Geographical distribution of myxomycetes on coniferous deadwood in relation to air temperature in Japan

This study obtained information on the biogeographical distribution of lignicolous myxomycetes in temperate regions in Japan. It examined how climatic variables are related to patterns of occurrence in myxomycete communities. Sixty-four taxa were recorded on coniferous wood in 15 forest sites in summer. Common species that were abundant and widely distributed in Japan included Stemonitis axifera, Lycogala epidendrum, and Cribraria cancellata. In addition, Lindbladia cribrarioides was characteristic on dead Pinus densiflora wood in southwestern Japan. The species diversity index (H′) of the myxomycete communities was positively correlated with the annual mean temperature. The distribution of myxomycete communities was analyzed using nonmultidimensional scaling (NMDS). The ecological nature of the gradients expressed by the first two NMDS axes was that the first axis was found to correspond strongly to changes in the average minimum temperature and the latitude, and the second axis was related to a complex of factors, including altitude. The relative abundance of certain species in a myxomycete community on Japanese red pine changed in relation to the annual mean temperature, e.g., Lycogala epidendrum correlated negatively while Stemonitopsis hyperopta did so positively. We conclude that air temperatures can be used to predict the geographical distribution of lignicolous myxomycetes in this temperate region of Japan.     

Comparative study of the mass loss rate of moss litter in boreal and subalpine forests in relation to temperature

The mossHylocomium splendens shows a very wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere and may be useful as an indicator of climatic change on a global scale. We aimed to establish a convenient method to estimate the annual rate of litter mass loss of this species. The rate was calculated from the annual litter production rate and the amount of litter accumulated in the field. The litter production rate was estimated by analysis of the moss shoot growth. The rates calculated by this method tended to be larger than estimates obtained by the litter bag method. Using this method, we examined the difference in the litter mass loss rate along the altitudinal and latitudinal temperature gradients. The moss samples were collected from three boreal forests in Canada and four subalpine forests in Japan. At the subalpine sites, the annual rate of litter mass loss was within the range of 10–24% and tended to be smaller with increasing altitude. The rates in the boreal sites were similar to those in the subalpine sites despite lower mean annual temperatures. A significant log-linear relationship was observed between the annual mass loss rate and the cumulative value of monthly mean air temperatures higher than 0°C (CMT). Nitrogen concentration of the litter was positively correlated with mean annual air temperature. Site to site variation in the annual mass loss rate was largely explained by CMT and nitrogen concentration of the litter.     

Climate response among growth increments of fish and trees

Significant correlations were found among the annual growth increments of stream fish, trees, and climate variables in the Ozark region of the United States. The variation in annual growth increments of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) from the Jacks Fork River was significantly correlated over 22 years with the ring width of four tree species: white oak (Quercus alba), post oak (Quercus stellata), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Rock bass growth and tree growth were both significantly correlated with July rainfall and stream discharge. Variations in annual growth of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) from four streams were significantly correlated over 29 years (1939–1968) with mean May maximum air temperature but not with tree growth. The magnitude and significance of correlations among growth increments from fish and trees imply that conditions such as topography, stream gradient, organism age, and the distribution of a population relative to its geographic range can influence the climatic response of an organism. The timing and intensity of climatic variables may produce different responses among closely related species.     

Climatic controls on distribution of Fagus crenata forests in Japan

Abstract. We used classification tree analysis to develop a climate‐based distribution model for Fagus crenata forests in Japan. Four climatic variables judged likely to affect the distribution of the species (summer and winter precipitation, minimum temperature of the coldest month and Kira's warmth index) were chosen as independent variables for the model. Latitudinal and longitudinal information was also used to examine effects of spatial autocorrelation on the model. The climatic factors associated with the distribution of the forests were analysed using a classification tree to devise prediction rules. Predicted areas of high probability for forest occurrence lay mainly on the Sea of Japan side of northern Honshu and southern Hokkaido. This is consistent with actual forest distribution. Some areas with high predicted probabilities of F. crenata forest occurrence were beyond the current natural northern range limits of these forests. Since these areas were widely scattered, it was assumed that the species has been hindered from colonizing them due to dispersal limitations. Deviance‐weighted scores, used to compare magnitudes of the contributions of predictor variables, revealed winter precipitation as the most influential factor, followed by the warmth index, the minimum temperature of the coldest month and summer precipitation. Attempts were made to generate ecological explanations for the effects of the four climatic factors on the distribution of F. crenata forests.     

中国云杉林的地理分布与气候因子间的关系

为了揭示中国云杉林的地理分布与气候因子间的关系, 在中国云杉林15个群系的地理分布范围内选取613个地理坐标点, 其中包括云杉各个种分布的海拔上限和下限坐标点各235和228个。通过数字地球系统确定每个点的海拔高程, 从中国气象插值数据库获取每个点的气候数据。数据分析分别采用线性回归、变异系数比较和主成分分析(PCA)法。结果显示, 中国云杉林分布范围内, 年平均气温、最冷月平均气温、最热月平均气温、≥5 ℃积温、≥0 ℃积温、年降水量、土壤水分含量和干燥指数α的平均值分别是3.38 ℃、-9.75 ℃、14.78 ℃、1 227.83 ℃·d、2 271.19 ℃·d、712.23 mm、80.02%和0.50; 各气候因子与中国云杉林垂直分布的上下限间均具有显著的回归关系; 除了年平均气温和最冷月平均气温变异系数较大外, 其他6个气候因子的变异系数均较小, 且彼此间无显著差异; 无论是云杉分布的上限还是下限, ≥5 ℃积温和≥0 ℃积温在PCA第一主分量具有较高的载荷, 而年降水量和土壤水分含量在第二、三主分量具有较高的载荷。影响中国云杉林分布的主要气候因子是生长季节积温, 其次是年降水量和土壤水分含量。     

Climate and the northern distribution limits of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, is among the most important agents of ecological disturbance and economic loss in forests of the south-eastern United States. We combined physiological measurements of insect temperature responses with climatic analyses to test the role of temperature in determining the northern distribution limits of D. frontalis. Laboratory measurements of lower lethal temperatures and published records of mortality in wild populations indicated that air temperatures of ?16° should result in almost 100% mortality of D. frontalis. The distribution limits for D. frontalis approximate the isoline corresponding to an annual probability of 0.90 of reaching ≤?16 °C. Thus, D. frontalis have been found about as far north as they could possibly occur given winter temperature regimes. At latitudes from 39° N (southern Ohio) to 33° N (central Alabama), winter temperatures must exert high mortality on D. frontalis populations in at least one year out of ten. In contrast, we reject the hypotheses that summer temperatures or the distribution of host trees constrain the northern distribution of D. frontalis. Because of the short generation time of D. frontalis, its high dispersal abilities, and the cosmopolitan distribution of suitable host trees, changes in either the mean or variance of minimum annual temperatures could have almost immediate effects on regional patterns of beetle infestations. We estimate that an increase of 3 °C in minimum annual temperature could extend the northern distribution limits by 170 km. Increases or decreases in the variance of minimum annual temperatures would further relax climatic constraints on the northern distribution limits of D. frontalis. Results emphasize the ecological importance of spatial and temporal variability in minimum annual temperatures. The physiologically based models provide a tool for guiding land management decisions in forests and illustrate a general approach for predicting the regional effects of climatic patterns on the distribution of organisms.     

Climatic controls of vegetation vigor in four contrasting forest types of India—evaluation from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer datasets (1990–2000)

Ten-day advanced very high resolution radiometer images from 1990 to 2000 were used to examine spatial patterns in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and their relationships with climatic variables for four contrasting forest types in India. The NDVI signal has been extracted from homogeneous vegetation patches and has been found to be distinct for deciduous and evergreen forest types, although the mixed-deciduous signal was close to the deciduous ones. To examine the decadal response of the satellite-measured vegetation phenology to climate variability, seven different NDVI metrics were calculated using the 11-year NDVI data. Results suggested strong spatial variability in forest NDVI metrics. Among the forest types studied, wet evergreen forests of north-east India had highest mean NDVI (0.692) followed by evergreen forests of the Western Ghats (0.529), mixed deciduous forests (0.519) and finally dry deciduous forests (0.421). The sum of NDVI (SNDVI) and the time-integrated NDVI followed a similar pattern, although the values for mixed deciduous forests were closer to those for evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. Dry deciduous forests had higher values of inter-annual range (RNDVI) and low mean NDVI, also coinciding with a high SD and thus a high coefficient of variation (CV) in NDVI (CVNDVI). SNDVI has been found to be high for wet evergreen forests of north-east India, followed by evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, mixed deciduous forests and dry deciduous forests. Further, the maximum NDVI values of wet evergreen forests of north-east India (0.624) coincided with relatively high annual total precipitation (2,238.9 mm). The time lags had a strong influence in the correlation coefficients between annual total rainfall and NDVI. The correlation coefficients were found to be comparatively high (R²=0.635) for dry deciduous forests than for evergreen forests and mixed deciduous forests, when the precipitation data with a lag of 30 days was correlated against NDVI. Using multiple regression approach models were developed for individual forest types using 16 different climatic indices. A high proportion of the temporal variance (>90%) has been accounted for by three of the precipitation parameters (maximum precipitation, precipitation of the wettest quarter and driest quarter) and two of the temperature parameters (annual mean temperature and temperature of the coldest quarter) for mixed deciduous forests. Similarly, in the case of deciduous forests, four precipitation parameters and three temperature parameters explained nearly 83.6% of the variance. These results suggest differences in the relationship between NDVI and climatic variables based upon the time of growing season, time interval and climatic indices over which they were summed. These results have implications for forest cover mapping and monitoring in tropical regions of India.     

Influence of climate on Bonelli's eagle's (Hieraaetus fasciatus V. 1822) breeding success through the Western Mediterranean

Aim To assess the impact of certain climatic variables on the breeding success of some populations of Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus V. 1822) throughout its latitudinal distribution range, in order to account for recent and differential declines in populations. Location Western Mediterranean, from southern Morocco to southern France. Methods Seven populations were considered for the latitudinal distribution range of the species. Data from 1052 breeding attempts were taken from the literature and, for each population, breeding success was measured as the mean number of fledglings per pair per year. Breeding success, as a dependent variable, was related to five geographical and climatic variables (latitude, mean annual temperature, mean minimum temperature of the coldest month, mean maximum temperature of the hottest month and mean annual precipitation) as independent variables, through some regression models, which take into account the multicolinearity of the variables. Results All the analyses agreed that average annual temperature was an important factor associated with the breeding success of the species in each region, and accounted for up to 97% of the variance of the breeding success throughout a latitudinal gradient in the study area. Main conclusions The low breeding success of the northern populations (probably because of climatic constraints) and the tendency of juveniles to disperse southwards, diminishes recruitment in those populations. Therefore, as human pressure and habitat destruction causes high adult and pre‐adult mortality of the species throughout its entire latitudinal range, disturbances in the northern populations have more profound effects, thereby explaining observed population declines.     

Lack of regeneration and climatic vulnerability to fire of Scots pine may induce vegetation shifts at the southern edge of its distribution

Aim Forest ecosystems dominated by fire‐sensitive species could suffer shifts in composition under altered crown fire regimes mediated by climate change. The aims of this study were to: (1) study the spatio‐temporal patterns and the climatic distribution of fires in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests during the last 31 years in north‐eastern Spain, (2) evaluate the climatic vulnerability to fire of these forests in Spain, (3) analyse the regeneration of Scots pine after fire, and (4) predict the mid‐term maintenance or replacement of Scots pine in burned areas. Location Catalonia (north‐eastern Spain): the southern distribution limit of Scots pine. Methods We characterized the spatio‐temporal and the climatic distribution of fires that occurred in Catalonia between 1979 and 2009. We used a generalized linear model to characterize the climatic vulnerability to fire of Scots pine in the whole of Spain. We assessed the regeneration of the species after crown fires in nine burned areas in Catalonia. The resulting data were integrated into a stochastic matrix model to predict the mid‐term maintenance or replacement of Scots pine in burned areas. Results During the last three decades, Scots pine forests distributed in dry sites were most affected by fire. Our assessment of the vulnerability to fire of Scots pine forests in Spain as a whole, based on climatic and topographical variables, showed that 32% of these forests are vulnerable to fire, and that this proportion could increase to 66% under a conservative climate change scenario. Field data showed almost no regeneration of Scots pine after crown fires, and a limited capacity to recolonize from unburned edges, even in relatively old fires, with 90% of recruits located in the first 25 m from the edge. This process could be delayed by the elapsed time for new recruits to achieve reproductive maturity, which we estimated to be c. 15 years. Finally, our matrix model predicted the replacement of burned Scots pine forests by oak (Quercus sp.) forests, shrublands or mixed resprouter forests. Main conclusions Increased vulnerability to fire of Scots pine forests under future, warmer conditions may result in vegetation shifts at the southern edge of the distribution of the species.     

Pine pest aphids of the genus Eulachnus (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae): how far can their range extend?

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Climate change and the outbreak ranges of two North American bark beetles

Abstract

• 1 One expected effect of global climate change on insect populations is a shift in geographical distributions toward higher latitudes and higher elevations. Southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis and mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae undergo regional outbreaks that result in large‐scale disturbances to pine forests in the south‐eastern and western United States, respectively.
• 2 Our objective was to investigate potential range shifts under climate change of outbreak areas for both bark beetle species and the areas of occurrence of the forest types susceptible to them.
• 3 To project range changes, we used discriminant function models that incorporated climatic variables. Models to project bark beetle ranges employed changed forest distributions as well as changes in climatic variables.
• 4 Projected outbreak areas for southern pine beetle increased with higher temperatures and generally shifted northward, as did the distributions of the southern pine forests.
• 5 Projected outbreak areas for mountain pine beetle decreased with increasing temperature and shifted toward higher elevation. That trend was mirrored in the projected distributions of pine forests in the region of the western U.S. encompassed by the study.
• 6 Projected outbreak areas for the two bark beetle species and the area of occurrence of western pine forests increased with more precipitation and decreased with less precipitation, whereas the area of occurrence of southern pine forests decreased slightly with increasing precipitation.
• 7 Predicted shifts of outbreak ranges for both bark beetle species followed general expectations for the effects of global climate change and reflected the underlying long‐term distributional shifts of their host forests.

     

Climate-change-related shifts in annual phenology of a temperate snake during the last 20 years

Global warming is thought to be a far-reaching threat to biodiversity, and is supposed to influence several aspects of the ecology of animals. Global warming should influence especially the ectotherm vertebrates, which depend directly from the external thermal conditions for their activities and performances. Here, we analyze the changes in phenology which have occurred in the last 20 years in a marked population of vipers, Vipera aspis, and we try to relate these changes with the intervening climatic changes. We analyzed three metrics of viper's annual phenology: (i) annual onset of above-ground activity (hereby AOA); (ii) annual onset of feeding period (AOF); (iii) annual onset of the hibernation (AOH). The annual variations of these three phenological metrics were correlated to five variables of climatic data: (1) mean annual air temperature, (2) mean February air temperature, (3) mean July air temperature, (4) yearly number of rainy days, and (5) yearly number of days with rainstorm. We observed a statistically significant reduction of AOA values from >28 days between 1987 and 1997, to approximately 20 days from 1998 to 2011, with a similar statistical trend also found for AOF values. The number of days of delay in entering hibernation increased significantly since 1998. Three sets of relationships between climatic variables and metrics of viper phenology were statistically significant, i.e. the correlation (i) between annual mean temperature and AOA (negative), (ii) between annual mean temperature and AOF (negative), and (iii) between annual mean temperature and AOH (positive). The percent of field days (between 20th February and 20th March) with no viper observed also decreased significantly over the years. Our study showed that three different traits of the annual phenology of a Mediterranean snake are shifting in the 20+ years of monitoring, and that there is correlational evidence that these shifts are linked to intervening climate change.     

Climatic effects on litter decomposition from arctic tundra to tropical rainforest

Climatic effects on the decomposition rates of various litter types in different environments must be known to predict how climatic changes would affect key functions of terrestrial ecosystems, such as nutrient and carbon cycling and plant growth. We developed regression models of the climatic effects on the first‐year mass loss of Scots pine needle litter in boreal and temperate forests across Europe (34 sites), and tested the applicability of these models for other litter types in different ecosystems from arctic tundra to tropical rainforest in Canada (average three year mass loss of 11 litter types at 18 sites), the USA and Central America (four litter types at 26 sites). A temperature variable (annual mean temperature, effective temperature sum or its logarithm) combined with a summer drought indicator (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration between May and September) explained the first‐year mass loss of the Scots pine needle litter across Europe with a higher R² value than actual evapotranspiration (0.68–0.74 vs. 0.51) and with less systematic error for any sub‐region. The model with temperature sum and the summer drought indicator appeared best suited to the other litter types and environments. It predicted the climatic effects on the decomposition rates in North and Central America with least systematic error and highest R² values (0.72–0.80). Compared with Europe, the decomposition rate was significantly less sensitive to annual mean temperature in Canada, and to changes in actual evapotranspiration in the USA and Central America. A simple model distinguishing temperature and drought effects was able to explain the majority of climatic effects on the decomposition rates of the various litter types tested in the varying environments over the large geographical areas. Actual evapotranspiration summarizing the temperature and drought effects was not as general climatic predictor of the decomposition rate.     

中国特有种川榛的地理分布格局与气候环境因子的关系分析

采用查询资料和实地调查相结合的方法,收集中国特有种川榛(Corylus kweichowensis Hu)的地理分布资料以及各分布区的气象数据;利用Kira温暖指数、Kira寒冷指数、徐文铎湿度指数、Holdrige生物温度、Holdrige可能蒸散率和Holdrige可能蒸散量对川榛地理分布格局与气候水热指标的关系进行研究;并采用主成分分析法对影响川榛分布的气候水热指标进行了分析.结果表明:川榛分布于中国的15个省(自治区、直辖市),水平分布范围为东经102°06′~121°59′、北纬25°11′~37°38′,分布的最北端和最东端均位于山东省牟平县,最南端和最西端分别位于贵州省安龙县和四川省泸定县;垂直分布海拔为300~2500 m,集中分布海拔为500~1000 m,主要分布于秦岭、伏牛山、大别山和大巴山等山系.川榛分布区的年均温、Kira温暖指数、年降水量和Holdrige生物温度的最适范围分别为1124℃~1772℃、9153℃·月-1~14924℃·月-1、59638~160175 mm和1166℃~1754℃,Kira寒冷指数、徐文铎湿度指数、年空气相对湿度、Holdrige可能蒸散量和Holdrige可能蒸散率的均值分别为-673℃·月-1、911、7481%、86025 mm和089,其分布南界和北界的Kira温暖指数、Kira寒冷指数和年降水量的范围分别为6290℃·月-1~16910℃·月-1、-3990℃·月-1~-110℃·月-1和42550~205820 mm;按照Holdrige分类系统,川榛属于暖温带和亚热带湿润森林生命地带类型中的树种,生态适应性较广.主成分分析结果表明:限制川榛地理分布的气候水热条件由高到低依次为低温条件、高温条件、湿度条件,因此,园艺化栽培川榛时可首先考虑1月均温、Kira寒冷指数、极端低温、无霜期和年均温等因素.     

Variation in litterfall-climate relationships between coniferous and broadleaf forests in Eurasia

Aim The objectives of this study were to determine the relationships between climatic factors and litterfall in coniferous and broadleaf forests in Eurasia and to explore the difference in litterfall between coniferous and broadleaf forests as related to climate at a continental scale. Location We have used data from across Eurasia. Methods The relationships between litterfall and climatic factors were examined using linear regression analysis of a compilation of published data from coniferous and broadleaf forests in Eurasia. Results The relationships between litterfall and climatic factors show that in the temperate, subtropical, and tropical areas, broadleaf forests had higher litterfall than coniferous ones, whilst the opposite was found for boreal forests. Combining all climatic zones, a multiple regression analysis using annual mean temperature (T) and annual precipitation (P) as independent variables gave an adjusted R² () of 0.272 for total litterfall in coniferous forests (n = 199, P < 0.001), 0.498 for broadleaf litterfall (n = 240, P < 0.001), and 0.535 for combined coniferous and broadleaf litterfall (n = 439, P < 0.001). The linear models for broadleaf stands have significantly higher coefficients for T and P than those for coniferous ones but the intercepts were similar. Thus, litterfall in broadleaf forests increased faster with T and P than that in coniferous forests. Further, a transformation of temperature and precipitation to relative units showed that a relative‐unit change in T had a larger impact than P on total litterfall in broadleaf forests. The results indicate that at a continental scale, climatic controls over litterfall differ between coniferous and broadleaf forests. Conclusions A relative unit change in annual mean temperature has a greater effect on litterfall compared to the same change in annual precipitation across the Eurasian forests. Further, the higher response to T for broadleaf forests indicates a difference in climate control between coniferous and broadleaf forests at a continental scale, and consequently different litterfall responses to climate change.     

Connections between climatic variables and the growth and needle dynamics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Estonia and Lapland

The relationships between climatic variables and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growth and needle dynamics were studied in three stands in Estonia and in four stands located near the northern timberline in Lapland. The trees sampled in Estonia had low correlations with the analysed climatic variables (air temperature, precipitation and indices of atmospheric circulation). Moreover, the weak cross-correlation of the time-series of the Estonian sample trees indicated that Scots pine is affected mainly by local factors in that region. In Lapland, however, height increment and needle production correlated strongly among trees within a stand (mean r=0.45 and 0.46, respectively) and between stands (r=0.32 and 0.37). Radial increment also showed a high inter-correlation among the trees within a stand in Lapland (r=0.45). Both height increment and needle production were strongly influenced by the temperature regime of the previous summer in Lapland (mean r=0.64 and 0.64, respectively). Radial increment was correlated with the mean July temperature of the current year (mean r=0.29). The correlations between the indices of atmospheric circulation and tree attributes were weak, while the strongest correlation was between the Ponta Delgada NAO index (PD–NAO) and height increment and needle production in Lapland. Height increment, needle production and radial increment have increased since the 1990s in the trees growing in Lapland. This may indicate a positive effect of climate warming on tree growth in Lapland. In Estonia, where climatic conditions do not limit tree growth, the climate warming seems not to directly influence the growth and needle dynamics of Scots pine.     

基于青冈和滇青冈生态位模拟的湿润和半湿润常绿阔叶林替代分布及气候解释

为揭示湿润常绿阔叶林和半湿润常绿阔叶林替代分布的气候制约变量,该研究选择其代表性优势树种青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和滇青冈(C.glaucoides)为研究对象,收集两个物种的标本分布点数据和19个生物气候变量图层数据,运用MaxEnt模型,模拟其潜在分布区,通过判别分析(DFA)、方差分析(...     

中国嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征

为了明确嵩草属(Kobresia)植物分布与气候要素的关系, 收集了嵩草属植物地理分布资料和气象台站气候数据, 应用ArcGIS软件及SPSS软件中的聚类分析方法, 分析了嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征。结果显示: 嵩草属植物分布在青藏高原、西北、华北和东北部分地区, 广泛分布13种, 间断分布10种, 分布海拔为1 400-5 000 m, 经度和纬度范围分别为81-112° E和23-46° N。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素平均值范围: 年生物学温度为4-19 ℃, 年平均气温为0-20 ℃, 年平均最高气温为7-28 ℃, 年平均最低气温为-6-16 ℃, 极端最高气温为25-40 ℃, 极端最低气温为-37.0-0.0 ℃, 1月和7月平均气温分别为-14-13 ℃和11-24 ℃, 1月和7月最高气温分别为-7-23 ℃和18-30 ℃, 1月和7月最低气温分别为-22-7 ℃和5-20 ℃, 春夏秋冬季气温分别为-4-19 ℃、9-23 ℃、6-21 ℃和-11-15 ℃, 温暖指数为23-159 ℃, 寒冷指数为-36-0 ℃, 年降水量为154-1 500 mm, 春夏秋冬降水量分别为19-135 mm、53-662 mm、48-545 mm和5-92 mm, Holdridge潜在蒸散量为261-1 100 mm, Thornthwaite潜在蒸发量为399-895 mm, 干燥度为167-786, 湿润指数为179-816, 4-10月日照时数为990-2 100 h。在热量要素平均值较低和中等、降水量与干燥湿润度平均值中等或辐射时数平均值较高范围下分布种数较多。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素极值, 年平均气温最小最大值范围为-6-21 ℃, 年平均最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为-12-28 ℃, 极端最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为-48-42 ℃, 最冷最热月气温范围为-32-33 ℃, 冬夏季最低最高气温范围为-20-25 ℃, 降水量最小最大值范围为15-1 800 mm, 干燥度最小最大值范围为7-890, 日照时数最小最大值范围为701-2 300 h。在热量要素极值较低、降水量及干燥度极值中等或日照时数极值较大范围下分布种数较多。说明嵩草属植物主要适应于低温亚湿润型和中温湿润型气候。     

Climatic limits for the present distribution of beech (Fagus L.) species in the world

Aim Beech (Fagus L., Fagaceae) species are representative trees of temperate deciduous broadleaf forests in the Northern Hemisphere. We focus on the distributional limits of beech species, in particular on identifying climatic factors associated with their present range limits. Location Beech species occur in East Asia, Europe and West Asia, and North America. We collated information on both the southern and northern range limits and the lower and upper elevational limits for beech species in each region. Methods In total, 292 lower/southern limit and 310 upper/northern limit sites with available climatic data for all 11 extant beech species were collected by reviewing the literature, and 13 climatic variables were estimated for each site from climate normals at nearby stations. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to detect climatic variables most strongly associated with the distribution of beech species and to compare the climatic spaces for the different beech species. Results Statistics for thermal and moisture climatic conditions at the lower/southern and upper/northern limits of all world beech species are presented. The first two PCA components accounted for 70% and 68% of the overall variance in lower/southern and upper/northern range limits, respectively. The first PCA axis represented a thermal gradient, and the second a moisture gradient associated with the world‐wide distribution pattern of beech species. Among thermal variables, growing season warmth was most important for beech distribution, but winter low temperature (coldness and mean temperature for the coldest month) and climatic continentality were also coupled with beech occurrence. The moisture gradient, indicated by precipitation and moisture indices, showed regional differences. American beech had the widest thermal range, Japanese beeches the most narrow; European beeches occurred in the driest climate, Japanese beeches the most humid. Climatic spaces for Chinese beech species were between those of American and European species. Main conclusions The distributional limits of beech species were primarily associated with thermal factors, but moisture regime also played a role. There were some regional differences in the climatic correlates of distribution. The growing season temperature regime was most important in explaining distribution of Chinese beeches, whilst their northward distribution was mainly limited by shortage of precipitation. In Japan, distribution limits of beech species were correlated with summer temperature, but the local dominance of beech was likely to be dependent on snowfall and winter low temperature. High summer temperature was probably a limiting factor for southward extension of American beech, while growing season warmth seemed critical for its northward distribution. Although the present distribution of beech species corresponded well to the contemporary climate in most areas, climatic factors could not account for some distributions, e. g., that of F. mexicana compared to its close relative F. grandifolia. It is likely that historical factors play a secondary role in determining the present distribution of beech species. The lack of F. grandifolia on the island of Newfoundland, Canada, may be due to inadequate growing season warmth. Similarly, the northerly distribution of beech in Britain has not reached its potential limit, perhaps due to insufficient time since deglaciation to expand its range.     

Quantitative prediction of the distribution and abundance of Vaccinium myrtillus with climatic and edaphic factors

Question: Can the distribution and abundance of Vaccinium myrtillus be reasonably predicted with soil nutritional and climatic factors? Location: Forests of France. Methods: We used Braun‐Blanquet abundance/dominance information for Vaccinium myrtillus on 2905 forest sites extracted from the phyto‐ecological database EcoPlant, to characterize the species ecological response to climatic and edaphic factors and to predict its cover/abundance at the national scale. The link between cover/abundance of the species and climatic (65 monthly and annual predictors concerning temperature, precipitation, radiation, potential evapotranspiration, water balance) and edaphic (two predictors: soil pH and C:N ratio) factors was investigated with proportional odds models. We evaluated the quality of our model with 9830 independent relevés extracted from Sophy, a large phytosociological database for France. Results: In France, Vaccinium myrtillus is at the southern limit of its European geographic range and three environmental factors (mean annual temperature, soil pH and C:N ratio) allow prediction of its distribution and abundance in forests with high success rates. The species reveals a preference for colder sites (especially mountains) and nutritionally poor soils (low pH and high C:N ratio). A predictive map of its geographic range reveals that the main potential habitats are mountains and northwestern France. The potential habitats with maximal expected abundance are the Vosges and the Massif central mountains, which are both acidic mountains. Conclusions: Complete niche models including climate and soil nutritional conditions allow an improvement of the spatial prediction of plant species abundance at a broad scale. The use of soil nutritional variables in distribution models further leads to an improvement in the prediction of plant species habitats within their geographical range.