Sex-diagnosis of isolated Os coxae by discriminant functions

After methodical preparatory work on the selection of the metric characters and their technical definition, 16 variables were measured on every right hip bone in our standard series (Weisbach series). The discriminant functions performed on our standard series proved to be very sharply discriminant. The methodical foundation gained from the Weisbach series was applied to a control series (Tyrol series), whose sex had not been determined. The application of the discriminant analyses enabled a complete and plausible sex diagnosis to be made.     

Cambrian boundaries and divisions

Problems addressed here are common to other Phanerozoic systems, although this discussion is restricted to the Cambrian. Since 1972 various international working groups have reviewed potential boundary-stratotypes for the Cambrian System and its three traditional series. Evaluation of the series boundaries has been in progress without regard to the fact that disputed boundary intervals of the system may equal more than one-third of the time represented by rocks of unquestioned Cambrian age. The magnitude of these disputed intervals is such that an international decision on placement of series boundaries should be postponed until after both system boundaries have been defined, and until after a thorough evaluation of the best possible markers for long-distance chronocorrelation. Also, rather than proceeding on the assumption that a tripartite scheme of series is optimal, a new look should be taken at all criteria to be used in determining the number of Cambrian series and the placement of their boundary-stratotypes. Examples of useful chronohorizons that could be utilized in the definition of alternative series boundaries are briefly examined.     

Analysis of cedar pollen time series: no evidence of low-dimensional chaotic behavior

Much of the current interest in pollen time series analysis is motivated by the possibility that pollen series arise from low-dimensional chaotic systems. If this is the case, short-range prediction using nonlinear modeling is justified and would produce high-quality forecasts that could be useful in providing pollen alerts to allergy sufferers. To date, contradictory reports about the characterization of the dynamics of pollen series can be found in the literature. Pollen series have been alternatively described as featuring and not featuring deterministic chaotic behavior. We showed that the choice of test for detection of deterministic chaos in pollen series is difficult because pollen series exhibit power spectra. This is a characteristic that is also produced by colored noise series, which mimic deterministic chaos in most tests. We proposed to apply the Ikeguchi–Aihara test to properly detect the presence of deterministic chaos in pollen series. We examined the dynamics of cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) hourly pollen series by means of the Ikeguchi–Aihara test and concluded that these pollen series cannot be described as low-dimensional deterministic chaos. Therefore, the application of low-dimensional chaotic deterministic models to the prediction of short-range pollen concentration will not result in high-accuracy pollen forecasts even though these models may provide useful forecasts for certain applications. We believe that our conclusion can be generalized to pollen series from other wind-pollinated plant species, as wind speed, the forcing parameter of the pollen emission and transport, is best described as a nondeterministic series that originates in the high dimensionality of the atmosphere.     

Sulfonamide derivatives of bridgehead substituted bicyclo[4.2.1]nonanes as gamma-secretase inhibitors

Bridgehead substituted derivatives of bicyclo[4.2.1]nonanes were synthesized and shown to be potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase. Two related series were synthesized to explore the SARs. More potent compounds were found in the non-benzofused series compared with the benzofused series. One compound from each series showed good exposure in the hepatic portal vein (HPV) following oral dosing to rats.     

Power series expansion and structural analysis for life cycle assessment

Goal, Scope and Background The usefulness of power series expansion for an LCA system has often been doubted, as those systems may not possess the unique properties that enable power series expansion and analyses based on the power series. This paper surveys the existing literature on power series expansion of monetary input-output system and discusses how the power series expansion can be utilized for more general systems including the LCA model. Methods The inherent properties of matrices that are capable of producing power series forms for their inverse and, further, can utilize structural path analysis are analyzed. Using these analyses, the way how a matrix that is not eligible for structural analyses is converted into an eligible form is investigated. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the findings. Results The necessary and sufficient condition for an indecomposable, real square technology matrix can be expressed using power series was identified. Two additional conditions for a technology matrix to be utilized for structural analyses using power series expansion are discussed as well. It was also shown that an LCA system that fulfills the Hawkins-Simon condition can be easily converted into the form that is eligible for structural analysis by rescaling the columns and rows. Discussion As a numerical example, an application of accumulative structural path analysis for an LCA system is shown. The implications of the results are discussed in a more plain language as well. Conclusions The survey presented in this paper provides not only the conditions under which a linear system is expressed using a power series form but also the way to appropriately convert a system to utilize the rich analytical tools using power series expansion for structural analyses. Recommendations and Perspectives Widely used LCA databases and software tools have employed the linear systems approach as the basis. Much of these developments in the domain of LCA have been made, however, in isolation of the rich findings of IOA. There will be much to benefit LCA through an active dialogue between the two disciplines. There are rich analytical tools available through the use of power series expansion. The current survey will help software developers and LCA practitioners to apply such tools in LCA.     

Modelling aerobiological time series. Application to Urticaceae

This paper deals with the characterisation ofaerobiological time series. The seriesdiscussed are annual series of mean dailyconcentration of Urticaceae pollen, obtained bymeans of Hirst traps on six sites of theAerobiological Network of Catalonia (XAC).First, some alternatives for fitting a smoothtrend to one of these series are discussed, andtwo satisfactory methods are presented, aGaussian mixture model (parametric) and theFriedman supersmoother (non-parametric).Dividing daily concentrations by trend values,a series of residuals is obtained. The residualseries can be characterised with simpleconventional time series models, and somecommon patterns emerge from the parameterestimates. The long-term patterns of the pollendynamics can be thus characterised by thetrends, and the short-term behaviour by theresiduals. The Spearman correlation is used inthis paper as a measure of the similarity oftwo series.     

Bounded random walks as a null model for evaluating population trends

Management of wildlife and protection of endangered species depend on determination of population trends. Because population changes are stochastic and autoregressive, there is reason to believe that population trends might not be properly determined by simple regression over short time periods. A bounded random walk (BRW) model is introduced as a null model for evaluating population trends. The BRW model shows long-term stability but rising and falling sequences of up to many decades. For a given variability and survey length, there will be an expected probability of finding a greater than X% slope simply by chance. This false positive probability needs to be considered when evaluating trends. Breeding Bird Survey data for 128 species over 46 years for two states were analyzed for trends for different series lengths. Trends estimated from short series were likely to not agree with the 46-year trends. Very short series (e.g., 5 years) tended to indicate no trend due to loss of statistical power. A 101-year series for sandwich term (Sterna sandvicensis) revealed that even for 40 year-long series, 33% of subset series had a negative trend compared to the strong 101 year full series positive trend. The BRW model simulations and both data sets pointed to 20 years as a minimum time period for estimating trends reliably, though this can be longer for species that tend to cycle. Proper inference should thus consider the implications of inherent time series variability.     

Competition between plant populations with different rooting depths II. Pot experiments

Summary In a previous paper in this series a model was proposed lor the competition between plant populations with different rooting depths. This model predicts that in mixtures of plant populations with different rooting depths the Relative Yield Total will exceed unity. Secondly it predicts that in these mixtures the relative crowding coefficient of the deep rooting population with respect to the shallow rooting one will decrease with increasing plant frequency. Two competition experiments in deep pots are carried out to test these predictions. In the first experiment a comparison is made between a series in which nutrients limited plant growth severely and a series in which nutrients were applied in a quantity that allowed high productivity. In the nutrient poor series the Relative Yield Total exceeded unity by about twenty per cent, while in the nutrient rich series only a small deviation from one was observed. The second experiment was divided into a series of deep pots in which different rooting depths were possible and a series of shallow pots in which the two species were forced to share the same space. In the series of shallow pots the relative crowding coefficient of the two species was found to be independent of plant frequency. In the series of deep pots the relative corowding coefficient of the two species with respect to each other did decrease significantly with increasing frequency.The observed frequency-dependence for the shallow rooting species could be explained by an extension of the theory presented previously. In the spacing series used in the same experiment a decrease of the shoot to root ratio with increasing plant density was observed. Furthermore, in the replacement series the shoot to root ratio in mixture was found to be lower than in monoculture. The consequences of these phenomena for the estimation of the relative crowding coefficient and the Relative Yield Total on the basis of shoot weights are discussed. However, it is argued that the fact that shoot to root ratios change with plant frequency does not provide an alternative explanation for the frequency-dependence observed.Grassland Research Group Publication No. 33     

The discovery of a series of N-substituted 3-(4-piperidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazolinones and oxindoles as highly brain penetrant,selective muscarinic M1 agonists

A series of N-substituted 3-(4-piperidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazolinones and oxindoles are reported which were found to be potent and selective muscarinic M₁ agonists. By control of the physicochemical characteristics of the series, particularly the lipophilicity, compounds with good metabolic stability and excellent brain penetration were identified. An exemplar of the series was shown to be pro-cognitive in the novel object recognition rat model of temporal induced memory deficit.     

The assessment of time-dependent changes in human performance.

This paper discribes a series of experiments to illustrate the use of various methods of time series analysis in the delineation of the effects of circadian and ultradian cycles on human performance. These experiments are concerned with measures of both human performance and physiology. They illustrate how the parameters of these time series analytic techniques can be used to postulate physiological mechanisms where time-dependent changes have been shown to be significant. The use of analytic techniques in both the time and frequency domain is illustrated.     

面向土系调查制图的小尺度区域景观分类——以宁镇丘陵区中一小区域为例

土系是中国土壤系统分类的基层分类单元,与所处微域景观联系密切,对小尺度样区进行景观分类研究有助于对研究区景观建立系统的认识。以宁镇丘陵区一小尺度样区为例,结合景观生态分类理论及土系特点,探讨了面向土系调查制图的景观分类的原则与方法,建立了包括景观区、景观类、景观亚类和景观相的四级景观分类系统,并借助3S技术进行了景观制图,并以此为基础对样区开展土系调查,对景观分类体系进行了验证。结果表明,景观相与土系有较好相关性,对土系分布具有指示作用,此景观分类体系有助于对土壤所处景观条件形成深入系统认识,可为土系调查制图工作提供参考。     

Discovery of selective imidazole-based inhibitors of mammalian 15-lipoxygenase: highly potent against human enzyme within a cellular environment

A series of 2,4,5-tri-substituted imidazoles has proven to be highly potent in inhibiting mammalian 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) with excellent selectivity over human isozymes 5- and P-12-LO. Non-symmetrical sulfamides (e.g., 21a-n) were found to be suitable replacements for the earlier arylsulfonamide-containing members of this series (e.g., 2, 14a-p). Several members of these series also demonstrated potent inhibition of human 15-LO in a cell-based assay.     

Generalized theorems for nonlinear state space reconstruction

Takens' theorem (1981) shows how lagged variables of a single time series can be used as proxy variables to reconstruct an attractor for an underlying dynamic process. State space reconstruction (SSR) from single time series has been a powerful approach for the analysis of the complex, non-linear systems that appear ubiquitous in the natural and human world. The main shortcoming of these methods is the phenomenological nature of attractor reconstructions. Moreover, applied studies show that these single time series reconstructions can often be improved ad hoc by including multiple dynamically coupled time series in the reconstructions, to provide a more mechanistic model. Here we provide three analytical proofs that add to the growing literature to generalize Takens' work and that demonstrate how multiple time series can be used in attractor reconstructions. These expanded results (Takens' theorem is a special case) apply to a wide variety of natural systems having parallel time series observations for variables believed to be related to the same dynamic manifold. The potential information leverage provided by multiple embeddings created from different combinations of variables (and their lags) can pave the way for new applied techniques to exploit the time-limited, but parallel observations of natural systems, such as coupled ecological systems, geophysical systems, and financial systems. This paper aims to justify and help open this potential growth area for SSR applications in the natural sciences.     

Optimum design of a series of continuous stirred tank reactors containing immobilised growing cells

The optimum design of a series of continuously operated stirred-tank reactors containing immobilised growing cells is described. Optimal design is defined as the minimal total holding time over the reactor series to achieve a certain degree of conversion. The analysis is made under the assumptions that there is a constant and equal concentration of immobilised biomass in all bioreactors along the series, no diffusion limitation takes place, all growth of the immobilised biomass will lead to an increase in suspended biomass, and that maintenance of the immobilised cells can be neglected. It is shown that the use of more than three bioreactors in series is likely to be de trop.     

Ovulation and implantation in montane voles (Microtus montanus) as a function of varying amounts of copulatory stimulation

Estrous female voles (Microtus montanus) received (a) no copulation, (b) one ejaculatory series, (c) two ejaculatory series, or (d) more than two series. Copulation was shown to be essential for ovulation, and increasing amounts of copulatory stimulation were demonstrated to increase the probability of ovulation. Only 25% of females receiving one ejaculatory series ovulated, whereas 100% of those receiving more than two series ovulated. Thus, multiple ejaculations play an important role in successful reproduction in this species.     

杉木生长的起伏型时间序列模拟研究

起伏型时间序列法是一种新的时间序列分析法,本文介绍了起伏型时间序列林木模拟与预测方法,以杉木人工林生长为研究对象,对杉木胸径生长进行建模模拟,模拟工达到98．3％,结果令人满意,且比逐步回归法,多维时间序列分析法模拟效果更优,说明起伏型时间序列分析方法可应用于林木生长模拟与预测,从而丰富了林木生长预测与预报方法。     

Fractal dimension of birds population sizes time series

Information about fractal dimension is collected so that it can be applied to time series interpreting Hurst coefficient. The population size of a species is modelled as a dynamic system. The Hurst coefficient is calculated for these times series. A computer programme has been elaborated to compute the Hurst exponent of time series using the algorithms of range increment, second order moment increment and local second order moment increment. It has been applied to time series of birds' populations.     

利用微卫星多重PCR技术鉴定剑尾鱼RR-B系

目的建立多重PCR技术鉴定选育剑尾鱼RR-B系的方法。方法根据可明显鉴定剑尾鱼RR-B系的6对特异性微卫星引物Msa012、Msa014、Msa033、Msb025、Msd003、Msd051,采用不同的组合方式对RR-B系剑尾鱼和红眼红体的非选育剑尾鱼进行多重PCR扩增。结果引物组合1(Msa014、Msb025、Msd003)和组合2(Msa012、Msa033、Msd051)两个三重PCR反应体系能清楚的扩增各个微卫星座位,且各目的片段之间无干扰,易于识别,引物组合1的排除概率为99.98%,引物组合2的排除概率为99.96%,能准确鉴定剑尾鱼RR-B系。结论本检测方法具有较高的稳定性,可快速准确鉴定剑尾鱼RR-B系。     

Duality between time series and networks

Studying the interaction between a system's components and the temporal evolution of the system are two common ways to uncover and characterize its internal workings. Recently, several maps from a time series to a network have been proposed with the intent of using network metrics to characterize time series. Although these maps demonstrate that different time series result in networks with distinct topological properties, it remains unclear how these topological properties relate to the original time series. Here, we propose a map from a time series to a network with an approximate inverse operation, making it possible to use network statistics to characterize time series and time series statistics to characterize networks. As a proof of concept, we generate an ensemble of time series ranging from periodic to random and confirm that application of the proposed map retains much of the information encoded in the original time series (or networks) after application of the map (or its inverse). Our results suggest that network analysis can be used to distinguish different dynamic regimes in time series and, perhaps more importantly, time series analysis can provide a powerful set of tools that augment the traditional network analysis toolkit to quantify networks in new and useful ways.     

杉木不同无性系过氧化物酶同工酶的研究

本文对杉木（Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｌｏａｔａ（Ｌａｍｂ．）Ｈｏｏｋ．）不同无性系及其不同株龄的叶和不同发育时期的雄球花进行了过氧化物酶同工酶检测。结果表明：杉木４１４号无性系叶和雄球花的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱与其它无性系都具明显差异;同－无性系叶与雄球花的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱存在显著差异;不同发育时期的雄球花的过氧化物酶同工酶存在顺序表达。作者认为：过氧化物酶同工酶作为种内分类的鉴定性状较为合适,而科、属、种的分类依据则应更侧重于形态特征。根据杉木４１４号无性系的过氧化物酶同工酶的特异性及其短叶、叶端钝圆和多雄花等特点,可以把它定为杉科杉属杉木物种的一个变型：多雄花杉木。