Distribution of the Simulium damnosum complex on Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea, and the potential for onchocerciasis elimination by vector eradication

Onchocerciasis is endemic on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, where it is transmitted by the 'Bioko form' of the Simulium damnosum complex, a cytospecies unique to the island. To determine the distribution of vector breeding, three dry season and two wet season expeditions were made in 1989, 1996 and 1997, and 226 of the island's 247 rivers (91.5%) were visited. Of these 226 rivers, 130 (58%) were flowing during the dry season, forty-five (20%) supported aquatic stages of Simuliidae of any species and twenty-five (11%) contained larvae or pupae of the S. damnosum complex. The twenty-one rivers not prospected were in the mountainous south of the island, where an additional seventeen rivers were reached but not satisfactorily prospected. Of these thirty-eight rivers, twenty-nine were considered highly likely to support vector breeding, bringing the total number of rivers which could harbour the vector during the dry season to fifty-four (21.9% of the island's total). Breeding was believed to be limited to river stretches below 1000 m altitude, and during the dry season the total length of those stretches which could support breeding on Bioko was estimated to be 1020 km. A combination of factors, including low river discharges during the dry season, the relatively low water temperature on Bioko, the suitability of limited stretches of most rivers as vector breeding sites and the close proximity of many rivers within a small geographical area, render the vector vulnerable to eradication by aerial treatment of rivers with insecticide. The isolation of the Bioko form of the S. damnosum complex suggests that reinvasion following treatment would be unlikely, and eradication of the vector might be achieved by a dry season larviciding programme in one or two years.     

An assessment of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups as water quality indicators in the Buffalo River, eastern Cape Province, South Africa

The aim of this paper was to investigate the potential for using functional feeding groups (FFGs) as indicators of water quality conditions in rivers, using the Buffalo River, South Africa, as a specific example. Multivariate classification and ordination techniques were used to investigate species and FFG distributions in relation to a number of physico-chemical variables at 16 sites from the headwaters to the estuary of the Buffalo River.Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) of species composition ranked most of the sites sequentially down the river, irrespective of water quality conditions. Ordination of FFGs from a set of riffle samples collected in mid-late summer showed only weak relationships between FFG distribution and water quality changes, except where variables changed sequentially down the river (e.g. pH and temperature). Individual species responses to water quality gradients were examined for nine riffle-dwelling species representing diverse FFGs. Following correspondence analysis of a matrix of environmental variables and species frequencies, some species showed strong associations with defined ranges of some variables. In particular, Adenophlebia auriculata (Leptophlebiidae, Ephemeroptera) from the headwater sampling site, was associated with low pH and low temperature. Simulium damnosum occurred under conditions of high turbidity, while Afronurus harrisoni was found under high concentrations of potassium, ammonium and nitrite ions.We conclude that although there was a distinct headwaters fauna in the Buffalo River, and sequential downstream changes in species composition, most FFGs (apart from shredders) were represented down the whole length of the river. FFG classifications are therefore unlikely to provide useful indications of water quality conditions in the Buffalo River.Using a categorical approach to classifying water quality variables, and by applying correspondence analysis to the resulting matrix, we recognised nine species that could be used to define water quality. These indicator species can be used to define tolerance ranges of the fauna for water quality conditions in different parts of the Buffalo river.     

香溪河水系大型底栖动物功能摄食类群生态学

2004年7月至2007年6月,通过大型底栖无脊椎动物的量化监测,对三峡水库湖北库区最大河流香溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物功能摄食类群生态学进行研究.结果表明:香溪河大型底栖动物以收集者占绝对优势,其次为刮食者,捕食者、滤食者、撕食者相对丰度较小;各功能摄食类群分布明显受时空资源位的限制;香溪河物质循环能力、两岸物质的输入量和粗有机颗粒/ 细有机颗粒在九冲河明显高于其它河流,在冬季高于其它季节;物质输送能力以高岚河最高,在时间方面以冬季明显高于其它季节.逐步回归分析表明,流速、电导、浊度、总氮、二氧化硅对香溪河河流生态系统物质循环具有指示作用;二氧化硅和化学需氧量对物质输送能力具有指示作用;水温、水深、二氧化硅、总磷可作为沿岸物质输入量的指标;水温、二氧化硅可作为评估河道中粗、细有机颗粒比例的重要指标.     

Migration of smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) in a chalkstream

Synopsis Migration of smolts in the River Piddle, Dorset, was studied over three years in relation to factors that could influence downstream movement. The river originates mostly from groundwater springs, resulting in stable flows and low turbidity except in very rainy weither. Fish were intercepted at the tidal limit in a fixed trap-net, and measurements of water temperature, discharge, turbidity, barometric pressure, rainfall and solar radiation taken nearby. Slightly increased turbidity and discharge following heavy rain initiated major movements during two nights of the total of 55 days studied. At other times large-scale movements rock place during sunny warm afternoons. Both solar radiation and water temperature were correlated with intensity and timing of movement. The pattern of migration is different from that reported on other rivers, reflecting the relatively stable flow regime of the chalkstream.     

Freshwater zooplankton in the Hawkesbury-Nepean River: comparison of community structure with other rivers

The Hawkesbury-Nepean River is a regulated coastal river in New South Wales, Australia. Between March 1992 and March 1993, the freshwater portion of the river was inhabited by a taxonomically rich (total: 116 taxa) and dense (annual mean community density: up to 1024 animals l-1) microzooplankton community, comparable to that in some of the large regulated temperate rivers in the Northern Hemisphere. The common zooplankton taxa in the river were similar to those observed in other rivers at the genus or species level, with a characteristic increase in protists ( Vorticella spp.) towards the downstream reaches of the river. Zooplankton community density in the Hawkesbury-Nepean River was, to some degree, predictable from river environmental variables: density was significantly negatively correlated with river flow rate but positively correlated with temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total phosphorus and chlorophyll a. The results of the present study generally conform to the hypothesis of similar structure of zooplankton communities in rivers, relative to that in lakes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Towards a biological and chemical definition of the hyporheic zone in two Canadian rivers

SUMMARY. 1. A series of samples of interstitial water and fauna was taken along transects from the channel into the bank in two small rivers in southern Ontario, Canada. These were examined for any discontinuities which might indicate the position of the hyporheic/groundwater interface. 2. There were several chemical discontinuities in Duffin Greek, with “break lines” occurring from about the river margin obliquely downwards under the bank for dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, B.O.D., alkalinity, suspended solids and amount of organic matter. Break lines in nitrate and sulphide concentration ran from near the margin obliquely down under the river bed. In the Rouge River, a discontinuity extending from a point approximately 1.5 m landwards from the margin obliquely down under the river was indicated by dissolved carbon dioxide, B.O.D., conductivity, suspended solids, organic matter, nitrate and alkalinity. 3. Ordination (DECORANA) and community classification (TWIN-SPAN) revealed that, in both rivers, linear distance from mid-river was the major factor associated with community structure. In both rivers the community under the bank was distinct from the river community and these two communities were separated by another community characteristic of the river margin. In Duffin Creek the classification procedure additionally discriminated surface and interstitial sub-sets within the river community. 4. Most taxa showed no significant correlations with the chemistry of the interstitial water but. in Duffin Creek, the densities of the copepod Diacyclops crasscaudis brachycercus (Kiefer) and Oligochaeta were positively correlated with nitrate: worms were also negatively correlated with sulphide. In the Rouge River, density of hyporheic animals was negatively correlated with both conductivity and alkalinity of interstitial water; oligochactes were positively correlated with both nitrate and organic matter; and density of nematodes was positively correlated with sulphide concentration. 5. The hyporheic faunas of these two rivers were dominated by insects, particularly chironomids. Compared with the hyporheos of rivers in Europe and Colorado, the two Ontario rivers lack significant numbers of harpacticoid copepods as well as bathynellacid, amphipod and isopod crustaceans.     

Factors affecting the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus to fourth instar larvae of Chironomus tepperi (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Laboratory bioassays (48h duration, 25+/-1 degrees C) were used to determine the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) and Bacillus sphaericus to fourth instar larvae of Chironomus tepperi, a major pest of rice in southern Australia. Bioassays were conducted using different combinations of larval ages and densities to determine if these factors affected toxicity. The effects of temperature and substrate type on B.t.i. toxicity were also investigated. Tests were conducted using a commercial B.t.i. formulation (VectoBac WDG, 3000ITU/mg), a spore/crystal mixture derived from the VectoBac WDG strain, and VectoLex WDG, a commercial B. sphaericus formulation (650ITU/mg). VectoBac WDG was highly toxic to fourth instar C. tepperi in bioassays using a sand substrate (LC(50) 0.46mg/L, older larvae); younger fourth instar larvae were more susceptible (LC(50) 0.20mg/L). Increasing larval densities (from 10 to 30 per bioassay cup) increased LC(50) values for both age groups, significantly so in the case of older larvae (higher density LC(50) 0.80mg/L). Use of a soil substrate increased the LC(50) value (older larvae, 10 per cup) to 0.99mg/L. Similar differences in toxicity relative to larval age and substrate type were found in bioassays using the B.t.i. spore/crystal mixture. VectoBac WDG and the spore/crystal mixture both showed similar (approximately 6-fold) declines in activity between 30 and 17.5 degrees C. At lower temperatures (between 17.5 and 15 degrees C), activity of the spore/crystal mixture declined much more rapidly than that of VectoBac WDG. VectoLex WDG showed very low toxicity to C. tepperi larvae, and the overall impact of larval age and density was relatively minor (LC(50) values 1062-1340mg/L). Autoclaving VectoLex WDG did not substantially reduce its toxicity (LC(50) 1426mg/L), suggesting that formulation additives (i.e., surfactants and other adjuvants) are responsible for much of the toxicity occurring at the high product concentrations required to cause C. tepperi mortality. Whilst VectoLex WDG was ineffective against C. tepperi, VectoBac WDG has the potential to provide selective control of this rice pest at economically viable application rates.     

宁波市城区内河肠道病原细菌定量 PCR 分析

了解城市内河中病原菌含量对城市生态安全具有重要意义。应用定量PCR（ qPCR）方法,对宁波市城区6条重要内河水体中的病原菌含量及主要水质指标进行分析。结果表明,祖关山河、苏家河、南北河、后西河、史魏家河和直落河每升水体中含有病原菌基因的拷贝数分别为：3.34×105、1.47×105、4.68×105、1.75×106、9.65×106和1.33×106;且病原菌基因的含量与水体溶解氧负相关,与总氮、氨氮、浊度、总磷、高锰酸钾指数、叶绿素a和电导率呈正相关关系,但与水体透明度、温度和酸碱度无明显关系。定量PCR分析结果可望为评价城市内河水体质量提供重要参考。     

Management of insecticide resistance in control of the Simulium damnosum complex by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme, West Africa: potential use of negative correlation between organophosphate resistance and pyrethroid susceptibility

1. Resistance of some populations of the Simulium damnosum complex to temephos (100-fold at the LC50 level), with degrees of cross-resistance to chlorphoxim (14-fold) and other organophosphate insecticides, follows intensive larvicidal control of S. damnosum s.l. in West African river systems since 1975 by the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme. 2. Larvae of at least three sibling species of the S. damnosum complex have become organophosphate-resistant: these are the forest species S. sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar and the savanna species S. sirbanum V. & D. and S. damnosum Theobald sensu stricto. 3. Organophosphate-resistant S. damnosum s.l. larvae show increased susceptibility to some organochlorine and pyrethroid insecticides, especially to permethrin (up to 11-fold) and OMS 3002 (up to 17-fold), as compared with organophosphate-susceptible populations. 4. This differential susceptibility is reflected by increased pyrethroid efficacy in operational use for river treatments against organophosphate-resistant field populations of S. damnosum s.l. larvae. Treatment of 100 km of the lower Bandama River in 1985 showed that permethrin at the highly selective dosage of 10 min exposure to 0.01 mg/l caused reversion towards organophosphate-susceptibility of the target population of S. sanctipauli. This effect was less pronounced when the Comoe River was treated at the lower dosage of 0.005 mg/l for 10 min. 5. To overcome temephos-resistance, it is proposed that the most rational usage of currently available larvicides would involve the following annual sequence of treatments: Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 when river discharge is below 75 m3/s; chlorphoxim for about eight weekly treatment cycles after river discharge rises; permethrin (or alternative pyrethroid) for up to six treatment cycles--this should eliminate any incipient selection for chlorphoxim-resistance; resume chlorphoxim (or perhaps carbosulfan) treatments until river discharge falls below 75 m3/s permitting resumed use of B.t. H-14.     

Drivers of macrophyte development in rivers in an agricultural area: indicative species reactions

The ecological drivers of macrophyte development in a lowland agricultural area were tested based on a 2008 survey on the Wkra River catchment. Our survey was carried out in the rivers of an agricultural area with relatively high concentrations of both nitrates and phosphates in the water. By using the Polish macrophyte method, we were able to calculate several botanical metrics. Canonical ordination analyses used to relate biological data to environmental variables such as physical and chemical parameters of water, surface water velocity or river width, were carried out using CANOCO for Windows. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that pH and alkalinity were the parameters best correlated with the distribution of macrophytes and values of macrophyte indices. The recorded values of the Macrophyte Index for River in the Wkra River and its tributaries reflected their good and moderate ecological status (the Water Framework Directive scale). Despite the fact that nutrient concentrations in the water were relatively high and that most of the sites represented eutrophic conditions, the results of this survey showed that non-nutrient parameters may play an important role in explaining aquatic plant occurrence in rivers that have been subjected to eutrophication.     

Metal concentrations in water,sediment and sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus from three peri-urban rivers in the upper Manyame catchment,Zimbabwe

Concentrations of zinc, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, copper and iron were measured in flowing water, riverbed sediments and tissues of sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus from three rivers in the upper Manyame catchment over seven months in 2008–2009. The Manyame and Mukuvisi rivers are severely polluted by industrial and domestic effluent, whilst the Gwebi River is not influenced by urban effluent. Key water quality parameters, including dissolved oxygen and conductivity, clearly showed a pollution gradient in the Mukuvisi and Manyame rivers, but water quality in the Gwebi River was good. Levels of zinc, iron, copper, nickel and lead in fish tissues from the three rivers sampled were unusually high, with zinc and iron concentrations being the highest in all the tissues. This was also positively correlated with the concentrations of these metals in water and sediments. Notable differences existed between the water (zinc and copper) and sediments (iron and zinc) of each river. The relatively high metal concentrations in the Gwebi River, as well as conductivity and dissolved ions, were explained by the geological influence of the Great Dyke in its subcatchment. Metals are bound in the sediment but these can be rapidly mobilised into water if environmental changes occur, therefore efforts to monitor and prevent further water quality deterioration are required. The results of this study may have significant negative implications for aquatic organisms and for human health through fish consumption and therefore risk assessment investigations are imperative.     

Forest river plants and water quality in Ghana

River plants and water chemistry in wet and dry seasons were sampled in a wide range of rivers with variable catchments in the forest zone of Ghana, in order to examine the relationships between the floristic composition within the river and river water and catchment environmental variables.Plant species occurring in the river or on its seasonally flooded banks along 500 m sample stretches were listed in 26 sites. Sample species richness was low (1–17 species per sample, mean 5.9). Only nine species were recorded that are confined to rivers. Cluster analysis defined five floristic groups which differed in catchment area, geology, turbidity and dissolved minerals.Analysis of water chemistry variables by principal components analysis revealed a strong principal gradient (42% of total variance) related to annual rainfall with low ionic concentrations under high rainfall. The second component described seasonal differences in water chemistry. Nitrate and chloride were more concentrated in the dry season, but sulphate and calcium were more concentrated in the wet season.Catchments with higher forest cover yielded more oligotrophic and less turbid water. Catchment geology influenced water chemistry so that sandstone areas yielded clear water, and ancient peneplain areas with bauxitic soil were characterised by exceptionally low silicon concentrations.The association of macrophyte composition with river chemistry and catchment conditions was somewhat tenuous, due to the low number of species, but the low turbidity, oligotrophic rivers under high rainfall and with a high percentage of species-rich forest cover were the more species rich. Prediction of river water quality at the scale of this study are more readily made from a knowledge of catchment rainfall and forest cover than from assessments of river plant composition.     

Land use and the ecology of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of high-altitude rainforest streams in Uganda

1. In sub‐Saharan Africa, tropical forests are increasingly threatened by accelerating rates of forest conversion and degradation. In East Africa, the larger tracts of intact rainforest lie largely in protected areas surrounded by converted landscape. Thus, there is critical need to understand the functional links between large‐scale land use and changes in river conditions, and the implications of park boundaries on catchment integrity. 2. The objective of this study was to use the mosaic of heavily converted land and pristine forest created by the protection of the high‐altitude rainforest in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda to explore effects of deforestation on aquatic systems and the value of forest in buffering effects of adjacent land conversion. A set of 16 sites was selected over four drainages to include four categories of deforestation: agricultural land, deforested upstream (of the park boundary), forest edge (park boundary) and forest. We predicted that forest buffer (downstream or on the edge) would moderate effects of deforestation. To address this prediction, we quantified relationships between disturbance level and both physicochemical characters and traits of the macroinvertebrate assemblages during six sampling periods (February 2003 and June 2004). 3. Results of both principal components analysis and cluster analyses indicated differences in limnological variables among deforestation categories. PC1 described a gradient from deforested sites with poor water quality to pristine forested sites with relatively good water quality. Agricultural sites and deforested upstream sites generally had the highest turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and conductivity values and low transparency values. Forest sites and boundary site groups generally exhibited low turbidity, TDS, and conductivity values and high water transparency values. Sites also clustered according to deforestation categories; forest and forested edge sites formed a cluster independent of both agricultural land and deforested‐upstream. 4. Water transparency, water temperature, and pH were the most important factors predicting benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Sensitive invertebrate families of Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Odonata dominated forested sites with high water transparency, low water temperature, and low pH while the tolerant families of Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera were abundant in agriculturally impacted sites with low water transparency, high water temperature, and high pH. 5. This study provides support for the importance of riparian buffers in moderating effects of deforestation. Forest and forested edge sites were more similar in both limnological and macroinvertebrate assemblage structure than sites within or downstream from agricultural lands. If the protected area cannot encompass the catchment, the use of rivers as park boundaries may help to maintain the biological integrity of the rivers by buffering one side of the watercourse.     

Control of arbovirus vector Verrallina funerea (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeast Queensland, Australia

In Australia, the brackish water mosquito Verrallina funerea (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a serious pest and vector of Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses in coastal areas in the northeast of the continent. We report on the first extensive evaluation of the efficacy of various pesticides against this species, including laboratory dose-response assays and small plot field trials. In the laboratory, Ve. funerea was susceptible to temephos (Abate 100E) (lethal concentration, 95% endpoint [LC95] of 1.651 ppb), Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis de Barjac (Bti) (VectoBac 12AS) (LC95 of 0.033 ppm), s-methoprene (ProLink Liquid Larvicide [PLL]) (emergence inhibition, 95% endpoint [EI95] of 2.647 ppb), and technical grade pyriproxyfen (EI95 of 0.227 ppb). In contrast, Ve.funerea was highly refractory to Bacillus sphaericus Neide (VectoLex WG) (LC95 of >855.3 ppm). The survival of adults exposed as larvae to sublethal doses of s-methoprene was reduced for those doses greater than the EI50, although sex ratios were unaffected. Field trials demonstrated that Ve. funerea was susceptible to Bti (VectoBac G at 7 kg/ha) and s-methoprene (ProLink ProSand at 4 kg/ha), with these products giving >99 and >98% control, respectively. We also observed a significant increase in immature mortality in s-methoprene-treated pools, suggesting that s-methoprene field trials based solely on emergence inhibition of pupae may underestimate the efficacy of this insecticide.     

A comparative study of physico-chemical characteristics of river and lake water in Central India

The present paper deals with a comparative study of the physico-chemical characteristics of river and lake waters in Central India. The surface water has been analysed for pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and chlorides. The results of analyses of river water have been compared with those from lake water.The study reveals that the lake water is highly turbid, rich in organic matter, contains more of chlorides and has a higher pH value as compared to river water.     

基于eDNA metabarcoding探究北京市主要河流鱼类分布及影响因素

使用eDNA宏条形码(eDNA metabarcoding)和地笼法检测了北京市3条水系在夏季和秋季两个季节的鱼类多样性, 旨在研究北京市鱼类群落的空间格局特征, 探索适用于北京鱼类生物多样性监测及保护的新方法。结果表明: 在北京市的34个采样点中, 利用eDNA metabarcoding共检测出鱼类55种, 显著高于传统方法所捕获的鱼类种数(35种), 鱼类组成以鲤形目和鲈形目为主。山区河流清水鱼的多样性要显著高于城区河流, 城区河流(北运河水系)群落结构较为单一, 以鲫(Carassius auratus)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)等耐污种为优势种; 山区河流(潮白河水系及大清河水系)以宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、拉氏鱥(Rhynchocypris lagowskii)、马口鱼(Opsariichthys uncirostris)等为优势种。不同季节影响清水鱼群落结构的环境因子不同, 夏季主要是总溶解固体和电导率, 秋季主要是海拔和温度。清水鱼丰富度与环境因子及人类活动的相关性表明, 清水鱼的丰富度随着总溶解固体及灯光指数增加而显著降低, 且均与海拔、温度等存在显著相关性。本研究证明了eDNA metabarcoding方法用于监测北京市鱼类多样性及其时空分布的可行性。     

Thermophysical properties of aqueous and frozen states of BSA/water/Tris systems

In the modelling and the optimization of pharmaceutical protein freeze–drying processes, thermophysical properties values of the formulation in frozen or in liquid states are necessary in order to determine the optimal operating conditions (temperature, pressure) of the two steps (sublimation, desorption) drying diagramme and the optimal storage conditions of the final freeze–dried product.

The most important thermophysical properties of BSA/water/Tris system buffered with Tris–HCl (5%, w/w) at pH 7, a standard formulation largely used in industrial freeze–drying process of pharmaceutical proteins, are reported in this paper. The state diagram of this formulation was determined by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC) and, then the vitreous transition temperatures were interpreted as a function of water content by the Gordon–Taylor equation. The same technique was used to experimentally determine the heat capacity of the BSA/water frozen system. Moreover, the transient hot wire probe method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of the frozen system as a function of temperature. It proved that the thermal conductivity and the apparent heat capacity values for this dilute formulation were reasonably close to the values for the pure water/ice system.

Sorption isotherms data were also measured by two different methods—the equilibrium with saturated salts solutions and also the controlled humidity oven. Water vapour sorption data were finally correlated by the three parameters Guggenheim, Anderson, De Boer (GAB) equation.     

Effects of Land Use,Topography and Socio-Economic Factors on River Water Quality in a Mountainous Watershed with Intensive Agricultural Production in East China

Understanding the primary effects of anthropogenic activities and natural factors on river water quality is important in the study and efficient management of water resources. In this study, analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson correlations, Multiple regression analysis (MRA) and Redundancy analysis (RDA) were applied as an integrated approach in a GIS environment to explore the temporal and spatial variations in river water quality and to estimate the influence of watershed land use, topography and socio-economic factors on river water quality based on 3 years of water quality monitoring data for the Cao-E River system. The statistical analysis revealed that TN, pH and temperature were generally higher in the rainy season, whereas BOD₅, DO and turbidity were higher in the dry season. Spatial variations in river water quality were related to numerous anthropogenic and natural factors. Urban land use was found to be the most important explanatory variable for BOD₅, COD_Mn, TN, DN, NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ⁻-N, DO, pH and TP. The animal husbandry output per capita was an important predictor of TP and turbidity, and the gross domestic product per capita largely determined spatial variations in EC. The remaining unexplained variance was related to other factors, such as topography. Our results suggested that pollution control of animal waste discharge in rural settlements, agricultural runoff in cropland, industrial production pollution and domestic pollution in urban and industrial areas were important within the Cao-E River basin. Moreover, the percentage of the total overall river water quality variance explained by an individual variable and/or all environmental variables (according to RDA) can assist in quantitatively identifying the primary factors that control pollution at the watershed scale.     

上海市内不同水质的河道春季浮游细菌群落结构分析

2008年4月采集上海市城郊结合地区的4条河道午潮港、横港、朝阳河和曹杨环浜的水样, 测定水样的相关理化数据, 计算水环境质量综合指数; 提取水样中浮游细菌的总DNA, 进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析; 并对水体中的可培养浮游细菌的数量进行测定。结果表明, 污染严重的河道浮游细菌的生物量较高, 而多样性明显偏低, 河道不同采样点的微环境影响浮游细菌的组成, 河道中浮游细菌的组成与生物量的变化与水环境质量密切相关。