Intramuscular Lignocaine 2% and 10%

Studies in 10 male volunteers has shown that intramuscular injection of 10% lignocaine produces similar blood lignocaine levels to those obtained with larger volumes of a less concentrated preparation. Since no local or general complications occurred it is suggested that the 10% solution is suitable for clinical use.     

Exclusion of chromosomal mosaicism: tables of 90%, 95% and 99% confidence limits and comments on use.

Tables specifically tailored to the exclusion of cytogenetic mosaicism at three confidence levels are presented. The consequences of the assumption of independence in application of the binomial theorem to this question are discussed. The tables are most applicable to the number of cells evaluated from cultures in which all mitoses are arrested in the first in vitro division. For long-term cultures the tables are conservatively applicable to the number of separate colonies evaluated. If n cells have been evaluated from phytohemagglutinin stimulated peripheral blood after 72 hr in cultures, the tables are applicable to between n/2 and n cells.     

1％三唑酮+15％乙蒜素WP和15％多菌灵+15％福美双WP对变叶木插穗的影响

以琴叶变叶木(Codiaeum varie gatum var.pictum)为材料,用1%三唑酮 15%乙蒜素可湿性粉剂(三乙)和15%多菌灵 15%福美双可湿性粉剂(多福)分别配制成不同浓度的系列溶液,对插穗浸泡处理3h后进行扦插试验,研究这两种混合杀菌剂对插穗生根的影响。结果表明,三乙和多福处理的最佳插穗平均生根数、平均根长、平均根直径、成活率分别高出对照26.2、15.4mm、0.25mm、60%和9.6、7.4mm、0.36mm、46.67%,与对照比较差异达极显著水平(P!0.01)。三乙和多福浸泡3h的最佳浓度分别为1.819gL-1和1.894gL-1,三乙浸泡优于多福(P!0.01)。     

Brain Oxygenation and Metabolism during Repetitive Apnea with Resuscitation of 21% and 100% Oxygen in Newborn Piglets

The oxygen distribution in the microcirculation of the piglet’s brain and striatal extracellular dopamine were determined during repetitive apnea and resuscitation with 21% or 100% oxygen. Pre-apnea cortical oxygen was 49.5 ± 10.4 mm Hg and during each apnea decreased to 8 ± 0.9 mm Hg. After ten apneic episodes followed by resuscitation with 21% or 100% oxygen, 7.48 ± 1.6% or 2.6 ± 0.5% of the tissue volume was below 10 mm Hg, respectively. Extracellular dopamine increased progressively with an increase in the number of apneas with resuscitation of 21% oxygen and at the end of ten apneic episodes it was up to 59,500 ± 11,320% of control. There was no increase in extracellular dopamine during apnea resuscitated with 100% oxygen. Repetitive apnea caused progressive increase in fraction of hypoxic brain tissue in newborn. The magnitude of the increase is dependent on whether the animals were resuscitated with room air or 100% oxygen.     

30% land conservation and climate action reduces tropical extinction risk by more than 50%

Limiting climate change to less than 2°C is the focus of international policy under the climate convention (UNFCCC), and is essential to preventing extinctions, a focus of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The post-2020 biodiversity framework drafted by the CBD proposes conserving 30% of both land and oceans by 2030. However, the combined impact on extinction risk of species from limiting climate change and increasing the extent of protected and conserved areas has not been assessed. Here we create conservation spatial plans to minimize extinction risk in the tropics using data on 289 219 species and modeling two future greenhouse gas concentration pathways (RCP2.6 and 8.5) while varying the extent of terrestrial protected land and conserved areas from <17% to 50%. We find that limiting climate change to 2°C and conserving 30% of terrestrial area could more than halve aggregate extinction risk compared with uncontrolled climate change and no increase in conserved area.     

甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜种间杂交研究

甘蓝型油菜与芥菜型油菜杂交研究结果表明,杂交结实力与杂交组合方式以及参与杂交的亲本材料有关,以芥菜型油菜作母本的杂交结实力高于以甘蓝型作母本的组合：芥×甘杂交组合的平均结实数／花为 ２．６４ 粒,而甘×芥杂交组合的平均结实数／花为 ０．１０ 粒。芥甘杂种一代形态特征和生育期介于双亲之间,甘芥杂种一代不表现整齐的中间类型,株间差异明显;总体来看,芥甘杂种一代与双亲回交的结实力（０．４０,０．２１）低于甘芥杂种一代与双亲回交的结实力（３．３０,１．７４）,无论是芥甘杂种一代还是甘芥杂种一代,用甘蓝型油菜作父本回交的结实力高于用芥菜型油菜作父本回交的结实力,但也有个别回交组合出现例外,不表现上述规律。 Ｂ Ｃ１ 代种子当年播种出苗率低（１８．５％ ）,群体株间性状差异明显,生育期极不一致。芥甘杂种一代与甘蓝型油菜亲本第二次回交,其平均结实数／花较回交一代提高 １．０８ 粒, Ｂ Ｃ２ 代种子当年播种出苗率仍较低,但较对应的 Ｂ Ｃ１ 代稍有提高,群体中出现趋回交父本性状但雄性育性彻底退化的植株。芥甘杂种一代自由授粉所得 Ｆ２ 群体是一个变异极为丰富的遗传群体。     

Rheological properties of acid converted waxy maize starches in water and 90% DMSO/10% water

Rheological properties of acid-converted Amioca starches in 90% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/10% water and 100% water were examined. Rheological flow data was described using Cross and Carreau models while zero-shear viscosities were found for starches that had been acid modified at least 25 min, apparent yield stresses were exhibited by unconverted Amioca dispersions. Dynamic rheological tests showed that the acid modified starch dispersions behaved like Newtonian liquid-like solutions, while unconverted Amioca dispersions behaved like weak gels. The Cox–Merz rule was followed by starches that had been acid modified for at least 45 min. The reduction in molecule size of acid converted starches (+45 min) allowed the Cox–Merz rule to hold as opposed to the highly branched Amioca and 25 min acid converted starches which showed apparent viscosity higher than complex viscosity.     

The effect of topical instillation of 2.5% phenylephrine and 1.0% tropicamide on the blood pressure of hypertensive patients

Background: Pupillary dilation is necessary to complete a thorough examination of the internal ocular structures and perform threshold visual fields on the automated perimeter. In our clinic, the topical instillation of 2.5% phenylephrine and 1.0% tropicamide following one drop of topical anesthetic is used routinely for pupil dilation. The vasoconstrictive effects of phenylephrine can cause an increase in peripheral resistance resulting in elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures. A rise in systemic blood pressure has been shown to occur following topical instillation of phenylephrine (Heath, Arch Ophthalmol, 1936;16:839–846). This study investigates the effect of topical instillation of 2.5% phenylephrine and 1.0% tropicamide on the blood pressure of known hypertensive patients 30 and 70 min after instillation. Methods: 118 hypertensive patients, all of whom were being treated with anti-hypertensive medications, were involved in the study. Fifty-six patients were dilated with two drops 2.5% phenylephrine and two drops 1.0% tropicamide instilled 5 min apart after one drop of local anesthetic (proparacaine 0.5%). The remaining 62 patients were examined but not dilated. Blood pressure was measured using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope (right arm sitting) prior to dilation and 30 and 70 min following drop instillation. Results: No clinically significant increase in blood pressure at 30 and 70 min after instillation was observed in the hypertensive group that was dilated. In addition, the change in blood pressure of the dilated group and undilated group was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study shows that pupillary dilation with 2.5% phenylephrine and 1.0% tropicamide did not significantly increase systemic blood pressure in this population of hypertensive patients.     

In vitro and in vivo development of mouse morulae encapsulated in 2% sodium alginate or 0.1% poly-l-lysine

In Experiment 1, development of zona pellucida-intact (ZPI) morulae was measured every 24 hours for 120 hours after encapsulation in 2% sodium alginate (ALG) or 0.1% poly-L-lysine (PLL). Encapsulation significantly reduced development to hatched blastocysts at 48 and 72 hours. Developmental stages and diameters of ZPI and zona pellucida-free (ZPF) unencapsulated and encapsulated morulae were measured every 24 hours for 72 hours in Exeriment 2. At 72 hours, the percentage of ZPI embryos developing to expanded blastocysts, their diameters and their nuclear counts were not different from each other or from ZPF embryos. In Experiment 3, ZPI morulae encapsulated in ALG or PLL were transferred into recipients. Five of six recipients that received unencapsulated embryos (n=71) delivered 16 live pups. None of the recipients of encapsulated embryos delivered offspring; therefore, a final experiment was performed to examine fetal development on Day 10 of gestation. The percentage of pregnant recipients was similar for all 3 treatments: unencapsulated (71.4%), ALG (87.5%) and PLL (87.5%). However, the presence of viable fetuses was higher for unencapsulated embryos (42.1%) than for ALG (17%) and PLL (14.6%) embryos. These results suggest that encapsulation did not detrimentally affect embryonic size or cellular development in vitro; however, mortality occurred in vivo due to an asynchronous condition between the uterine environment and the embryos.     

Effects of ingesting 6% and 12% glucose/electrolyte beverages during prolonged intermittent cycling in the heat

This study compared the effects of ingesting 6% (MC) and 12% (HC) glucose/electrolyte beverages, and a flavored water placebo (P) on markers of fluid absorption, palatability, and physiological function during prolonged intermittent cycling in the heat. On three occasions, 15 trained male cyclists performed two 60 min cycling bouts at 65% VO2max (E1 and E2). A brief exhaustive performance ride (approximately 3 min) was completed after E1 and E2, and after 20 min recovery (P1, P2, P3). Every 20 min, subjects consumed 275 mL of P, MC or HC. The first drink contained 20 mL of D2O, a tracer of fluid entry into blood plasma. Plasma D2O accumulation was slower for HC than for P and MC (P less than 0.001). HC caused more nausea (P less than 0.01) and fullness (P less than 0.05) than MC or P, and subjects said they would be less likely to consume HC during training or competition (P less than 0.10). Sweat rates, HR, Tre, Tsk, VO2, and PV were similar for all drinks. Performance of P1, P2, P3 were not different among drinks. However, four cyclists failed to maintain the prescribed work rate during E2 for HC but only one failed for MC and P. These data suggest that the slow absorption of a 12% glucose/electrolyte beverage during prolonged intermittent exercise in the heat may increase the risk of gastrointestinal distress and thereby limit performance.     

A comparison of kinematics between overarm throwing with 20% underweight, regular, and 20% overweight balls

The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics in throwing with a regular weighted handball with 20% lighter and heavier balls in female experienced handball players. In total, eight joint movements during the throw were analyzed. The analysis consisted of maximal angles, angles at ball release, and maximal angular velocities of the joint movements and their timings during the throw. Results on 24 experienced female team handball players (mean age 18.2 ± 2.1 years) showed that the difference in ball weight affected the maximal ball velocity. The difference in ball release velocity was probably a result of the significant differences in kinematics of the major contributors to overarm throwing: elbow extension and internal rotation of the shoulder. These were altered when changing the ball weight, which resulted in differences in ball release velocity.     

Comparison of evening and morning dosing of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination in 6 month period

An open label, multi-center, 6 months observational study of new fixed combination (travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5%), in order to evaluate both efficacy (intraocular pressure lowering) and tolerability (patient and investigator satisfaction) of two dosing regimens--evening (PM) and morning (AM). After screening for enrollment, to 40 patients (79 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension), new fixed combination travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% was prescribed once a day in the evening (PM). Patients were enrolled according to each investigator decision on indication for travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination once a day, without washout period after previous medication. Intraocular pressure was measured at 9 AM at all time control points: at baseline, after 1 month, after 3 months and after 6 month. After 1 month, screening for nonresponders (criteria: 20% intraocular pressure lowering) and subjects with major side effects was performed. At second control visit, after 3 months PM dosing, intraocular pressure was measured and patients were instructed to continue once a day the same medication, but in the morning (AM) for consequent 3 months. After 1 month, reduction in mean intraocular pressure value was 21.66%. At the visit after 3 month, the mean intraocular pressure was 15.67 +/- 2.17 mm Hg (reduction 21.14%). 3 month after dosing regimen changed to AM (6 month after beginning of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% combination therapy), reduction in intraocular pressure value was 19.86%. The differences (mean +/- standard deviation) in intraocular pressure values after 1, 3 and 6 month were all highly statistically significant compared to baseline values. The tolerability was evaluated in five steps (Likert scale) ranging from unsatisfactory to excellent by both patient and investigator--taken at 3 and 6 month control visit. 95% of patients and 100% of investigators were satisfied with the possibility of choosing dosing regimen for travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination. Travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination proved sufficient intraocular pressure control dosed either PM or AM with no statistically significant difference between two dosing regimens. Possibility to choose between two dosing regimens gives each practitioner additional reassurance that glaucoma therapy will be individualised to needs of each patient.     

The influence of 5% and 10% dietary apple pectin on parameters of fermentation in faeces and caecal digesta of weaning pigs

In order to determine the effect of pectin on fermentation parameters in the faeces and caecal digesta of weaned pigs 18 castrated male crossbred pigs with an average body weight of 8?kg were fitted with T-cannulas at the caecum. The animals were randomly distributed into three groups and fed with diets supplemented with 0, 5 and 10% pectin. Faeces were collected over a period of 3 days. Thereafter the diets were withdrawn for 24?h followed by ad libitum feeding to enhance the feed intake. Caecal chyme was collected 0, 8 and 24?h postprandial. In the faeces the addition of 5% pectin to the diet lowered the content of dry matter and lactic acid. The pH and the digestibility of pectins, the concentration of total SCFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, bicarbonate and chloride increased. Dietary pectin of 10% increased the content of total SCFA and acetate further. When the diets were withdrawn and fed ad libitum 24?h later, a decline of the pH and an increased concentration of lactate in the caecal chyme could be observed in all groups up to 8?h after feeding. With an interval of 8 to 24?h after feeding, a further decline in pH and a rise of lactate only occurred when the diet was not supplemented with pectin. It was concluded that pectin might be beneficial for the development of fermentative processes in the large intestine.