新型γ—氨基丁酸受体：GABAc受体

众多的证据表明,在神经系统,特别是视觉神经通路中,除通常的ＧＡＢＡＡ和ＧＡＢＡＢ受体之外,还存在着一种具有不同药理特性的ＧＡＢＡＣ受体,这种受体不为荷包牡丹碱所阻遏,亦不为氯苯氨丁酸所激活,在激活后并不显示失敏现象,可能在视网膜中视杆通路的信息传递和调控中起重要作用。     

B型γ－氨基丁酸受体研究进展

ＧＡＢＡＢ受体是近年来新发现的ＧＡＢＡ受体亚型。它的活化在突触后膜增加Ｋ＋电导,引起长时程晚抑制性突触后电位;在突触前膜则抑制Ｃａ２＋电导,使兴奋性或抑制性递质的释放减少。该受体活动对机体的镇痛、肌肉痉挛、癫痫的发作等生理和病理生理过程都有重要的影响。     

GABAc受体及其功能特性

ＧＡＢＡｃ受体是近年来发现的新ＧＡＢＡ的受体，由ρ１或／和ρ２亚单位组成，基因突变研究显示，ρ１亚单位第二跨膜区３０９（人）或３１４（大鼠）位点上的氨基酸决定其对印防己毒素的敏感性，实验已证明：Ｚｎ＾２＋主要通过胞外机制阻断ＧＡＢＡｃ受体，谷氨酸，多巴胺则通过胞内ＰＫＡ和／或ＰＫＣ环路调制ＧＡＢＡｃ受体的活动，ＧＡＢＡｃ受体在视觉通路中特别丰富，已证明在视网膜的信息传递和调控中起重要作用。     

B型γ—氨基丁酸受体研究进展

ＧＡＢＡＢ受体是近年来新发现的ＧＡＢＡ受体亚型。它的活化在突触后膜增加Ｋ＾＋电导,引起长时程晚抑制性突触后电位;在突触前膜则抑制Ｃａ＾２＋电导,使兴奋性或抑制性递质的释放减少,该受体活动对机体的镇痛、肌肉痉挛、癫痫的发作等生理和病理生理过程都有重要的影响。     

γ-氨基丁酸B型受体(GABABR)研究最新进展

有两种类型的GABA受体,一种是离子通道型的受体,GABA_AR和GABA_CR,这两者都是氯离子通道;另外一种是代谢型的受体——GABA_BR。GABA_BR的大部分生理功能都与它通过G蛋白对电压敏感型钙通道(主要是N,P/Q,L-型)和内向补偿性钾通道(Kir)的调节有关。在突触前膜,     

γ-氨基丁酸在高等植物逆境反应中的作用

动物中枢神经系统中的一种主要的抑制性神经递质γ－氨基丁酸（GABA）,也广泛存在于植物中。作者简要介绍在逆境条件下植物体内GABA积累的机制及其在植物对逆境响应中的可能作用。     

豚鼠腹腔神经节细胞γ－氨基丁酸双相反应的药理学特性

在豚鼠腹腔神经节细胞,γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）可诱发“去极化－超极化”的双相反应,去极化伴膜电阻减小,超极化伴膜电阻增大,这种反应在低钙高镁液中仍然存在。蝇蕈醇可模拟ＧＡＢＡ双相反应,但在诱发相同强度的去极化反应时,蝇蕈醇产生的超极化弱于ＧＡＢＡ。荷包牡丹碱（１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和印防已毒素（１００—３００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能可逆地抑制ＧＡＢＡ诱发的双相反应。Ｂａｃｌｏｆｅｎ对神经节细胞的膜电位无明显影响。结果提示,ＧＡＢＡ双相反应的去极化相由ＧＡＢＡＡ／Ｃｌ－通道受体复合物介导,而超极化相很可能由不同于经典的ＧＡＢＡＡ受体,但其药理学行为又由与之十分相近的另一种ＧＡＢＡ受体介导。     

兴奋性神经递质受体的失敏及其功能意义

近年来,在分子、细胞和行为水平上进行受体失敏研究领域逐渐成为神经科学中的一个热点,膜片钳技术和快速施药系统的发展促进了对失敏的研究。包括磷酸化、受体结构的内的许多因素影响了受体的失敏,进而在突触水平上调节了神经信号在突触间传递的效益。本文也讨论了失敏在视网膜的分级信号传递中的可能作用。     

A型γ氨基丁酸受体结构及其有关药物

A型γ氨基丁酸(GABAA)受体是中枢神经系统内最重要的抑制性神经递质GABA的受体,是配体门控离子通道超家族成员之一。本文对国内外有关GABAA受体的结构与功能的关系以及与其相互作用的有关药物进行了讨论。     

γ-氨基丁酸受体及其基因研究进展

γ-氮基丁酸(GABA)是脊椎动物脑内一种重要的神经递质.它与其特异性受体(即 GABAR)分子的相互作用,可引起该受体偶联的 Cl^-,K⁺和 Ca²⁺通道传导的改变并产生神经元抑制效应.近年 GABA_AR 基因及其表达的研究,已为不同的种属、不同脑区域和细胞类型中 GABA_AR 的亚基组成、生理功能及其对很多中枢神经系统药物反应的多样性提供了令人信服的依据,可以预见不久这方面深入的探索也必将为有关该受体的神经精神病发病的分子机理研究及其治疗性药物的设计提出新的线索.     

The influence of ethanol on the functional status of GABA(A) receptors

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is one of the main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Its effects are realized via GABA_A, GABA_B, and GABA_C receptors. GABA_A is the most abundant type of GABA receptors. It consists of six classes of subunits, , , , , , and . Acute and chronic exposures to ethanol are accompanied by changes in structure and function of GABA_A receptors. These changes may be a basis for altered behavior seen in alcoholism.     

Structural determinants involved in the activation and regulation of G protein-coupled receptors: lessons from the alpha1-adrenegic receptor subtypes

The aim of a large number of studies on G protein-coupled receptors was centered on understanding the structural basis of their main functional properties. Here, we will briefly review the results obtained on the alpha1-adrenergic receptor subtypes belonging to the rhodopsin-like family of receptors. These findings contribute, on the one hand, to further understand the molecular basis of adrenergic transmission and, on the other, to provide some generalities on the structure-functional relationship of G protein-coupled receptors.     

Characterization of the carrier-mediated [3H]GABA release from isolated synaptic plasma membrane vesicles

Synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) vesicles were isolated under conditions which preserve most of their biochemical properties. Therefore, they appeared particularly useful to study the cytoplasmic GABA release mechanism through its neuronal transporter without interference of the exocytotic mechanism. In this work, we utilized SPM vesicles isolated from sheep brain cortex to investigate the process of [³H]GABA release induced by ouabain, veratridine and Na⁺ substitution by other monovalent cations (K⁺, Rb⁺, Li⁺, and choline). We observed that ouabain is unable to release [³H]GABA previously accumulated in the vesicles and, in our experimental conditions, it does not act as a depolarizing agent. In contrast, synaptic plasma membrane vesicles release [³H]GABA when veratridine is present in the external medium, and this process is sensitive to extravesicular Na⁺ and it is inhibited by extravesicular Ca²⁺ (1 mM) under conditions which appear to permit its entry. However, veratridine-induced [³H]GABA release does not require membrane depolarization, since this drug does not induce any significant alteration in the membrane potential, which is determined by the magnitude of the ionic gradients artificially imposed to the vesicles. The substitution of Na⁺ by other monovalent cations promotes [³H]GABA release by altering the Na⁺ concentration gradient and the membrane potential of SPM vesicles. In the case of choline and Li⁺, we observed that the fraction of [³H]GABA released relatively to the total amount of neurotransmitter released by K⁺ or Rb⁺ is about 28% and 68%, respectively. Since the replacement of Na⁺ by K⁺, Rb⁺, and Li⁺ causes different levels of membrane depolarization, and the replacement of Na⁺ by choline causes hyperpolarization of the vesicles, these results suggest that, in parallel to the [³H]GABA release, which is directly proportional to the level of membrane depolarization, this neurotransmitter can be released by decreasing the external Na⁺, which reflects an elevation of the Na⁺ concentration gradient (inout). Like veratridine-induced release, the depolarization-induced release of [³H]GABA by SPM vesicles is inhibited by Ca²⁺, which suggests that this divalent cation interfers with the cytoplasmic GABA release mechanism.Abbreviations used ATPase adenosine triphosphatase - GABA -aminobutyric acid - Mes 2 (N-morpholino)-ethanosulfonic acid - SPM synaptic plasma membranes - membrane potential     

Single GABAergic synaptic terminals from rat midbrain exhibit functional P2X and dinucleotide receptors, able to induce GABA secretion

GABAergic terminals from rat midbrain characterized by immunolocalization of glutamic acid decarboxylase and/or the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter respond to ATP or P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5') pentaphosphate (Ap(5)A) with an increase in the intrasynaptosomal calcium concentration measured by a microfluorimetric technique in single synaptic terminals. The ATP response is mediated through the activation of P2X receptors with an abundant presence of P2X(3) subunits. Ap(5)A, however, exerts its effects by acting through a different receptor termed the dinucleotide receptor. Both receptors, once activated in the presence of extrasynaptosomal calcium, induce a concentration-dependent GABA release from synaptosomal populations with EC(50) values of 16 and 20 microM for ATP and Ap(5)A, respectively. Specific inhibition of GABA release is obtained with pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (80 microM) on the ATP effect and with P(1),P(5)-di(inosine-5') pentaphosphate (100 nM) on the dinucleotide receptor.     

GABA对鲫鱼视网膜视锥水平细胞的选择性压抑

本工作应用细胞内记录技术,在灌流的鲫鱼视网膜的标本上,研究了γ－氨基丁酸对视杆水平细胞笔视锥水平细胞的影响。结果表明,在ＧＡＢＡ的作用下,Ｌ型视锥水平细胞暗中膜电位超极化,对光反应减小;ＧＡＢＡＡ受体的特异性拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱在７０％的细胞上能阻断上述ＧＡＢＡ的效应。     

Metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate GABA release from mouse hippocampal slices

The effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists on the basal and potassium (50 mM K⁺)-stimulated release of [³H]GABA from mouse hippocampal slices were investigated using a superfusion system. The group I agonist (1±)-1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylate enhanced the basal GABA release and reduced the K⁺-evoked release by a mechanism antagonized by (RS)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylate in both cases. The group II agonist (2S,2R,3R)-2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine failed to have any effect on the basal release, but inhibited the stimulated release. This inhibition was not affected by the antagonist (2S)-2-ethylglutamate. The group III agonists L(+)-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate and O-phospho-L-serine inhibited the basal GABA release, which effects were blocked by the antagonist (RS)-2-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine. Moreover, the suppression of the K⁺-evoked release by L(+)2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate was apparently receptor-mediated, being blocked by (RS)-2-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine. The results show that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors of group I is able to potentiate the basal release of GABA, whereas activation of groups I and III receptors reduce K⁺-stimulated release in mouse hippocampal slices.     

Effect of acute and chronic cholinesterase inhibition with diisopropylfluorophosphate on muscarinic, dopamine, and GABA receptors of the rat striatum

The effects of acute and chronic administration of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) to rats on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (in striatum, medulla, diencephalon, cortex, and medulla) and muscarinic, dopamine (DA), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor characteristics (in striatum) were investigated. After a single injection of (acute exposure to) DFP, striatal region was found to have the highest degree of AChE inhibition. After daily DFP injections (chronic treatment), all brain regions had the same degree of AChE inhibition, which remained at a steady level despite the regression of the DFP-induced cholinergic overactivity. Acute administration of DFP increased the number of DA and GABA receptors without affecting the muscarinic receptor characteristics. Whereas chronic administration of DFP for either 4 or 14 days reduced the number of muscarinic sites without affecting their affinity, the DFP treatment caused increase in the number of DA and GABA receptors only after 14 days of treatment; however, the increase was considerably lower than that observed after the acute treatment. The in vitro addition of DFP to striatal membranes did not affect DA, GABA, or muscarinic receptors. The results indicate an involvement of GABAergic and dopaminergic systems in the actions of DFP. It is suggested that the GABAergic and dopaminergic involvement may be a part of a compensatory inhibitory process to counteract the excessive cholinergic activity produced by DFP.     

Characterization of functional VIP/PACAP receptors in the human erythroleukemic HEL cell line

R. LEMA-KISOKA, N. HAYEZ, I. LANGER, P. ROBBERECHT, E. SARIBAN AND C. DELPORTE. Characterization of functional VIP/PACAP receptors in the human erythroleukemic HEL cell line. PEPTIDES. The presence of VIP/PACAP receptors was investigated on the human erythroleukemic cell line HEL. Specific binding of [¹²⁵I]-PACAP or [¹²⁵I]-VIP on HEL cells or membranes was very low and did not allow to perform competition curves. At 37°C PACAP transiently increased cAMP levels in the presence of the non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX, suggesting rapid desensitization. Kinetic studies revealed that optimal conditions to measure the EC₅₀ of PACAP(1–27) were 10 min at 20°C. Under those conditions, PACAP-related peptides increased cAMP levels with EC₅₀ in agreement with the pharmacological profile of the VPAC₁ receptor subtype: PACAP = VIP > [K¹⁵, R^16, L²⁷]VIP(1–7)/GRF(8–27) = [R¹⁶]ChSn (two VPAC₁ agonists) HELODERMIN = secretin. RO 25–1553, a selective activator of VPAC₂ receptor was inactive at 1 μM. Dose-response curves of VPAC₁ agonist molecules (PACAP, VIP, [K¹⁵, R¹⁶, L²⁷]VIP(1–7)/GRF(8–27), [R¹⁶]ChSn) were shifted to the right by the VPAC₁ receptor antagonist [AcHis¹, D-Phe², Lys¹⁵, Leu¹⁷]VIP(3–7)/GRF(8–27), with a K_i of 3 ± 1 nM (n = 3). The presence of VPAC₁ receptor mRNA was confirmed by RT-PCR. Preincubation with PACAP or PMA showed that VPAC₁ receptors underwent homologous and heterologous desensitization.

This study provides the first evidence for the expression of functional VPAC₁ receptors undergoing rapid desensitization in HEL cells.     

Pretreatment of Rat Brain Synaptosomes with GABA Increases Subsequent GABA Uptake Via GABAB Receptor Activation

Pretreatment with 100 M GABA of synaptosomes purified from rat brain results in an increased uptake of the labelled neurotransmitter in subsequent incubations. The effect is blocked by a GABA_B receptor antagonist, 2-hydroxy-saclofen. The effect is mimicked by baclofen and the baclofen effect is blocked by saclofen too. Lower GABA concentrations (up to 50 M) do not result in an increase of subsequent GABA uptake. Treatment of synaptosomes with 8-Br-cAMP results in a decreased GABA uptake. Since the uptake incubations were run with saturating concentrations of labelled GABA, the data indicates that GABA_B receptor activation in brain synaptosomes up-regulates their GABA uptake capacity by an increase in V_max. This mechanism appears of physiological relevance under conditions of sustained GABA release and substantial increase of its extracellular concentration.