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1.
Plant secondary compounds can prevent feeding by phytophagous insects or, if ingested, can be poisonous to them. Less attention has been paid to the additional effects they have on feeding behavior when they are only weakly deterrent or not deterrent at all. Experiments were carried out on the generalist grass-hopperSchistocerca americana. Individuals were presented either with two cakes of high-quality artificial food with a single deterrent compound added or with two cakes, each with a different added deterrent compound. The deterrents consisted of single plant secondary compounds that were either marginally or strongly deterrent. There were profound differences in feeding behavior between those individuals given identical and those given different cake types, including longer feeding bouts on single cakes when a choice of different cake types was available. The behavioral effects demonstrate that the presence of secondary compounds in one food can influence the patterns of feeding on other available foods and suggest that such chemicals could impact foraging activities in a complex manner. 相似文献
2.
Bjorn Vandekerkhove Elmer Van Baal Karel Bolckmans Patrick De Clercq 《Biological Control》2006,39(3):532-538
The mirid bug Macrolophus caliginosus is commercially reared on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, constituting an effective but expensive factitious food. Artificial diets can decrease the rearing costs of this natural enemy, but developing and evaluating an artificial diet is a very time-consuming activity. In the current study, development and reproduction of M. caliginosus on two artificial diets based on egg yolk were investigated. The artificial diets resulted in longer development and lower adult weights, but survival was comparable with that of control insects fed E. kuehniella eggs. Reproductive potential of the predator reared on factitious and artificial foods was assessed using a dissection method. The influence of nymphal food on fecundity was less important than that of adult food. Adults fed E. kuehniella eggs had a preoviposition period of about 4 days, whereas adults offered only plant material started laying eggs about 7 days after emergence. Ovarian scores at day 7 were higher for females fed E. kuehniella eggs than for those given access only to a tobacco leaf. Ovarian scores were not significantly affected by mating status. In a final test, a parallel comparison of two methods for assessing reproductive response to diet was made. Here, adult couples were offered one of four diets: E. kuehniella eggs, one of two artificial diets or no food. Half of the females were dissected and the other half was held for determining lifetime oviposition. Females fed E. kuehniella eggs had superior ovarian scores and laid more eggs than those fed either artificial diet or those given no extra food. A good correlation (r = 0.97) was obtained between ovarian scores and oviposition data, indicating that dissecting females after 1 week provides a reliable estimate of fecundity as affected by diet quality. Rapid reproductive assessments as used in the current study will help to increase the rate of development of artificial diets and may contribute to more cost effective production methods for augmentative biological control agents. 相似文献
3.
Summary Parthenocarpy, the production of fruits without viable seeds, is a widespread phenomenon in plants. While failure to effect pollination or fertilization is often cited as the cause of parthenocarpy, this explanation alone is inadequate to explain why plants produce, maintain and further develop fruits. Wild parsnips (Pastinaca sativa) frequently produce parthenocarpic fruit. When parsnip webworms (Depressaria pastinacella), specialist feeders on wild parsnip, were given choices between normal fruit and parthenocarpic fruit, they exhibited a strong preference for parthenocarpic fruit. However, on parthenocarpic fruit, insects fed less efficiently and grew more slowly than insects fed normal fruit. Parthenocarpic fruits, then, may act as decoys that divert herbivores away from fruits that contain plant offspring. 相似文献
4.
Jerome J. Howard David Raubenheimer Elizabeth A. Bernays 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1994,71(2):167-176
Dietary patterns of free-foraging individuals of the polyphagous grasshopperTaeniopoda eques Burmeister (Romaleidae) were studied at three desert grassland sites in southern Arizona. At the population level this species
was highly polyphagous at all sites, but showed evidence of selectivity in terms of frequency of feeding relative to frequency
of contacts with resources. Most feeding bouts were very short, suggesting that most plants were relatively unpalatable. Both
diet diversity and the mean length of feeding bouts varied among the study sites, primarily because highly preferred resources
and plant tissues were not encountered with equal frequency at all sites. Individual insects were highly polyphagous. Dietary
overlap calculations showed that insects at a given site generally consumed diets less similar than the resources they contacted.
This result does not support the idea that all insects preferred the same subset of resources. Most differences in diet among
individuals were probably due to environmental heterogeneity, but factors such as sequence of encounter, compensatory feeding
on complementary resources, and intrinsic differences in preference may also have contributed to variation in diets. 相似文献
5.
Schistocerca americanasixth-instar nymphs were examined for a change in diet acceptance, in which insects experiencing an unfavorable diet subsequently become predisposed to eat relatively less of that diet and more of diets with a novel flavor than they would had they previously fed on a more adequate diet. Insects were pretreated for 4 h on either low-protein (2 % wet wt) or higherprotein (4%) artificial diets flavored with a plant secondary compound (tomatine or rutin). They were then offered, in choice or no-choice tests, the lowprotein diet with the familiar or a novel (tomatine, rutin, or NHT) flavor. When tomatine was the familiar and rutin the novel flavor in a no-choice test, the insects previously fed low-protein diets took relatively long meals on the novel and relatively short meals on the familiar diets compared with the insects that had previously eaten higher-protein diets. A similar, but in this case considerably less pronounced and statistically nonsignificant, pattern existed in the reciprocal design experiment in which rutin was the familiar and tomatine the novel flavor. Similarly, insects fed low-protein diets flavored with rutin subsequently showed an increased relative preference for the novel flavor (NHT) in a choice test, compared with the high protein-pretreated insects. It is concluded that insects fed protein-deficient diets may subsequently show a preference for novel foods through different mechanisms, the importance of which may differ in different circumstances. 相似文献
6.
T. A. Green R. J. Prokopy R. I. Vargas D. Kanehisa C. Albrecht 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1993,66(1):13-20
Promising diets were screened and the most successful modified with additives used in artificial diets for other entomophagous
insects. Two suitable diets were obtained, one for adults and one for larvae ofChilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). They were still inferior to natural prey and not adequate as the sole food source
for rearing consecutive generations. They are valuable as substitute food in the insectary during shortages of natural prey.
Oleander scaleAspidiotus nerii Bouché andAsterolecanium miliaris (Boisduval) were evaluated as natural prey forC. nigritus and two other potential biocontrol agents in southern Africa,C. bipustulatus (Linnaeus) andC. infernalis Mulsant.A. nerii andA. miliaris were suitable for all life stages ofC. nigritus and adults ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis. A. miliaris was inadequate for larvae ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis. 相似文献
7.
The potential use of Brettanomyces anomalus PSY-001 as an additional starter culture for the production of Rice-steamed sponge cake (RSSC), a traditional fermented food
in China, was investigated. Two productions of RSSC, each containing batches of experimental cakes with Brettanomyces added and reference cakes with the leavened liquid added were carried out. For both experimental and reference cakes, chemical
analysis and sensory evaluation were carried out during the fermentation period. The results showed that experimental cakes
had desirable aroma and taste. The observed differences indicate a positive contribution to the overall quality of RSSC by
B. anomalus PSY-001. 相似文献
8.
Caroline Harcourt 《International journal of primatology》1986,7(5):491-506
The feeding behavior and diet of two species of bushbaby, Galago senegalensisand Galago crassicaudatus,in South Africa were examined in relation to seasonal changes in climate. The populations studied were allopatric, but both
fed predominantly on Acaciagum and invertebrates. Data on their diet were collected by direct observation of a radiocollared female of each species and
by analysis of fecal samples. Differences in diet were found between the species within seasons and within species between
the seasons. Both spent more time gum-feeding in winter than in summer. Prey size and type differed between the species in
summer but converged in winter. The quantity of insects taken was fairly similar between seasons for G. senegalensisbut dropped considerably for G. crassicaudatusin winter. These observations are interpreted in terms of interspecific differences in feeding strategies, which are considered
to be a function of the difference in body size of the two galago species. 相似文献
9.
Deblauwe I. Dupain J. Nguenang G. M. Werdenich D. Van Elsacker L. 《International journal of primatology》2003,24(3):493-502
Our study extends quantitative analyses of insect-eating by gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) to Cameroon. During a 2-mo period (May–June 2001), we recorded and analyzed feeding traces on plants and insects and in gorilla feces. We found 180 feeding traces, 17% of which involved insectivory. Seventy-eight percent of the fecal samples (n = 36) contained insects. Ants were found in 61% of the samples, termites in 39%, while 56% of the samples contained remains of other insects. We added 14 new species to the known insect diet of western lowland gorillas. Overall, social insects are predominant. The choice of prey by the Ntonga gorillas gives new clues for the existence of cross-cultural differences among gorilla populations. A comparison of the overall frequency of insectivory with those at other sites in Central Africa indicate a possible effect of forest disturbance on the insectivorous behavior of gorillas. The study suggests the existence of temporal variation in ant- and termite-eating by gorillas. 相似文献
10.
Cry1Ab protein levels in phytophagous insects feeding on transgenic corn: implications for secondary exposure risk assessment 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Graham Head Christopher R. Brown Mark E. Groth Jian J. Duan 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2001,99(1):37-45
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and bioassays were used to estimate levels of Cry1Ab protein in four species of phytophagous insects after feeding on transgenic Bt-corn plants expressing Cry1Ab protein or artificial diets containing Cry1Ab protein. The level of Cry1Ab in insects feeding on sources containing the Cry1Ab protein was uniformly low but varied with insect species as well as food source. For the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), feeding on diet solutions containing Cry1Ab protein, the level of the protein in the aphid was 250–500 times less than the original levels in the diet, whereas no Cry1Ab was detected by ELISA in aphids feeding on transgenic Bt-Corn plants. For the lepidopteran insects, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), levels of Cry1Ab in larvae varied significantly with feeding treatment. When feeding for 24 h on artificial diets containing 20 and 100 ppm of Cry1Ab, the level of Cry1Ab in the larvae was about 57 and 142 times lower, respectively, than the original protein level in the diet for O. nubilalis, 20 and 34 times lower for H. zea, and 10 to 14 times lower for A. ipsilon. Diet incorporation bioassays with a susceptible insect (first instar O. nubilalis) showed significant Cry1Ab bioactivity present within whole body tissues of R. maidis and O. nubilalis that had fed on diet containing a minimum of 20 ppm or higher concentrations (100 or 200 ppm) of Cry1Ab, but no significant bioactivity within the tissues of these insects after feeding on transgenic Bt-corn plants. The relevance of these findings to secondary exposure risk assessment for transgenic Bt crops is discussed. 相似文献
11.
Summary The role of caste polymorphism in the foraging strategy ofPogonomyrmex badius was studied in the field by measuring food items collected by foragers, and correlating food item size variables with forager size variables. The diet ofP. badius included seeds and insects. In two colonies examined, these food types comprised different proportions of the diet sample.Although some forager size variables showed close or significant correlations with food item size variables, we could identify no overall significant relationship between worker size and seed or prey size. Polymorphism inP. badius may be associated with omnivory. However, since minor workers serve as foragers and represent a portion of the total worker size variation, dietary expansion through caste proliferation appears to be only one aspect of the functional significance of polymorphism in this species. 相似文献
12.
H. Wallin P. A. Chiverton B. S. Ekbom A. Borg 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1992,65(2):129-140
Egg size was measured at different rates of egg laying in three polyphagous carabid species, known to be useful predators of cereal aphids; the small Bembidion lampros Herbst and the medium-sized Pterostichus cupreus L. and P. melanarius Illiger. Variations in fecundity, as well as the ability of the medium-sized species to also build up fat reserves, were obtained when beetles were subjected to different dietary regimes consisting of aphids, or foods with a lower or higher protein content. Egg size was found to be dependent on the rate of egg laying within a species. A diet of cereal aphids appeared to be adequate for egg production in these polyphagous carabids, but female P. cupreus were unable to build up fat reserves when they ingested aphids contaminated with the aphicide pirimicarb. Beetles were able to devote resources to more and larger eggs (B. lampros), or to larger eggs and/or fat reserves (P. melanarius/P. cupreus) when given access to a carbohydrate-rich food with low protein content. The highest rate of egg laying was obtained when female P. cupreus and P. melanarius were given a more varied diet at frequent intervals; including regular shifts between unsprayed aphids, carbohydrate-rich food and protein-rich maggots. Within the varied diet treatment a negative relationship was obtained between egg size and egg number among similar-sized individuals of P. cupreus and P. melanarius; females producing the largest number also laid the smallest eggs. Egg size affected larval survival, since first instars hatching from large eggs were found to survive longer than those hatching from small eggs. The influence of differences in food intake on reproduction, maintenance metabolism, and survival of fieldinhabiting carabids is discussed. 相似文献
13.
Variation in resource abundance affects diet and feeding morphology in the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary Growth responses and accumulation of N and P were studied in two pygmy south-west Australian species of Drosera following supplementary feeding of arthropods (collembolans, Hypogastrura vernalis and fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster) and/or a balanced mineral nutrient supplement (N as nitrate) via the roots. One feeding experiment used glasshouse-raised germlings from vegetative propagules (gemmae) of the perennial Drosera closterostigma, the other three (two on D. closterostigma and one on the annual D. glanduligera) involved natural populations engaging in natural captures of indigenous prey. All experiments recorded highly significant increases in plant dry matter, N and P (all plant age groups) and in reproductive performance (adult plants only) from artificial feeding of arthropods, but no apparent benefits from minerals alone or additive effects of minerals above that due to insects. Unresponsiveness to mineral nutrients was suggested to relate to inability of the species to use nitrate, while up to three-fold growth and nutrient uptake response to insects indicated that growth of natural populations might be severely limited by inadequate catches of prey. It is concluded that the highly nutrient-poor conditions typical of the habitat of pygmy species of Drosera may have promoted marked specialization towards carnivory and an attendant decline in ability to utilize soil-derived sources of nutrients. 相似文献
14.
F. P. Zanotto D. Raubenheimer S. J. Simpson 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1996,166(3):223-229
Aspects of pre- and post-ingestive compensation were investigated in locusts (Locusta migratoria) fed nutritionally unbalanced artificial diets containing 7% protein and 21% digestible carbohydrate (7:21) or 21% protein and 7% digestible carbohydrate (21:7). Feeding behaviour and haemolymph levels of amino acids and sugars were measured in locusts fed ad libitum on these diets. Locusts fed the high-protein diet had chronically elevated haemolymph levels of 15 out of 19 amino acids measured compared to locusts fed the low protein diet. However, haemolymph levels of lysine, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid did not differ between diets, suggesting some specific regulatory mechanism for these amino acids. Haemolymph glucose and trehalose reflected levels of carbohydrate in the diets, being high in insects fed diet 7:21 relative to those given diet 21:7. These data are discussed in relation to the physiological and behavioural bases of nutritional homeostasis.Abbreviations
AA
amino acid(s)
-
PRO
protein
-
CHO
carbohydrate
-
PBS
phosphate-buffered saline
-
MW
molecular weight 相似文献
15.
Summary Female eastern spruce budworm larvae, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), inoculated with a medium lethal spore dosage of the microsporidium Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) exhibited significant reductions in consumptive index (CI), nitrogen consumptive index (NCI), relative growth rate (RGR), and gross (ECI) and net (ECD) production effeciencies when compared to microsporidian-free larvae. Diseased larvae also exhibited significant increases in approximate digestibility (AD), N utilization efficiency (NUE), and larval moisture content. Both healthy and diseased insects were reared on 2.5% N and 4.5% N diets. Those on the 2.5% N diet showed significant increases in CI, although NCI was still lower than NCI measured for larvae reared on 4.5% N. NUE was also higher on the 2.5% N diet. Diseased cohorts reared on 2.5% N diet had significantly greater mortality than those reared on 4.5% N diet. Pupal weight and development time of infected individuals did not respond to dietary N concentration. However, healthy insects achieved greater pupal weights in a shorter time on the 4.5% N diet than those on the 2.5% N diet. Mortality of healthy insects was unaffected by dietary N. 相似文献
16.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavior of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) larvae on meridic diet with different concentrations of Bt spray formulation Delfin or isolated Cry1Ac protein
or the foliage and bolls from transgenic cotton, Bollgard hybrid RCH-317 Bt. Both insect species selectively fed on nontreated
diet compared with the diet treated with Delfin. While H. armigera exhibited concentration response with Cry1Ac, this protein did not affect S. litura larvae. In general Helicoverpa selected diet with low concentrations (EC20 and EC50 levels) of Cry1Ac compared with higher concentrations of Cry1Ac. In order to develop appropriate management strategies, a
thorough understanding of the behavioral mechanisms leading to the responses of insects to the proteins in transgenic varieties
is required. Thus, based on results of the insects fed individually on the leaf discs or bolls from transgenic cotton plants
alone or under choice situation with meridic diet revealed that H. armigera larvae preferred meridic diet to transgenic leaves or bolls expressing Cry1Ac protein. H. armigera larvae preferred meridic diet to plant material; more than 70% larvae were seen on the meridic diet, and average larval weight
gain was in the range of 121.7–130.5 mg. However, in case of S. litura the larvae showed no significant discrimination between meridic diet and the leaf discs. In fact more than 60% larvae preferred
leaf discs for feeding, though Cry1Ac expression in leaf discs was in the range of 0.9–2.18 μg/g. Thus differences in behavioral
response could potentially impact the level of efficacy of crop cultivars that have been genetically engineered to produce
these proteins. 相似文献
17.
Synopsis The whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, in the lake Mj?sa exhibited two niche changes during their life cycle. Juveniles (< 25 cm body length) were confined to
the shallow (0–30 m) epibenthic zone. Medium sized whitefish (25–35 cm body length) expanded their habitat use to include
the deep (30–90 m) epibenthic zone as well as the pelagic zone. From a body length of 35 cm, habitat use was restricted to
the deep epibenthic zone. Small fish in the shallow epibenthic zone ate small and medium-sized prey (zooplankton, insect larvae
and surface insects). Medium-sized fish in this zone were in addition feeding on the larger amphipod, Pallasea quadrispinosa. In the pelagic zone, the diet of medium-sized whitefish was dominated by zooplankton, although some larger prey like surface
insects and age-0 smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, were also eaten. In the deep epibenthic zone, the diet of both medium-sized and large (< 35 cm) whitefish consisted mainly
of the large prey P. quadrispinosa. 相似文献
18.
E. A. Bernays J. J. Howard D. Champagne B. J. Estesen 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1991,60(1):19-28
Rutin was demonstrated to be a phagostimulant for the grasshopper Schistocerca americana across a very wide concentration range. The effect was not maintained over a period of days if the insects had already ingested a large amount, but when individuals were given different concentrations on disks as supplements to their lettuce diet, they tended to self select a moderate quantity on a daily basis. In long term experiments on food utilization and growth rates using artificial diet, no beneficial effects of rutin could be demonstrated. Ingested rutin was absorbed and some of it deposited in the cuticle. Most was excreted as the aglycone quercetin. The possible functional significance of the phagostimulatory effect is discussed.Dedicated to G.B. Marini-Bettolo 相似文献
19.
Laboratory culture of fairy shirmps using baker's yeast as basic food in a flow-through system 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Alejandro M. Maeda-Martínez Hortencia Obergón-Barboza Henri J. Dumont 《Hydrobiologia》1995,298(1-3):141-157
We designed and standardized a culture method for freshwater anostracans using diets free of live algae.Thamnocephalus platyurus andBranchinecta lindahli were used as test organisms.We used baker's yeast as basic food and added inert particles (clay or amorphic silicium dioxide) to improve the digestion of the yeast. A flow-through culture system was used, according to a fixed feeding schedule, to supply separately, culture medium (tap water), food, and inert particle suspensions. Three variants with baker's yeast as basic, food were compared for survival, growth, and reproduction. A diet of solely baker's yeast (diet 1) or baker's yeast supplemented with vegetal oil containing ß-carotene (diet 2) was unsuitable for reproduction ofT. platyurus. Cyst production was only achieved when diet 2 was supplemented with fish oil andSpirulina powder (diet 3). This suggests that not only a digestibility problem, but also nutritional deficiencies are present in baker's yeast. 相似文献
20.
Luís Miguel Rosalino Jordi Torres Margarida Santos-Reis 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2006,52(3):202-206
This study provides the first data on the helminth fauna of the Eurasian badger in the southwestern edge of its range (Grândola Mountain, Portugal) and interprets the results in relation to badger diet and feeding behaviour. By examination of 163 badger faecal samples, faecal developmental stages (eliminative forms) of four helminth species and one genus were identified: one cestode (Atriotaenia incisa) and four nematodes (Mastophorus muris, Molineus patens, Uncinaria criniformis and Strongyloides sp.). The overall prevalence of parasites was 62%, with limited seasonal variation. Single parasite excretions were dominant and Strongyloides sp. excretion was the most common. Diet assessment based on 450 faecal samples revealed that badgers consumed mainly insects and fruits. No correlation was detected between helminth prevalence and diet. Apparently, diet (mainly insects) and feeding behaviour (fossorial), together with the species’ social behaviour (anal scent marking of group members), facilitate the infection with helminths. The helminth fauna of Eurasian badgers in Grândola Mountain has isolationist characteristics, apparently indicating low host colonisation. 相似文献