presents a highly sensitive and specific neuronal cell-based assay that provides sensitive and specific detection of neutralizing antibodies to BoNT/A.     

口蹄疫病毒O型中和抗体检测固相阻断ELISA方法的建立

【目的】为评价O型口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)灭活疫苗免疫后中和抗体(neutralizing antibodies,NA)水平,建立检测中和抗体的固相阻断ELISA (neutralizing antibodies solid-phase blocking ELISA,NA-SPBE)方法。【方法】本研究以本实验室前期制备的FMDV广谱反应性牛源单克隆抗体E32作为捕获抗体,以生物素标记的FMDV O型型内广谱中和牛源单克隆抗体C4作为检测抗体,经过条件优化建立了检测FMDV O型中和抗体的固相阻断ELISA方法,并对该方法进行了敏感性、特异性、重复性、交叉反应性与病毒中和试验(virus neutralization test,VNT)相关性等试验。【结果】抗体E32最佳包被浓度为0.5 μg/mL,O型FMDV灭活抗原最佳稀释浓度为0.25μg/mL,生物素标记抗体C4-Bio最佳工作浓度为0.06 μg/mL,链霉亲和素-HRP的最佳稀释度为1:40 000。以1.35 log₁₀作为效价判定临界值时,敏感性和特异性分别为97.14%和98.84%。利用该方法分别检测FMDV A型、FMDV Asia1型、BVDV、PRRSV、CSFV、PPRV抗体阳性血清时,均为阴性,未出现交叉反应。该方法批内和批间重复试验的变异系数均<10%,表明其重复性较好。利用该方法与VNT分别对160份血清样品进行检测,二者的相关系数r为0.807 5,P<0.000 1,相关性显著。【结论】该方法可以检测FMDV O型中和抗体,为FMDV O型灭活疫苗免疫效果评价提供有力技术支撑。     

鸭甲肝病毒1型和3型间接ELISA方法的建立与应用

【目的】研究鸭甲肝病毒(Duck hepatitis A virus,DHAV)1型VP3和3型VP1串联基因在大肠杆菌中的表达,并以纯化的重组蛋白为抗原建立鸭病毒性肝炎抗体检测的间接ELISA方法。【方法】设计2对特异性引物,提取鸭甲肝病毒1型(DHAV-1)和3型(DHAV-3)的RNA,分别RT-PCR扩增得到714bp的DHAV-1VP3和720bp的DHAV-3 VP1基因,并克隆至p MD18-T载体中,然后依次将DHAV-1 VP3和DHAV-3 VP1定向插入p ET-32a(+)表达载体,获得重组表达载体p ET-1VP3-3VP1,进行IPTG(Isopropyl-beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside)诱导表达分析,以纯化的重组蛋白为抗原建立间接ELISA方法并应用于临床。【结果】经IPTG诱导表达,在大肠杆菌中可稳定、高效地表达DHAV-1VP3-3VP1蛋白。Western blot检测结果表明,表达的重组蛋白与DHAV-1和DHAV-3阳性血清均能发生特异性反应。确定间接ELISA方法的抗原最佳包被浓度为1.0μg/孔,血清最佳稀释度为1∶200,临界值为OD6 50值≥0.38,建立的间接ELISA方法具有较好的敏感性、特异性和重复性。该方法与中和试验分别检测DHAV-3阳性血清,两种方法的符合率各为96.3%和96.7%;初步临床应用结果表明该方法可用于雏鸭母源抗体和免疫后抗体的消长变化的检测。【结论】以大肠杆菌表达的DHAV-1VP3-3VP1重组蛋白建立的间接ELISA方法可用于DHAV-1和DHAV-3抗体的检测。     

一种更灵敏的特异性检测H9亚型禽流感抗体的间接ELISA方法的建立

H9亚型禽流感在全球范围内广泛流行,控制其传播需监测H9亚型禽流感病毒的感染情况及疫苗的免疫效果。为了建立便于检测且灵敏特异的H9亚型禽流感抗体间接ELISA方法,本实验利用不同亚型之间变异较大的H9亚型禽流感病毒HA蛋白的头部球状区作为包被抗原,确定了最佳复合封闭液和抗体稀释液,提高了其特异性。结果显示建立的ELISA方法灵敏度高于血凝抑制试验(HI),且与H3N2、H5N2、H7N9亚型流感病毒及新城疫病毒(NDV)、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)和产蛋下降综合征病毒(EDSV)的阳性血清均无交叉反应。另外,利用该方法及HI试验对200份临床鸡血清样本进行检测,两种检测方法的符合率达97%,且存在较高的相关性(R2=0.981 1)。     

A sensitive and specific ELISA detects methionine sulfoxide-containing apolipoprotein A-I in HDL

Oxidized HDL has been proposed to play a key role in atherogenesis. A wide range of reactive intermediates oxidizes methionine residues to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) in apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major HDL protein. These reactive species include those produced by myeloperoxidase, an enzyme implicated in atherogenesis. The aim of the present study was to develop a sensitive and specific ELISA for detecting MetO residues in HDL. We therefore immunized mice with HPLC-purified human apoA-I containing MetO(86) and MetO(112) (termed apoA-I(+32)) to generate a monoclonal antibody termed MOA-I. An ELISA using MOA-I detected lipid-free apoA-I(+32), apoA-I modified by 2e-oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite), and HDL oxidized by 1e- or 2e-oxidants and present in buffer or human plasma. Detection was concentration dependent, reproducible, and exhibited a linear response over a physiologically plausible range of concentrations of oxidized HDL. In contrast, MOA-I failed to recognize native apoA-I, native apoA-II, apoA-I modified by hydroxyl radical or metal ions, or LDL and methionine-containing proteins other than apoA-I modified by 2e-oxidants. Because the ELISA we have developed specifically detects apoA-I containing MetO in HDL and plasma, it should provide a useful tool for investigating the relationship between oxidized HDL and coronary artery disease.     

A convenient system for highly specific and sensitive detection of miRNA expression

Since the first miRNA was discovered in 1993, miRNAs have become a hotspot for biological research. In order to feed this demand, a robust method is required to detect miRNA gene expression. Development of a detection method is more difficult for miRNAs than for long RNAs, such as mRNA, owing to their small size. Existing methods have limitations; thus, new methods are required. We describe a new system for detecting miRNA expression, which can distinguish miRNA from its precursor and has single-nucleotide resolution. It has single molecule and multiplex detection potential. It may be performed as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, a blotting method, or a macroarray method according to the analyst''s preference. This personalized system provides a convenient tool for the detection of miRNA gene expression.     

汉滩病毒PS-6单克隆抗体的制备及其双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

目的 制备汉滩病毒(Hantaan virus, HTNV)PS-6株小鼠单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody, mAb),建立HTNV抗原双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法,验证方法的检测性能并初步应用于疫苗抗原含量检测。方法 以HTNV PS-6株灭活全病毒原液作为免疫原,采用小鼠杂交瘤融合技术,筛选mAb杂交瘤细胞株,制备mAb;用间接ELISA测定mAb效价;用Western blot鉴定mAb特异性;用间接ELISA测定mAb相对亲和力;经抗体配对筛选,建立双抗体夹心ELISA病毒抗原检测方法。以I型肾综合征出血热疫苗标准品作为定量标准,验证该方法的检测限、线性范围、特异性、准确度、精密度;对6批次I型肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗原液进行检测,初步验证该方法的适用性。结果 获得4株稳定分泌抗HTNV PS-6特异性抗体的阳性杂交瘤细胞株：4B2、3H8、5D7及2A7;间接ELISA检测腹水抗体效价均在1×10⁶～1×106～1×10⁷;Western blot鉴定4株mAb均能特异性识别HTNV PS-6;相对亲和力为4B2>5D7>3H8>2A7;抗体ELISA配对筛选后,选用5D7作为包被抗体,4B2作为标记抗体,包被抗体工作浓度为10μg/mL,HRP标记抗体工作浓度为1∶5 000。该方法对HTNV PS-6抗原检测限为0.039 1μg/mL;检测线性范围为0.078 1～2.500 0μg/mL,R7;Western blot鉴定4株mAb均能特异性识别HTNV PS-6;相对亲和力为4B2>5D7>3H8>2A7;抗体ELISA配对筛选后,选用5D7作为包被抗体,4B2作为标记抗体,包被抗体工作浓度为10μg/mL,HRP标记抗体工作浓度为1∶5 000。该方法对HTNV PS-6抗原检测限为0.039 1μg/mL;检测线性范围为0.078 1～2.500 0μg/mL,R²> 0.97;检测与I型肾综合征出血热疫苗生产主要原辅料成分、II型肾综合征出血热疫苗、森林脑炎疫苗及甲肝疫苗均无交叉反应;准确度验证,病毒抗原回收率在95.8%～110.5%之间;试验内和试验间精密度,CV分别在6.72%～8.03%、8.24%～9.70%之间。用该方法检测6批次I型肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗原液,结果均呈剂量依赖性。结论 成功制备HTNV PS-6株mAb,建立病毒抗原双抗体夹心ELISA抗原检测方法,方法准确、可靠,可初步应用于I型肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗科研、生产过程病毒抗原检测。     

ELISA for the detection of specific IgM and IgG in human leptospirosis

ELISA was used to detect specific IgM and IgG in sera from humans with current or past leptospirosis. A serological pattern of a high IgM titre (greater than or equal to 1280), or moderately increased IgM (160-640) in conjunction with a low IgG titre (less than or equal to 20), with serovar copenhageni antigen was characteristic for approximately two-thirds of the sera from serovar icterohaemorrhagiae patients obtained in the first two months of the disease. The antigen was the supernatant of a heated and centrifuged culture of leptospires. Antigens were prepared from serovars copenhageni, grippotyphosa, hardjo and patoc. Sera from patients with icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa and hardjo infections showed cross-reactivity when different antigens were used. In past infections the IgG titres were clearly higher with the homologous antigen. ELISA for IgM and IgG allows the rapid diagnosis of acute leptospirosis.     

A novel peptide ELISA for universal detection of antibodies to human H5N1 influenza viruses

Background

Active serologic surveillance of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in humans and poultry is critical to control this disease. However, the need for a robust, sensitive and specific serologic test for the rapid detection of antibodies to H5N1 viruses has not been met.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Previously, we reported a universal epitope (CNTKCQTP) in H5 hemagglutinin (HA) that is 100% conserved in H5N1 human isolates and 96.9% in avian isolates. Here, we describe a peptide ELISA to detect antibodies to H5N1 virus by using synthetic peptide that comprises the amino acid sequence of this highly conserved and antigenic epitope as the capture antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of the peptide ELISA were evaluated using experimental chicken antisera to H5N1 viruses from divergent clades and other subtype influenza viruses, as well as human serum samples from patients infected with H5N1 or seasonal influenza viruses. The peptide ELISA results were compared with hemagglutinin inhibition (HI), and immunofluorescence assay and immunodot blot that utilize recombinant HA1 as the capture antigen. The peptide ELISA detected antibodies to H5N1 in immunized animals or convalescent human sera whereas some degree of cross-reactivity was observed in HI, immunofluorescence assay and immunodot blot. Antibodies to other influenza subtypes tested negative in the peptide-ELISA.

Conclusion/Significance

The peptide-ELISA based on the highly conserved and antigenic H5 epitope (CNTKCQTP) provides sensitive and highly specific detection of antibodies to H5N1 influenza viruses. This study highlighted the use of synthetic peptide as a capture antigen in rapid detection of antibodies to H5N1 in human and animal sera that is robust, simple and cost effective and is particularly beneficial for developing countries and rural areas.     

A sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay for the detection of methyl ether derivatives of cyclomaltoheptaose

We have raised antibodies against two methylated derivatives of beta-CD, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)cyclomaltoheptaose (Dimeb) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)cyclomaltoheptaose (Trimeb). These antibodies were used to develop two specific and sensitive enzyme immunoassays, presenting a detection limit close to 500 and 30 pg/mL for Trimeb and Dimeb, respectively. Cross reactivities of different linear and cyclic maltooligosaccharides were investigated, demonstrating a high specificity against the structural features of the secondary hydroxyls rim. Several commercial Dimeb samples, containing different mixtures of partially methylated beta-cyclodextrin derivatives including RAMEB, which contains only a few amount of pure Dimeb, could be easily evaluated by the Dimeb immunoassay. Both of these assays have been shown to allow accurate measurement in plasma and urine, thus appearing as useful tools for further applications in biological material.     

H1亚型猪流感病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立及其应用

为建立H1亚型猪流感病毒抗体检测方法,扩增了H1N1亚型猪流感病毒流行株的血凝素基因HA1部分,构建原核表达载体pET30a-HA1,并转化大肠杆菌BL21表达重组蛋白。对重组蛋白包涵体进行变性、复性和Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化。以纯化后的蛋白作包被抗原,建立间接ELISA检测方法。利用该检测方法检测了2008?2009年采集的猪血清785份,阳性率为15.54％,不同省份的阳性率存在差异 (8％~47％)。以IDEXX相关试剂盒检测结果作为参照,该方法的诊断特异性达到91％,诊断敏感性达到95％。     

鸭病毒性肝炎病毒VP1基因表达及其抗体检测ELISA方法的建立

[目的]研究DHV VP1基因在大肠杆菌中的表达,并以纯化的重组蛋白为抗原建立鸭病毒性肝炎抗体检测ELISA方法.[方法]采用RT-PCR技术,扩增VP1基因,与Pmd18-T载体进行连接,构建DHV VP1基因克隆重组质粒.然后定向插入到Pet-32a( )表达载体,筛选原核表达载体Pet-32a-VP1,进行ITPG诱导表达分析.以纯化的重组蛋白为抗原建立间接ELISA方法并初步应用于临床.[结果]DHV VP1基因可在大肠杆菌中稳定、高效地表达.Western blot检测表明,表达的重组蛋白能与鸭肝炎阳性血清发生特异性反应.确定间接ELISA方法的抗原最佳包被浓度为5 ug/孔,血清最佳稀释度为1:100,临界值为OD450值≥0.302,建立的ELISA方法具有较好的敏感性、特异性和重复性.通过对80份血清样品的检测表明,该方法与中和试验的符合率为97.5%,初步临床应用结果表明该方法可用于雏鸭母源抗体和免疫后抗体的消长变化的检测.[结论]以大肠杆菌表达的DHV VP1重组蛋白为抗原建立的间接ELISA方法可用于鸭病毒性肝炎抗体的检测.     

Chemiluminescence ELISA for the detection of antibodies to bovine leukaemia virus antigens

A chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to bovine leukaemia virus antigens (BLV) has been developed. The possibility of using an enhanced chemiluminescence reaction for the determination of adsorbed immunoperoxidase conjugates was studied in this work. The intensity of chemiluminescence depends on both the concentration of reagents and experimental conditions used. The efficiency of the assay is determined by the formation of an immobilized antigen monolayer. A relationship between the quantity of the protein added and adsorbed has been shown. The optimal time and temperature for the antigen–antibody incubation steps have been estimated for each system (3h at 37°C was chosen as a standard incubation time). A linear dependence of the chemiluminescence intensity and optical density on the concentration of antibodies to the BLV antigens was observed. The detection limit of antibodies in the chemiluminescence ELISA is 2–3 times lower than that in the spectrophotometric one. The results obtained indicate the possibility of using both methods.     

Development of a double-antibody sandwich ELISA for sensitive detection of Yersinia pestis

We developed a biotin–streptavidin-based sandwich ELISA for the sensitive and specific detection of Yersinia pestis. In this assay, the F1 capsular protein and Y. pestis were captured by anti-F1 mouse monoclonal antibody followed by detection with biotinylated-anti-F1 rabbit polyclonal antibody and HRP-conjugated streptavidin. The developed F1 ELISA could detect not only the F1 protein up to 29 and 17 pg/ml but also Y. pestis up to 177.8 and 129.2 CFU/ml in PBS buffer and human serum, respectively. In addition, the F1 ELISA did not show any cross-reactivity with various proteins and bacterial strains.     

A rapid and sensitive screening kit for the detection of anti-Toxocara larval ES antibodies

We developed a new screening kit for the detection of anti-Toxocara larval excretory-secretory antibodies. The test can be performed within 3 min for one sample and does not require a high-priced supplemental instrument. Moreover, results are easily and directly observed. Using this test kit, 22 sera taken from healthy subjects were negative for anti-Toxocara larval excretory-secretory antibodies at the serum dilution of 1:20. Of 14 proven cases of parasitic infections other than toxocariasis, one (gnathostomiasis) showed a positive result, but the others were negative. In serologically diagnosed toxocariasis, the test kit showed good correlation with ELISA, immunoblot and double gel diffusion tests. We designated this test kit as ToxocaraCHEK.     

Filter-paper blood samples for ELISA detection of Brucella antibodies in caribou

We evaluated blood collected on Nobuto filter-paper (FP) strips for use in detecting Brucella spp. antibodies in caribou. Whole blood (for serum) and blood-saturated FP strips were obtained from 185 killed arctic caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus). Sample pairs (serum and FP eluates) were simultaneously tested in duplicate using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) for Brucella spp. Prior work based on isolation of Brucella spp. revealed sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of 100% and 99%, respectively, for both these serum assays in caribou. Infection status of the animals in the current study was unknown but recent sampling had revealed clinical brucellosis and >40% Brucella antibody prevalence in the herd. To assess the performance of FP relative to serum in these assays, serum was used as the putative gold standard. On both assays, the findings for duplicate runs (A and B) were similar. For c-ELISA run A, the FP Brucella prevalence (47%) was lower than serum prevalence (52%), with SE 89% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82-95%) and SP 99% (97-100%). For i-ELISA run A, serum and FP Brucella prevalence rates were identical (43%), and the SE and SP of FP testing were 100% and 99% (97-100%), respectively. The findings suggest better FP test performance with i-ELISA than with c-ELISA; however, i-ELISA does not distinguish cross-reacting antibodies induced by Brucella vaccination or exposure to certain other Gram-negative pathogens. Results for duplicate FP eluates (prepared using separate FP strips from each animal) were strongly correlated for both protocols (r=0.996 and 0.999 for c-ELISA and i-ELISA, respectively), indicating minimal variability among FPs from any individual caribou. Dried caribou FP blood samples stored for 2 mo at room temperature are comparable with serum for use in Brucella spp. c-ELISA and i-ELISA. Hunter-based FP sampling can facilitate detection of disease exposure in remote regions and under adverse conditions, and can expand wildlife disease surveillance across temporospatial scales.