甜高粱再生体系的建立

利用甜高粱成熟种子和成熟胚作为外植体, 通过愈伤组织再生途径建立了植株再生体系。结果表明, 成熟种子在添加1.38 g.L-1脯氨酸、500 mg.L-1水解酪蛋白和3.0 mg.L-1 2, 4-D的MS培养基上可以较快地诱导出生长状态良好的愈伤组织;成熟胚在添加1.38 g.L-1脯氨酸、500 mg.L-1水解酪蛋白、2.5 mg.L-1 2, 4-D和0.1 mg.L-1KT的MS培养基上也能诱导出生长良好的愈伤组织。将愈伤组织转移到MS+1 mg.L-1 IAA + 0.5 mg.L-1 6-BA培养基上诱导芽, 然后再转移到MS+3 mg.L- 1IBA培养基上生根后, 可发育成为完整的植株。     

火龙果愈伤组织诱导与植株再生

为了建立火龙果愈伤组织诱导与植株再生体系,以火龙果茎段、幼苗和子叶为外植体进行离体培养试验。结果表明：茎段诱导愈伤组织的最优培养基为1／2MS＋2,4-D2．0mg·L^-1＋6-BAO．5mg·L^-1,诱导子叶愈伤组织的最适培养基是1／2MS＋2,4-D2．0mg·L^-1＋6-BA1．0mg·L^-1,诱导愈伤组织分化的最优培养基为1／2MS＋6-BA4．0mg·L^-1＋NAA0．5mg·L^-1,最佳生根培养基为1／2MS＋6．BA1mg·L^-1＋NAA0-3mg·L^-1。     

野牛草成熟胚离体培养及植株再生

1植物名称野牛草[Buchloe dactyloides(Nutt.)texoka]. 2材料类别成熟胚. 3培养条件(1)愈伤组织诱导培养基:MS 2,4-D1.5～6.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) 6-BA 0.1 脯氨酸1 000 水解酪蛋白(CH)500 谷氨酰胺500 α-酮戊二酸100 硫代硫酸银(STS)5;(2)愈伤组织继代培养基:MS 3/2MS(有机) 2,4-D 2.5 6-BA 0.1 CH1 000 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)200或维生素C(vC)200;(3)再生培养基:不附加任何植物生长调节物质的MS基本培养基(MS0).所有培养基中均添加3%蔗糖、0.56%琼脂,pH 5.8.愈伤组织诱导及继代培养为暗培养,不定芽分化及植株再生过程中光照12 h·d-1,光照度为1 500lx,培养温度为(25±1)℃.     

新疆雪莲体细胞胚胎发生

通过体细胞胚胎发生途径实现了新疆雪莲（Saussurea involucrata Kar．et Kir．）的植株再生。选用新疆雪莲子叶为外植体,接种于MS＋0．5mg·L^-12,4-D＋0．05—1mg·L^-1BA的固体培养基上,进行愈伤组织的诱导。从第1次继代培养的愈伤组织中挑选出黄绿色、颗粒状、质地致密的腔陛愈伤组织,转移到含0．05—0．1mg·L^-1 2,4-D的MS液体培养基中进行悬浮培养,20天后可分化产生大量球形胚。继代过程中相继加入PEG和GA3,可以促进体细胞胚的分化和生长。体细胞胚在含有5mg·L^-1 GA3的MS固体培养基上,可发育成完整的植株。     

刺葡萄幼胚愈伤组织诱导及其高产原花青素细胞系筛选

以刺葡萄幼胚为材料,研究不同培养方式、培养基配方和培养条件对其愈伤组织诱导的影响,采用正交试验设计法筛选刺葡萄愈伤组织继代增殖的培养基配方,并对继代保持的培养条件和方式进行优化,同时进行了高产原花青素刺葡萄愈伤组织细胞系的筛选研究。结果表明,刺葡萄幼胚以平放的方式接种到MS＋1.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-D或MS＋1.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-D＋0.5mg·L^-1 KT的固体培养基上,在黑暗的条件下,能有效的诱导出愈伤组织,诱导效率为80%;刺葡萄愈伤组织继代增殖以MS＋1.5 mg·L^-1 2,4-D或MS＋1.5 mg·L^-1 2,4-D＋0.5 mg·L^-1 KT的固体培养基为佳,并且采用此两种培养基交替继代培养,在光照条件下能长期保持旺盛且生长一致的刺葡萄愈伤组织;筛选出了紫红色松脆状的高产原花青素的刺葡萄愈伤组织细胞系,培养35 d后每克鲜样的原花青素含量可达1 671.16μg。     

6-BA对红掌组织培养中红叶变异的影响

以红掌盆栽品种‘Avo-Gloria’为试材,以MS＋0.2mg·L^-12,4-D为基本培养基,分别在添加1～10mg·L^-16-BA的10种脱分化培养基上,诱导其叶柄外植体产生愈伤组织;再以MS＋2mg·L^-16-BA＋0.2mg·L^-1 NAA为分化培养基诱导分化不定芽;以MS＋0.2mg·L^-1 NAA为生根培养基,从不定芽获得再生植株。结果显示：（1）在MS＋0.2mg·L^-12,4-D＋8～10mg·L^-16-BA的3种脱分化培养基上可产生9%～10%的绿色、质地较硬的愈伤组织;（2）愈伤组织在MS＋2mg·L^-16-BA＋0.2mg·L^-1 NAA的分化培养基上,经6～8次继代培养,可获得3%～7%的不定芽,并可生根长成再生植株;（3）再生植株定植3个月后,有3%～7%植株出现红叶变异,此红叶可终生表现为红色。     

糜子离体体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生 Ⅱ.各种因素的影响

本试验就各种因素对糜子胚性和非胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响及其植株再生进行了较为详细的研究。结果表明,2,4-D是诱导胚性愈伤组织所必须的;蒸糖浓度、酵母浸出汁和水解乳蛋白的含量、基本培养基组成、外植体来源和黑暗培养等因素也都有不同程度的影响;而且各种因素对胚性愈伤组织的影响比非胚性愈伤组织更大。诱导胚性愈伤组织最适宜的培养基组成是MS+2,4-D(2mg/l)+BA(0.5mg/l)+蔗糖(3%)+YE(0.3%)+LH(1600mg/l)+盐酸硫胺素(0.4mg/l)。两种愈伤组织转移到无或含少量2,4-D的MS培养基上,只能从胚性愈伤组织再生植株。再生植株经移栽生长成熟并结了种子。     

苦荞胚性愈伤组织诱导与植株再生研究

以苦荞子叶和下胚轴为外植体,进行了不同浓度激素组合的MS和SH固体培养基对胚性愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的研究。结果发现,MS培养基比SH培养基更有利于胚性愈伤组织诱导;2,4-D是诱导愈伤组织的有效激素,KT能有效促进胚状体的形成;下胚轴和子叶都能有效诱导出胚性愈伤组织和再生植株。下胚轴在MS 1.5mg·L-12,4-D 1.5mg·L-1BA培养基,子叶在MS 2mg·L-12,4-D 0.5~1.5mg·L-1BA上能高效诱导出愈伤组织;愈伤组织在MS 2mg·L-12,4-D 0.1mg·L-1KT培养基中继代,能有效诱导胚性愈伤组织;来自下胚轴的胚性愈伤组织在1/2MS 2.0mg·L-1BA 0.5mg·L-1KT 0.1mg·L-1NAA培养基上能够高频再生出芽,来自子叶的胚性愈伤组织在1/2MS 1.0mg·L-1BA 0.1mg·L-1KT 0.1mg·L-1NAA培养基上芽诱导率较高;MS 1mg·L-1NAA是适宜的再生苗生根培养基。     

水杉愈伤组织诱导及植株再生

通过愈伤组织诱导器官发生途径,建立了水杉（Metasequoia glyptostroboides）的植株再生体系,探讨了不同外植体（种胚、幼叶切块、茎段、根段）和植物生长调节剂对不定芽直接再生和愈伤组织诱导器官发生的影响。结果表明：以种胚、无菌苗叶片、茎段和根作为外植体,在MS补加2,4-D、NAA和6-BA不同组合的培养基上都能诱导得到愈伤组织,其中种胚诱导愈伤组织效果最好,诱导率可达100%,茎诱导效果次之,诱导率为97.1%。诱导愈伤组织效果较好的培养基有：MS＋1.0mg·L-12,4-D＋0.5mg·L-16-BA、MS＋0.1mg·L-16-BA＋1.0mg·L-1NAA、MS＋0.5mg·L-16-BA＋1.0mg·L-1NAA、MS＋1.0mg·L-16-BA＋1.0mg·L-1NAA、MS＋0.5mg·L-16-BA＋2.0mg·L-1NAA、MS＋1.0mg·L-16-BA＋2.0mg·L-1NAA和MS＋0.5mg·L-12,4-D＋0.5mg·L-1NAA。以愈伤组织在MS培养基上植株再生效果最好,再生率为62.5%。     

芒属植物荻愈伤组织的诱导与植株再生

利用资源植物荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)的幼穗作为外植体,通过愈伤组织途径建立了植株再生体系.结果表明:在附加600 mg·L-1脯氨酸、500 mg·L-1水解酪蛋白、2.0mg ·L-12,4-D和0.1mg·L-16-BA的MS培养基上能高效诱导出生长良好的愈伤组织;将其转移到MS+1.5 mg·L-1 6-BA培养基上诱导产生芽,再转移到1/2 MS+0.25 mg·L-1 NAA+0.25 mg·L-1 IAA培养基上生根后,可发育为生长健壮的植株.     

Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from single cell suspension cultures of Elymus giganteus Vahl

Summary A yellowish, nodular callus was induced from mature embryos of Elymus giganteus Vahl on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/l kinetin, from which a cell suspension culture was initiated in liquid MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D, 1.0 mg/l kinetin and 0.2 mg/1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). By filtering through a series of sieves with decreasing mesh sizes and collecting the resultant filtrate, a suspension culture composed mainly of single embryogenic cells was established. In a medium containing 0.3 mg/l 2,4-D, 1.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) and 500 mg/l casein hydrolysate (CH), the single cells underwent direct somatic embryogenesis resulting in the formation of proembryos. These proembryos developed into mature embryos when placed in a double-layer liquid overlay culture. Intact plants were developed from somatic embryos when they were transferred onto solidified MS medium without added growth regulators.     

Callus Formation and Plant Regeneration from Cultured Embryos of Diploid and Tetraploid Winter Ryes (Secale cereale L)

The ability of immature, mature and endosperm-supported mature embryos of diploid and tetraploid winter ryes (Secale cereale L) was tested to compare the callus induction and plant regeneration. Immature embryos were obtained from field grown rye. Immature embryos were aseptically excised and placed, with the scutellum upwards, on the callus culture medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog (MS) mineral salts supplemented with 2 mg l^?1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Mature embryos were aseptically excised the imbibed seeds and placed, scutellum up, on MS medium supplement with 2 mg l^?1 2,4-D. Endosperm-supported mature embryos were moved slightly (not set free) in the imbibed mature seeds. The seeds with moved embryos were placed furrow downwards in dishes containing 8 mg l^?1 2,4-D for callus induction. The developed calli and regenerated plant were maintained on hormone free MS medium. Comparison of the responses of the three explants used indicated that endosperm-supported mature embryo was the most useful explant for plant regeneration in both diploid and tetraplold ryes. This is the first report of winter ryes plants having been regenerated from endosperm-supported mature embryos.     

A comparison of callus induction and plant regeneration from different embryo explants of triticale (x Triticosecale wittmack)

Immature, mature and endosperm-supported mature embryos of six triticale cultivars (BDMT-98-8S, Melez-2001, Mikham-2002, Presto, Tacettin Bey and Tatlicak-97) were cultured in vitro to compare the levels of callus induction and plant regeneration. Immature embryos, 15-18 days after anthesis, were aseptically excised and placed with the scutellum upwards on a callus culture medium consisting of Murashige and Skoog (MS) mineral salts supplemented with 2 mg l(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Mature embryos were aseptically excised from the imbibed seeds and placed scutellum up on MS medium supplement with 2 mg l(-1) 2,4-D. Endosperm-supported mature embryos were moved slightly in the imbibed mature seeds. The seeds with moved embryos were placed furrow downwards in dishes containing 8 mg l(-1) 2,4-D for callus induction. The developed calli and regenerated plants were maintained on hormone-free MS medium. Variability among the genotypes was observed for all the types of embryo culture. Immature embryos from "Presto" and endosperm-supported mature embryos from "Mikham 2002" had excellent regeneration capacities (92.0% and 97.3%, respectively) and the highest number of plants regenerated growing in soil (9 and 13, respectively). A comparison of the responses of the three explants used indicated that the endosperm-supported mature embryo was the most useful explant for plant regeneration in triticale.     

Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from mature seed and young inflorescence of wild rice (Oryza perennis Moench)

Somatic embryogenesis in the wild rice species (Oryza perennis) was induced from cultured mature seeds and young inflorescences. Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/l BAP was used for induction of a compact, white nodular callus and somatic embryos. Plant regeneration occurred with the tranfer of the nodular callus to MS basal medium containing 0.5 mg/l IAA, 0.5 mg/l NAA, 4 mg/l BAP and 500 mg/l casein hydrolysate. The embryogenic nature of the callus from both explants was maintained over 10 subcultures for about 12 months. Plant regeneration with respect to the number of calli plated from the 6th to 10th passage varied from 80% to 60% for young inflorescence derived callus and from 75% to 69.8% for seed-derived callus.Abbreviations MS Murashige and Skoog medium - BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - NAA naphthalene acetic acid - CH casein hydrolysate     

High efficiency plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis from callus of mature embryo explants of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Summary Tissue culture methods were developed for reproducible induction and maintenance of embryogenic (E) callus established from developmentally mature embryo explants of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Embryogenic callus was obtained by culturing seeds and mature embryos of wheat on Linsmaier and Skoog’s (LS) medium containing 5 or 2 mg/liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), respectively, and for sorghum mature embryos on LS medium containing 2 mg/1 2,4-D plus 0.5 mg/liter kinetin. Plant regeneration from E callus was achieved for several months and quantified on a fresh-weight basis of E callus. Phenotypically normal plants were regenerated from E callus cultured on LS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/liter IAA plus 0.5 mg/liter benzyladenine (BA) for wheat and 1.0 mg/liter IAA plus 0.5 mg/1BA for sorghum. Wheat research was funded by the United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, cooperative agreement DNA-4137-A-00-4-53-00. Sorghum research was supported by the Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL, contract 5084-260-0973. Expert technical asistance was provided by Nitschka S. ter Kuile, Barbara J. Ashton, Laurie Osborne, Erin Scott, and Kathleen M. Petersen.     

甜高梁离体再生体系的建立和组织结构变化的观察

以甜高粱成熟种子为外植体,调节不同生长调节物质配比建立甜高梁离体再生体系。结果表明在MS＋2．5mg．L^-12,4．D＋0．3mg·L^-1KT培养基上愈伤组织的诱导率可达77．26％;比较不同浓度6-BA或TDZ与NAA配合诱导愈伤组织分化和苗形成的情况,TDZ的作用优于6-BA。观察培养组织的结构变化发现,甜高粱离体再生过程中除了体细胞胚发生途径之外,还伴随有器官发生途径。     

新型分裂素PBU对尾巨桉胚性愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的影响

以尾巨桉优良无性系无菌苗茎段为外植体,通过对噻唑基脲类新型分裂素（N-phenyl-N′-[6-（2-chlorobenzothiazol）-yl]urea,PBU）等多种不同浓度生长调节剂组合的优化,进行胚性愈伤组织诱导及植株再生研究。结果表明,在添加了2mg·L^-1PBU和0.05mg·L^-1IAA的改良MS培养基上,茎段外植体培养5d后愈伤组织诱导率达96%以上。将愈伤组织接种在添加1mg·L^-16-BA和0.05mg·L^-1NAA的MS培养基上,诱芽率达90.8%。随后在添加了0.8mg·L^-1PBU与0.05mg·L^-1IAA的1/2MS培养基上诱导芽伸长,用1/2MS培养基附加0.5mg·L^-1IBA诱导生根,移栽后得到完整再生植株。