Recovery after fasting in the rat placed either on spontaneous diet choice or on imposed diet conditions]

During recovery from a five days' fasting, rats fed with separately presented glucids, proteins and lipids, show a 22 days' increase of the total caloric intake, and thus the fasting caloric lack is exactly compensated. On the contrary, rats fed with choice between proteins or glucids-lipids mixture (with various ratios) do not show such an increase, and thus do not compensate. The conclusion is, that the alimentary conditions are determinant in these kinds of experimentations.     

Australopithecine diet based on a baboon analogy

Recent analyses suggest that both gracile and robust australopithecines could have been “small object feeders” in the sense suggested by Jolly (1970). Data are presented on the diet of Theropithecus gelada, a grassland baboon which has been put forward as a possible analogy for this stage in hominid evolution. The relevance of these data for a reconstruction of australopithecine diet is assessed and the implications of a “small object” diet for the evolution of hunting are discussed.     

Notes on the diet of urban Kestrels

This paper seeks to quantify the diet of urban Kestrels in Manchester through pellet analysis. Birds comprised 76% of prey taken (passerines predominating) and rodents 22%, while invertebrates accounted for only 2%. Passerine remains are difficult to identify in raptor pellets, but the indication is that the House Sparrow is much the most significant prey.     

Rearing of planthoppers on a holidic diet

Planthoppers and leafhoppers (Delphacidae and Deltocephalidae) were reared on a holidic diet for eight generations. On the holidic diet, nymphal stages were prolonged, but they became shorter after the fourth generation. The resulting adults showed no difference in sizes compared with the controls. The survival of nymphs was improved after the third and subsequent generations.

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Résumé La Cicadelle Laodelphax striatellus a pu être élevée pendant huit générations successives sur un aliment synthétique de composition chimique connue, dérivé de deux utilisés par divers auterus pour des Aphides. On note un allongement de la durée de développement de chaque stade larvaire, bien qu'après la 4ème génération cette durée diminue, tout en restant plus grande que pour les témoins. Les adultes obtenus ne présentent pas de différence de taille par rapport aux témoins, mais on remarque qu'ils sont tous du type macroptère, alors que quelques brachyptères apparaissent toujours dans les élevages sur pousses de riz, particularité déjà signalée à propos d'Aphides. La mortalité larvaire sur milieu alimentaire synthétique est élevée, mais le pourcentage de survie s'améliore de génération en génération pour égaler ou même surpasser celle des témoins à la 8ème génération. La fertilité des femelles élevées sur aliment synthétique est considérablement amoindrie.D'autres Homoptères, Delphacidae et Deltocephalidae ont été élevés sur ce même milieu de l'éclosion jusqu'au stade adulte.

     

Views on high-fat diet linked insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is linked to impaired cell metabolism and survival in the peripheral tissues, as well as increased oxidative stress and activated inflammatory responses. Chronic High fat diet insulin resistant to exposure results in liver damage, impaired glucose homeostasis, hyperinsulinemia, late pancreatic-cell failure to generate insulin due to cell exhaustion, and subsequent hyperglycaemia, all of which are hallmarks of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, it is of intrest to document a short review on the impact of a high-fat diet with insulin resistance.     

Impact of diet on adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Research over the last 5 years has firmly established that learning and memory abilities, as well as mood, can be influenced by diet, although the mechanisms by which diet modulates mental health are not well understood. One of the brain structures associated with learning and memory, as well as mood, is the hippocampus. Interestingly, the hippocampus is one of the two structures in the adult brain where the formation of newborn neurons, or neurogenesis, persists. The level of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus has been linked directly to cognition and mood. Therefore, modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) by diet emerges as a possible mechanism by which nutrition impacts on mental health. In this study, we give an overview of the mechanisms and functional implications of AHN and summarize recent findings regarding the modulation of AHN by diet.     

Utilization, diet and diet selection by brent geese Branta bernicla bernicla on salt-marshes in Norfolk

The diet and utilization by brent geese of two plant communities ( Limonium/Armeria marsh—a short sward community in the upper mid salt-marsh and composed of several species, and Salicornia marsh—a community of the lower salt-marsh dominated by Salicornia europuea agg. and Aster tripolium ) were studied on the north Norfolk coast. The biomass on these communities was highest in autumn and declined markedly in November owing to the senescence and die-off of the succulent species. This decline was not significantly precipitated by the grazing of the geese but coincided with their switch to inland habitats where the biomass m^-2 and total food available on fields of winter wheat and grassland within the population's home range was 20–30 times greater. Brent geese continued to graze salt-marsh at a low intensity through the winter, feeding largely on Puccinellia maritima. In spring they returned largely to Limonium/Armeria marsh where they significantly reduced the regrowth of Puccinellia maritima.
The main plant species ealen was Puccinellia maritima , especially in mid winter. Salicornia maritima agg. leaves and seeds formed much of the diet in autumn, whereas Triglochin maritima, Plantago maritima and Aster tripolium were important foods on Limonium/Armeria marsh in spring. All these species were selected at some part of the year. Selection was related to the proline (an imino acid used by salt-marsh plants as an osmoregulator) and chloride content and avoidance related to tannins. Two species which contained condensed tannins. Limonium vulgare and Armeria maritima , were rarely eaten. As well as being a nutrient, proline may help to neutralize the effects of tannins in the diet if incorporated into proline-rich proteins.     

Effects of ABCG1 knockout on proteomic composition of HDL in mice on a chow diet and a high-fat diet

ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) is a cellular transmembrane protein that transports oxysterol efflux from cells to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in the plasma. Previous studies have demonstrated that an ABCG1 deficiency exerts an antiatherosclerotic function through the effects of oxysterol accumulation in cells to enhance apoptosis and regulate inflammatory processes. However, whether the deficiency of ABCG1 and the corresponding changes in the efflux of oxysterols could take a series of impacts on the proteomic composition of HDL remains unclear. Here, plasma HDL of ABCG1(−/−) mice and their wild-type controls on a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) were isolated by ultracentrifugation. The proportion of 7-ketocholesterol and the proteomic composition of samples were comparatively analyzed by LC-MS/MS. In NCD-fed mice, lipid metabolism-related protein (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) and antioxidative protein (pantetheinase) exhibited increased accumulation, and inflammatory response protein (alpha-1-antitrypsin) was decreased in accumulation in ABCG1(−/−) mice HDL. In HFD-fed mice, fewer proteins were detected than that of NCD-fed mice. The ABCG1(−/−) mice HDL exhibited increased accumulation of lipid metabolism-related proteins (e.g., carboxylesterase 1C, apolipoprotein (apo)C-4) and decreased accumulation of alpha-1-antitrypsin, as well as significantly reduced proportion of 7-ketocholesterol. Additionally, positive correlations were found between 7-ketocholesterol and some essential proteins on HDL, such as alpha-1-antitrypsin, apoA-4, apoB-100, and serum amyloid A (SAA). These results suggest a detrimental impact of oxysterols on HDL composition, which might affect the antiatherosclerotic properties of HDL.