亚热带天然次生常绿阔叶林与杉木人工林土壤动物群落特征比较

调查了中亚热带会同林区毗邻的天然次生常绿阔叶林、一代杉木纯林和二代杉木纯林土壤动物群落特征．结果表明,采伐天然林,接着栽植杉木人工林后,土壤动物的多度和多样性均出现明显下降,而土壤动物的生物量和生产力却没有明显差别．杉木连栽对土壤动物的多度、多样性、生物量影响甚少,特别是杉木一、二代土壤动物的生产力接近相等．此项研究结果支持植被是影响土壤动物演替的一个主要原因,也暗示杉木长期连作对土壤动物群落的影响是一个非常缓慢的过程．     

Hydrogen sulfide mediates ion fluxes inducing stomatal closure in response to drought stress in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis>

Background and aims

Changes in net primary productivity in response to climate change are likely to affect litter inputs to forest soil. However, feedbacks between changes in litter input and soil carbon dynamics remain poorly understood in tropical and subtropical forests. This study aims to test whether the effects of litter manipulation on soil respiration differ between natural and plantation forests.

Methods

Soil respiration, soil properties, fine root biomass and enzyme activity were measured in adjacent plots with doubling vs. eliminating litter input in both natural and plantation forests of Castanopsis carlesii in southern China.

Results

After only 3 years of litter manipulation, the magnitude of change in soil respiration was greater in response to a doubling of the litter input (+24%) than to the elimination of litter input (?15%) in the natural forest, possibly due to a positive priming effect on decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC). The quick and intense priming effect was corroborated by elevated enzyme activities for five of the six enzymes analyzed. In contrast, the response to litter removal (?31%) was greater than the response to litter addition (1%; not significant) in the plantation forest. The lack of positive priming in the plantation forest may be related to its lower soil fertility, which could not meet the demand of soil microbes, and to its high clay content, which protected SOC from microbial attack. The positive priming effect in the natural forest but not plantation forest of C. carlesii is also consistent with the significant declines in total soil carbon observed following litter addition in the natural forest but not the plantation forest.

Conclusions

Increases in aboveground litter production may trigger priming effects and subsequently transfer more soil carbon to atmospheric CO₂ in the natural forest but not in the plantation forest with low fertility. Changes in litter inputs resulting from global change drivers may have different impacts on natural and plantation forests.

     

亚热带典型森林地上和地下凋落物输入对土壤新老有机碳动态平衡的影响

凋落物是森林土壤有机碳(SOC)形成、稳定和周转的重要影响因子。目前针对亚热带不同类型森林地上和地下凋落物对新SOC累积和老SOC输出动态平衡的影响仍不清楚。本研究以中亚热带常绿阔叶天然林、马尾松人工林和杉木人工林为对象,基于C3/C4植物-土壤置换试验,利用稳定同位素¹³C示踪方法开展3年野外定位试验,分析了森林地上、地下凋落物输入对SOC周转的影响。结果表明: 森林类型、凋落物处理和时间均能显著影响SOC含量、土壤δ¹³C值、新SOC和老SOC含量,且存在显著的森林类型×凋落物处理交互效应。地上和地下凋落物输入均能显著提高SOC含量和净增量,与杉木人工林相比,天然林SOC对凋落物输入的响应更敏感。凋落物输入显著降低了土壤δ¹³C值,且天然林、马尾松人工林土壤δ¹³C显著低于杉木人工林。在马尾松人工林,地下凋落物处理的新SOC含量显著高于地上凋落物;在天然林和马尾松人工林,地下凋落物输入处理的老SOC含量显著低于地上凋落物处理。此外,地上凋落物归还量和地下根生物量与SOC含量和净增量呈显著正相关,而地下根凋落物量和C/N与新SOC含量呈显著正相关。森林地下凋落物比地上凋落物输入对SOC周转的影响更重要,且不同森林凋落物输入对SOC的影响存在差异性。本研究可为揭示亚热带典型森林土壤有机碳库的形成和可持续管理提供依据。     

云南橡胶林和天然次生林枯落物层蚂蚁物种多样性、群落结构差异及指示种

橡胶树Hevea brasiliensis是云南省重要的经济林木, 但对其生态服务功能尚存在争议。本研究以天然次生林为对照, 使用Winkler法对橡胶林枯落物层蚂蚁进行初步研究, 探讨橡胶林枯落物层蚂蚁的生态状况。于2012年10月和2013年4月采用Winkler袋法调查了云南省绿春县大黑山乡橡胶林和牛孔乡天然次生林枯落物层蚂蚁群落的物种多样性、 群落结构差异及指示种。结果表明： 橡胶林枯落物层蚂蚁多度（转换后）、 物种丰富度S和ACE值显著低于无干扰的天然次生林（P<0.05）; 蚂蚁多度（转换后）显著低于有干扰的天然次生林（P<0.05）, 而物种丰富度S和ACE值差异不显著。橡胶林枯落物层蚂蚁群落结构与两种天然次生林都不相似（F=3.93, df=12, P<0.01）。橡胶林中流浪种大头蚁属Pheidole的蚂蚁种类与天然次生林相比, 物种丰富度增加了100%。天然次生林枯落物层中蚂蚁指示种有3种, 分别为刘氏隆头蚁Strumigenys lewisi、 黄足厚结猛蚁Pachycondyla luteipes和女娲角腹蚁Recurvidris nuwa, 而橡胶林枯落物层中指示种仅为菱结大头蚁Pheidole nodus。枯落物层蚂蚁物种多样性与枯落物厚度呈显著正相关, 而枯落物盖度仅与蚂蚁多度（转换后）有相关性。结果说明, 橡胶林经过长期的经营管理, 生态环境趋于稳定, 对枯落物层蚂蚁群落具有一定的保护作用, 但与天然次生林相比, 蚂蚁多度（转换后）及群落结构仍显示出明显的不同。     

杉木人工林土壤有机质研究

土壤有机质在养分循环、土壤理化性质等方面具有重要作用,是陆地生态系统重要的碳库,对全球碳素循环的平衡起着重要作用．本文详细阐述了杉木林地土壤有机质的性质与组成。杉木连栽对土壤有机质含量、腐殖质结合形态的影响以及林分发育过程中土壤有机质的变化,炼山、整地、施肥等经营活动对杉木林地土壤有机质的影响．杉木纯林有机质含量和质量均低于混交林,且随栽植代数的增加有机质含量和质量呈下降趋势,林地土壤肥力下降．最后提出应加强对土壤有机质周转模型、有机质组分,尤其是活性有机质以及有机质与全球碳循环关系的研究．     

中亚热带次生林和人工林凋落枝水溶性碳氮磷动态特征

凋落枝是森林地上部分凋落物的重要组分,揭示其水溶性碳氮磷的动态规律对于认识森林物质循环过程具有重要意义,但目前研究集中于凋落叶,而对凋落枝缺乏必要关注。因此,以中亚热带典型马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林和米槠（Castanopsis carlesii）次生林为研究对象,在一个自然年内调查了凋落枝水溶性碳、氮、磷含量及其芳香化指数以及化学计量比的动态变化过程。结果显示：（1）米槠次生林凋落枝水溶性碳、氮、磷含量及芳香化指数明显大于马尾松和杉木人工林;（2）水溶性碳和磷、水溶性碳比磷、水溶性氮比磷和芳香化指数有明显的季节变化;（3）水溶性碳、水溶性磷、水溶性氮比磷和芳香化指数在不同林分和季节间有交互作用。（4）马尾松和杉木人工林、米槠次生林凋落枝水溶性物质含量的季节变化多数与气温和降水呈显著负相关。这些结果表明亚热带次生林可能相对于人工林具有更为高效的以凋落枝为载体的物质循环过程,在未来气候变暖背景下亚热带森林由凋落枝归还给土壤的养分浓度可能降低。     

Conversion of secondary broadleaved forest into Chinese fir plantation alters litter production and potential nutrient returns

Litter production, litter standing crop, and potential nutrient return via litterfall to soil were studied during a 4-year period (January 2004–December 2007) in a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantation and a secondary broadleaved forest in Hunan Province in subtropical China. Mean annual litterfall in the sampling sites varied from 358 g m⁻² in the pure plantation to 669 g m⁻² in the secondary broadleaved forest. Total litterfall followed a bimodal distribution pattern for both forests. Amount of litterfall was also related to the air temperature in both forests. During the period under this study, annual variation in the total litterfall in the pure plantation was significantly higher than that in the secondary broadleaved forest. Litterfall was markedly seasonal in the both forests. Leaf proportions of litterfall in the pure plantation and secondary broadleaved forest were 58.1 and 61.7%, respectively. Total potential nutrient returns to the soil through litterfall in the pure plantation were only 46.2% of those in the secondary broadleaved forest. Total litter standing crop was 913 and 807 g m⁻² in the pure plantation and secondary broadleaved forest, respectively. Our results confirm that conversion from a secondary broadleaved forest into a pure coniferous plantation changes the functioning of the litter system.     

Establishment of mixed plantations of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Populus × xiaozhuanica may not be appropriate: evidence from litter decomposition

Aims Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestrisvar.mongolica) and Xiaozhuan poplar (Populus × xiaozhuanica) are two predominant afforestation tree species in the semi-arid sandy lands of northeast China, which are characterized by poor soil nutrients. Plant litter decomposition plays a critical role in regulating nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Admixture of broadleaf litter to conifer litter is expected to improve litter decomposition and soil fertility, and thus productivity. However, the effects on the decomposition of litter mixture of the above two tree species are not well understood. Therefore, it is essential to assess the decomposition performance of litter mixture with the aim of improving forest nutrient management and the establishment of mixed plantation. Appropriate forest management practice is critical for the sustainability of site productivity in plantation forests.     

Downhill movement of litter and its implication for ecological studies in three types of forest in Japan

The amount of litter moving down the slope was measured in three types of forest, together with an examination of rain as a factor in bringing this about. The three forest types were a natural mixed stand ofPinus densiflora and hardwood trees (plot A), aCryptomeria japonica plantation (plot S) and aChamaecyparis obtusa plantation (plot H). The amount of moved litter was quite large in plots A and H, but relatively small in plot S. The rain factor had little influence on litter movement in plot A, but was the main cause of movement in plot S and (especially) plot H. It is suggested that measurement of litter input and output not only by traps above ground level, but also by ones on the ground is essential for determining the cycling of elements inC. obtusa forests. It is also suggested that the decomposition of leaf litter should be studied both on the soil surface and in the soil inC. obtusa forests.     

亚热带森林转换对土壤无脊椎动物群落结构的影响

受人类活动干扰的增加,亚热带森林频繁转换为次生林和人工林,可能显著影响土壤无脊椎动物群落结构及其生态功能,但当前的认识并不一致。因此,于2022年7月调查了亚热带天然常绿阔叶林转换为次生林、米槠人工林、杉木人工林后土壤无脊椎动物群落结构特征。共捕获土壤无脊椎动物659只,丰度为26540只/m²,隶属1门6纲13目59科,其中蚁科和球角 虫 兆 科为优势类群。森林转换改变了土壤无脊椎动物群落组成和多样性。天然林向米槠人工林和杉木人工林转换后,土壤无脊椎动物丰度和类群均明显降低,其中大型土壤无脊椎动物丰度的响应更为敏感,在2种林型中分别显著降低了33.58%和36.53%。尽管林型转换对土壤无脊椎动物群落多样性指数无显著影响,但改变了土壤无脊椎动物群落组成,其中天然林与杉木人工林群落组成极不相似(J ＜ 0.25),等节 虫 兆 科为杉木人工林优势类群,占比达到59.84%。冗余分析显示,土壤湿度、凋落物现存量和凋落物磷含量是影响土壤无脊椎动物群落的主要因子,对土壤无脊椎动物群落的解释率为69.30%。可见,林型转换可能通过改变土壤理化性质和凋落物质量,调控土壤无脊椎动物群落结构。     

黄土高原刺槐人工林幼林生态系统碳吸存

为了解黄土高原生态林的固碳作用,以刺槐人工林幼林（8年生）和对照荒地为研究对象,比较了两种土地利用方式下,土壤、凋落物和植物各部分的有机碳密度(OCD)和生态系统碳吸存的变化.结果表明:刺槐人工林林地土壤OCD比荒地减少0.26 kg·m^-2,其中0～10 cm层土壤OCD显著提高,10～30 cm土层降低,而在30～80 cm层土壤中则变化不明显.与荒地相比,刺槐人工林林地凋落物、植物根系和植物地上部分的OCD分别增加了121.1%、202.0%和656.7%,每年总有机碳吸存率增加3.3%,说明黄土高原营造刺槐人工林具有明显的碳吸存效应.     

中亚热带不同类型米槠林凋落枝溶解性有机质动态及光谱学特性

以中亚热带不同类型米槠林为对象,研究了米槠天然林、次生林和人工林凋落枝在生产量持续增加阶段、高峰阶段、持续减少3种生产阶段溶解性有机质的动态及光谱学特性。结果表明:凋落枝生产阶段和森林类型显著影响米槠凋落枝溶解性有机质含量及光谱学特征。米槠天然林在凋落枝生产量持续减少阶段溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量较高,溶解性有机质在254、260和280 nm处的特征紫外吸光值(SUVA₂₅₄、SUVA₂₆₀、SUVA₂₈₀)较低,表明该阶段天然林凋落枝质量较高,具有较高的以溶解性有机质为载体的物质循环效率。米槠人工林在凋落枝生产量高峰阶段具有较高的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、溶解性总氮(TDN)和溶解性总磷(TDP)含量以及较低的DOC∶TDP和TDN∶TDP值,但次生林凋落枝溶解性有机质含量及其光谱学特征在各阶段无显著差异。米槠天然林和次生林凋落枝DOC、TDN和TDP与气温和降水量呈负相关,人工林凋落枝TDN、TDP与气温和降水量呈正相关。人工林凋落枝生产量在高峰阶段具有较高的养分含量,可能具有相对快速的物质循环效率,天然林在凋落枝生产量下降阶段以凋落枝溶解性有机质为载体的物质循环效率相对较高。     

湖北省主要森林类型生态系统生物量与碳密度比较

利用野外调查数据对湖北省封山育林下的次生林、次生林、人工林森林生态系统碳密度进行了分析,结果表明:封山育林下的次生林、次生林和人工林生态系统乔木层平均碳密度分别为133.87、73.42和111.62t·hm-2,灌木层平均碳密度分别为1.65、1.40和1.52t·hm-2,草本层平均碳密度分别为0.13、0.09和0.13t·hm-2,枯落物层平均碳密度分别为0.47、1.34和0.93t·hm-2,乔木层碳密度作为生态系统碳储量的主要贡献者占总生物碳密度的98.35%、96.29%和97.74%,林下植被(灌木层和草本层)碳密度分别占1.31%、1.95%和1.44%,凋落物层碳密度分别占0.34%、1.76%和0.82%。土壤(0～100cm)碳密度平均值分别为57.04、66.92和54.12t·hm-2,土壤碳密度的60%储存在0～40cm土壤中,并随土层深度增加,各层次土壤碳密度逐渐减少。森林生态系统的乔木层、灌木层、草本层、凋落物层生物量和土壤层碳密度均表现出:封山育林下的次生林、次生林大于人工林。封山育林下的次生林、次生林和人工林碳密度分布序列为土壤(0～100cm)>乔木层>灌木层>草本层>枯落物层。可见,封山育林下的次生林更有助于提高森林碳汇,实施近自然林经营是提升该区域森林碳汇能力的重要途径。     

中亚热带4种森林凋落物量、组成、动态及其周转期

为研究亚热带次生林保护对森林生态系统养分循环等功能过程的影响。采用凋落物直接收集法,比较湘中丘陵区3种次生林(马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林)和杉木人工林的凋落物量、组成特征及其周转期。结果表明:4种林分年凋落物量在414.4—818.2 g m-2a-1之间,3种次生林显著高于杉木人工林,3种次生林两两之间差异不显著,落叶对林分凋落物量的贡献最大,占林分凋落物量的59.9%—66.6%。杉木人工林和南酸枣落叶阔叶林的凋落物量月动态变化呈"双峰型",马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林呈"不规则型"。优势树种的凋落物量对其林分凋落物量的贡献随林分树种多样性的增加而下降,杉木、马尾松凋落物量的月动态与其林分凋落物量的月动态基本呈一致变化趋势,但南酸枣、青冈、石栎没有一致的变化趋势。杉木人工林凋落物分解率最低(0.31),周转期最长(3.2 a),南酸枣落叶阔叶林分解率最高(0.45),周转期最低(2.2 a),凋落物的分解速率和周转随林分树种多样性增加而加快。可见,次生林凋落物量大,且分解快,周转期短,有利于养分归还和具有良好地力维持的能力。     

白蚁活动对中亚热带次生林和人工林的危害差异

中亚热带地区是中国南方重要的木材生产基地, 大量的地带性常绿阔叶林被转换成以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为代表的人工林。白蚁是森林中最主要的社会性昆虫之一, 其取食行为既对森林类型转换后林中的树木产生危害, 也对林间枯枝落叶的分解具有十分重要的意义, 但对二者缺乏统一的认识。本文以中亚热带典型的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)次生林、米槠人工林和杉木人工林为研究对象, 调查了不同林分白蚁的活动特点及其范围。结果表明, 米槠次生林与杉木、米槠人工林中均普遍存在白蚁取食现象, 但白蚁对次生林的取食高度和面积均远低于人工林。白蚁对生物多样性较高的米槠次生林树干韧皮部的取食面积仅分别为米槠人工林的1.65%和杉木人工林的0.59‰, 取食高度的11.1%和1.2%。同时, 白蚁对杉木韧皮部的取食显著大于米槠, 对杉木的取食面积和高度分别是米槠的27.7倍和9.2倍。每隔0.5 m为一个统计区间, 白蚁对杉木树干2 m以下韧皮部取食面积比例由低往高为4 : 3 : 2 : 1, 对米槠1 m以下高度部位的取食面积比为99 : 1。此外, 白蚁对次生林地表覆盖的凋落枝和凋落叶的平均取食面积分别为51.7%和46.1%, 而人工林对应均值分别为17.5%和29.4%, 均表现为次生林高于人工林。这些结果表明白蚁对生物多样性较高的次生林危害小于杉木人工林, 且在人工林中可见危害主要体现在白蚁对韧皮部的取食, 在次生林主要体现在白蚁对凋落物残体的分解作用, 这为区域森林经营管理提供理论支撑。     

Litter legacy after spruce plantation removal hampers initial vegetation establishment

Restoration of areas used for intensive even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) plantations often involves felling and subsequent spontaneous vegetation succession. However, the accumulated litter layer may hamper vegetation development, and thereby postpone recovery or even change the outcome.We studied effects of the litter layer on vegetation establishment during two seasons following a clear-cut of Norway spruce in Denmark. We experimentally assessed the response of multiple vegetation properties to litter removal, with and without wildlife exclusion by fencing, and in combination with sowing of trees, while fencing. Burning was tested as an alternative way to remove the litter layer.Vegetation establishment was poor, when the litter layer was intact, and cover developed slowly remaining below 10% after two years, irrespective of fencing. In contrast, litter removal and fencing together gave significantly faster recovery and reached nearly 60% mean cover. Vegetation cover was driven by few dominant species, especially the sedge Carex pilulifera. Species richness was similar in all treatments, but increased with sowing of trees. Fencing resulted in taller birch seedlings independently of litter removal, but enhanced by seedling density. Litter removal seemed to favor species with lighter seeds, lower specific leaf area (SLA) and lower Ellenberg N value, i.e. associated with relative infertile conditions. Disturbing the litter by burning seemed to have an effect comparable to mechanical removal, and could be a management alternative.Our results showed that a persistent litter layer after spruce plantation removal may hamper the initial vegetation establishment. Actively removing litter may serve as an additional restoration intervention to overcome this legacy. However, as grazing can keep this potential in check, wildlife exclusion may be necessary as well. To speed up recovery and diversify vegetation structure after spruce plantation removal, we suggest patchy disturbance of the litter, essentially combined with wildlife exclusion.     

Community structures of Mesostigmata, Prostigmata and Oribatida in broad-leaved regeneration forests and conifer plantations of various ages

The community structures of Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, and Oribatida in the soil of broad-leaved regeneration forests and conifer plantations of various ages were assessed alongside soil and plant environmental variables using three response metrics (density, species richness, and species–abundance distribution). The density and species richness of mites recovered swiftly after clear-cutting or replanting. Oribatid mites dominated the soil mite communities in terms of densities and species richness for both forest types. Soil mite communities in broad-leaved forests was related to forest age, the crown tree communities index, and forest-floor litter weight. In contrast, soil mite communities in the conifer plantation sites were related to various indices of understory plants. The development of the understory plants was synchronized with the silvicultural schedules, including a closed canopy and thinning. Such a conifer plantation management may affect indirectly the community of mites.     

Soil CO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Bold">2</Emphasis></Subscript> efflux and fungal and bacterial biomass in a plantation and a secondary forest in wet tropics in Puerto Rico

We examined the effects of root and litter exclusion on the rate of soil CO₂ efflux and microbial biomass using trenching and tent separation techniques in a secondary forest (SF) and a pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet) plantation in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. Soil surface CO₂ efflux was measured using the alkali trap method at 12 randomly-distributed locations in each treatment (control, root exclusion, litter exclusion, and both root and litter exclusion) in the plantation and the SF, respectively. We measured soil CO₂ efflux every two months and collected soil samples at each sampling location in different seasons to determine microbial biomass from August 1996 to July 1997. We found that soil CO₂ efflux was significantly reduced in the litter and root exclusion plots (7-year litter and/or root exclusion) in both the secondary forest and the pine plantation compared with the control. The reduction of soil CO₂ efflux was 35.6% greater in the root exclusion plots than in the litter exclusion plots in the plantation, whereas a reversed pattern was found in the secondary forest. Microbial biomass was also reduced during the litter and root exclusion period. In the root exclusion plots, total fungal biomass averaged 31.4% and 65.2% lower than the control plots in the plantation and the secondary forest, respectively, while the total bacterial biomass was 24% and 8.3% lower than the control plots in the plantation and the secondary forest, respectively. In the litter exclusion treatment, total fungal biomass averaged 69.2% and 69.7% lower than the control plots in the plantation and the secondary forest, respectively, while the total bacterial biomass was 48% and 50.1% lower than the control plots in the plantation and the secondary forest, respectively. Soil CO₂ efflux was positively correlated with both fungal and bacterial biomass in both the plantation the secondary forest. The correlation between soil CO₂ efflux and active fungal biomass was significantly higher in the plantation than in the secondary forest. However, the correlation between the soil CO₂ efflux and both the active and total bacterial biomass was significantly higher in the secondary forest than in the plantation in the day season. In addition, we found soil CO₂ efflux was highly related to the strong interactions among root, fungal and bacterial biomass by multiple regression analysis (R² > 0.61, P < 0.05). Our results suggest that carbon input from aboveground litterfall and roots (root litter and exudates) is critical to the soil microbial community and ecosystem carbon cycling in the wet tropical forests.     

6种温带森林凋落量年际及年内动态

森林凋落物量及其组分因生态系统结构特征和环境变化而表现出明显的时间动态,从而影响森林生态系统物质循环和生态服务功能。连续6年观测帽儿山地区6种温带森林凋落物量及组份的时间动态、温度和降雨量等气象因子,旨在深入了解该地区森林生态系统的物质循环过程及调控因子。结果表明:6种森林的年落凋落量差异显著,平均值依次为:蒙古栎林(4.60 t/hm~2)﹥杂木林(4.21 t/hm~2)﹥硬阔叶林(4.03 t/hm~2)﹥红松林(3.95 t/hm~2)﹥杨桦林(3.89 t/hm~2)﹥落叶松林(3.85 t/hm~2)。各森林年凋落量的年际变化表现为"升高-降低"交替波动模式,但总体上呈上升趋势。凋落物各组份的年际变化不同,枝凋落量变化较为稳定;叶凋落量与凋落总量一致,升高-降低波动明显;繁殖器官及其他凋落量随林龄增加而增加。各森林凋落物量的年内变化呈单峰曲线波动,最大值出现时间因林型而异。枝凋落量在年内表现为双峰曲线模式波动;叶凋落量年内呈单峰曲线模式波动,并与凋落总量年内动态一致;繁殖器官与其他凋落量年内动态波动平缓,无明显凋落峰值。降雨量显著影响年凋落物量(P0.05),分别解释了凋落总量、叶凋落量90%、87%变化。平均温度、积温和总降雨量显著影响凋落量年内动态,总降雨量的影响作用最为突出。因此,除林分自身的生物学特性外,降雨是影响该温带森林凋落量年内、年际动态的重要因素。     

The effects of a high intensity fire on nutrient cycling in jarrah forest

The effects of high intensity fire on the cycling of nutrients in litter and canopy through fall were studied in pole stand jarrah (E. marginata Bonn ex Sm.) forest near Dwellingup, south-western Australia. In the first year following burning, twice as much litter fell on the burnt site as on an unburnt control site. Concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen were higher in post-fire litter probably because crown scorch during burning prevented withdrawal of phosphorus and nitrogen into the tree before leaf fall. This, together with the increased weight of litter, resulted in a four-fold increase in the accession of phosphorus and nitrogen to the forest floor in litter one year after the fire on the burnt site. The concentrations of potassium, magnesium, sodium and chlorine in the litter were all significantly lower on the burnt site than on the unburnt site in the first year following burning. During the second year after the fire, significantly less litter fell on the burnt area than on the unburnt control site. Phosphorus concentrations in the litter from the burnt site remained 50% higher than in litter from the control but the other nutrient elements returned to their pre-fire levels. There are indications that more phosphorus and potassium are cycled via canopy leaching immediately after burning. In the second winter following the fire there were no significant differences in the amounts of nutrients in canopy leachate on the burnt and unburnt areas.