Determination of morphological variation in subspecies of Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. from Central Anatolia

Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. has four subspecies: glauca, galatica Y?ld?r?ml?, sivasica (Davis) Y?ld?r?ml? and iconia (Boiss.) Davis, naturally growing in Turkey. In this study, 77 accessions from nine I. glauca ssp. populations were characterised in terms of variation in morphological characters, including the number of branches per plant, plant height, diameter of stem base, diameter of middle stem, diameter of apical stem, width and length of fruit, length of fruit stalk, fruit shape, fruit base shape, fruit apices shape, loculus, ondulation, apical process of fruit, fruit weight, basal length of fruit, apical length of fruit, wing width of fruit, loculus length, loculus width, length of seed, dorsal width of seed, lateral width of seed and seed weight. The number of branches had the highest value of coefficient of variation (CV), 0.21–0.86, while the fruit width had the lowest value of CV 0.08–0.20. According to Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses, eco-geographical factors had a substantial effect on morphological variation. A principal component analysis explained 90.61 % of morphological variation through the study of five extracted components. A dendrogram, which was constructed according to the between-group linkages method, based on squared Euclidean distances, represented a hierarchical cluster analysis of 77 accessions. The results of the principal coordinate analysis, which showed differentiation according to morphological characters between nine populations, were consistent with the dendrogram. Consequently, morphological variation of I. glauca ssp. and the significant effects of eco-geographical factors on its morphological variation were discussed.     

Diversity of pea (Pisum sativum) accessions based on morphological data for sustainable field pea breeding in Argentina

We characterized 13 accessions of dry peas of different origins from various growing regions in Argentina, based on three replications of 20 plants cultivated in 2009 and 2010 in a greenhouse, with the objective of selecting those with favorable characteristics for use in breeding programs. Significant differences were found for length and width of stipule and pod, length of the internodes and leaflets, plant height, total number of nodes, number of nodes at the first pod, number of days to flowering and to harvest, number of pods and seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and grain diameter, demonstrating a high degree of genetic variability. Phenotypic correlation analysis demonstrated that large pods produced more seeds per pod, but the seed weight decreased. Plants with smaller number of nodes in the first pod were more productive. Estimates of genotypic correlation coefficients indicated a strong inherent association among the different traits. Clustering methods grouped the accessions into five clusters. Cluster 5 included two accessions and showed the highest values for length and width of stipules (4.9 and 4.5 cm, respectively), length of leaflets (7.43 cm) and days to flowering (122.6), while cluster 3, with one accession, and cluster 4, with two accessions, showed the highest values for number of seeds per pod (3.78 and 4.39), number of pods per plant (5.33 and 5.70), length of pods (5.54 and 5.72 cm), and width of pods (1.21 and 1.20 cm, respectively). We conclude that accessions in clusters 3 and 4 would be useful for crosses with other cultivars in pea breeding programs.     

Variability in reproductive traits in Jatropha curcas L. accessions during early developmental stages under warm subtropical conditions

Variability in floral, fruit, and seed characteristics, and oil content of 15 accession of Jatropha curcas during early development were assessed during two flowering periods in south Florida subtropical climate. The two flowering periods had leaf flushing in March. Field evaluation using 18 quantitative traits showed significant variation among accessions. The number of female flowers and female : male flower ratio ranged from 1 to 15 and 1 : 8.8 to 1 : 67.8, respectively. Fruit set by natural pollination was 89 and 66% during the first (1st) and second (2nd) flowering periods, respectively. A higher number of female‐type inflorescences were observed during summer. There were significant differences in seed traits, except for number of seeds per fruit. Accession TREC 31 had the highest individual seed dry weight and 100‐seed weight (0.83 g and 79.7 g, respectively). The oil content varied from 19.30% to 35.62%. Seed dry weight had positive correlation with seed fresh weight, seed length, seed thickness, seed width, and 100‐seed weight, but negative correlation with oil content. Based on the cluster analysis using 15 morphological traits, jatropha accessions were grouped into five main clusters and accessions from different geographic regions grouped together in a cluster. Principal component analyses (PCA) revealed morphological variation. The first three components explained 73.5% of the total variation and seed dry weight, 100‐seed weight, total flowers per inflorescence, male flowers per inflorescence and fruit set can be used to distinguish accessions. The PCA also indicated that flowering traits were more influenced by seed origin while seed traits were affected by flowering spans. Although evaluations were performed in plants during the juvenile phase, accessions TREC 31 and TREC 55 had superior averages for almost all characters evaluated. These results provide a preliminary assessment of the high variability in jatropha accessions evaluated and their potential for use in breeding and genetic improvement programs.     

Morphological characterization of Prunus scoparia using multivariate analysis

In this research, morphological characterization of wild Prunus scoparia species, naturally growing in Iran, was investigated. Twenty-one variables along flowering and ripening date were recorded in 150 accessions of this species to detect their phenotypic variation. All studied characteristics were showing a high degree of variability, but it was highly pronounced for secondary shoot number, leaf area and shape, growth habit, fruit exocarp color, nut shape, pubescence on fruit, canopy size and trunk diameter. The majority of significant correlation coefficients were found in the characteristics representing tree and nut sizes with leaf size. Principal component analysis was performed for phenotypical diversity determination and grouping of species. Characters with high discriminating values were those related to tree height, growth habit, canopy size and kernel weight. Based on the UPGMA cluster analysis, accessions were placed in two main clusters. The first main cluster was divided into five subclusters with high variability within and between populations, while the second cluster contained 11 accessions of Estahban region. Current findings supported these opportunities since the phenotypic variability in Iranian wild P. scoparia species has been found to be very high, suggesting an extensive genetic diversity available to almond cultivar and rootstock development programs. The wide adaptation of this species indicates its potential as resources for resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses such as drought and spring frost. The conservation of the highly diverse native populations of Iranian wild P. scoparia species is recommended.     

祁连山青海云杉天然群体的种实性状表型多样性

 以系统揭示其表型变异程度和变异规律为目的,对祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia )天然分布区的10个群体的8个种实性状进行了比较分析。采用方差分析、多重比较,相关分析、聚类分析等多种分析方法,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行了讨论。方差分析结果表明,各种实性状在群体间都存在极显著差异,除球果干质量和球果长/球果径外,其余性状在群体内都存在着极显著的差异;表型分化系数即群体间变异为27.18%,小于群体内的变异(72.82%);球果长、球果径、球果干质量、球果形状指数、种子长、种子宽、千粒重和种子形状指数的变异系数分别为：10.08%、5.80%、19.29%、9.66%、8.38%、15.34%、6.52%和13.94%;8个种实性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关,球果干质量、种子长、千粒重、球果长和球果径为青海云杉易测定和重要的种实性状;种实性状呈现出以经度变异为主的梯度规律性;通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将青海云杉10个群体划分为4类。     

秦岭山地太白红杉种群种实性状的生态可塑性研究

研究了太白红杉6个种群中13个种实性状的变异情况.结果表明,太白红杉种实性状在种群内和种群间均存在广泛的变异,除种子宽和种鳞宽的差异在种群间不显著外,其它11个性状在种群间差异均极显著;种群间种鳞长、种鳞宽、球果长宽比、种翅长和种翅宽的变异程度比种群内大,其它8个性状在种群内的变异程度比种群间大.海拔对太白红杉种实性状的影响比较明显,其中种子宽、种鳞长、种翅宽、种鳞宽、球果长、球果宽和种鳞数与海拔呈负相关,种子宽和球果宽相关性显著,种鳞长、种翅宽、种鳞宽、球果长和种鳞数相关性极显著;坡度与种鳞长宽比呈负相关;年降水与球果宽呈正相关.种子长宽比和种翅长宽比与海拔呈负相关.     

遗传改良对杉木针叶和种实性状的影响

为揭示遗传改良对主要造林用材树种叶和种实性状的影响,阐明性状的变异趋势,该研究以杉木第4轮育种的精选树(改良群体)、四省五地的表型优树与古树(未改良群体)为对象,调查了218个无性系的针叶和种实性状指标,采用方差分析和多重对比方法研究遗传改良对杉木及不同类型杉木的表型差异,并通过相关性分析探究遗传改良对杉木针叶和球果部分表型性状的影响,以及利用主成分分析和聚类分析进行了分类。结果表明:(1)未改良群体的针叶长、针叶宽和出籽率分别比改良群体小13.28%、10.81%和33.90%,其他性状表现为未改良群体大于改良群体,差异在10.90%～27.03%之间。未改良群体球果长、球果宽和出籽率的变异系数,分别比改良群体大9.14%、12.73%和15.38%。(2)球果长、球果宽、苞鳞长和苞鳞宽4个性状,在未改良群体中仅有球果长和球果宽(0.931)、苞鳞长和苞鳞宽(0.622)之间呈极显著正相关,经遗传改良后,该4个性状两两之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。(3)四川雅安(SCYA)的球果长和球果宽的性状比改良群体大48.83%和53.26%,安徽黄山(AHHS)的百粒重比改良群体大16.92%。(4)遗传改良导致松张型球果的杉木比例降低,紧包型和反翘型球果的杉木比例增加。综上认为,杉木的遗传改良导致球果大小下降,改变了不同针叶和球果类型的比例,同时会改变针叶性状和种实性状的相关性,将为杉木种质资源评价和未来多目标育种提供依据。     

Comparative analysis of DNA polymorphisms and phylogenetic relationships among Syzygium cumini Skeels based on phenotypic characters and RAPD technique

The Indian black berry (Syzygium cumini Skeels) has a great nutraceutical and medicinal properties. As in other fruit crops, the fruit characteristics are important attributes for differentiation were also determined for different accessions of S. cumini. The fruit weight, length, breadth, length: breadth ratio, pulp weight, pulp content, seed weight and pulp: seed ratio significantly varied in different accessions. Molecular characterization was carried out using PCR based RAPD technique. Out of 80 RAPD primers, only 18 primers produced stable polymorphisms that were used to examine the phylogenetic relationship. A sum of 207 loci were generated out of which 201 loci found polymorphic. The average genetic dissimilarity was 97 per cent among jamun accessions. The phylogenetic relationship was also determined by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) that explained 46.95 per cent cumulative variance. The two-dimensional PCoA analysis showed grouping of the different accessions that were plotted into four sub-plots, representing clustering of accessions. The UPGMA (r = 0.967) and NJ (r = 0.987) dendrogram constructed based on the dissimilarity matrix revealed a good degree of fit with the cophenetic correlation value. The dendrogram grouped the accessions into three main clusters according to their eco-geographical regions which given useful insight into their phylogenetic relationships.     

川西云杉天然种群表型多样性

为了揭示川西云杉(Picea balfouriana)天然种群表型变异程度和变异规律, 以四川甘孜藏族自治州天然分布的川西云杉为研究对象, 调查了12个种群360个单株的种实和针叶表型性状, 采用变异系数、巢式方差分析、相关分析和聚类分析等方法, 分析了种群间和种群内表型多样性。结果表明: 川西云杉表型性状在种群间和种群内存在极其丰富的多样性, 种群间表型分化系数均值为36.53%, 小于种群内变异(63.47%); 球果、针叶、种鳞和种翅的表型分化系数均值分别为47.15%、31.93%、21.89%和45.14%, 球果、针叶、种鳞和种翅4类表型性状的变异系数分别为12.56%、22.16%、12.61%和16.53%, 种鳞的变异系数和表型分化系数最小, 表明其性状最为稳定; 12个表型性状间多数呈显著或极显著正相关, 球果长、球果径、针叶长和种鳞长为川西云杉重要的表型性状。川西云杉表型变异在空间分布上呈现以经度(球果和针叶)和纬度(种鳞和种翅)并存的单向变异模式; 利用种群间欧氏距离进行聚类分析, 可以把川西云杉12个种群划分为3类。     

木薯两性花及其种子的形态特征

以前期发明的一种木薯(Manihot esculenta)调控开花技术为基础, 成功研发出木薯两性花诱导技术, 并发现诱导出的木薯两性花能自花授粉结实。该文报道了木薯两性花、两性花自花授粉发育的蒴果及其种子的形态特征。木薯两性花同时具有雌蕊和雄蕊, 而单性花只具有雌蕊或雄蕊; 两性花蒴果卵圆形且长宽比大, 单性花蒴果阔椭圆形且长宽比小; 两性花种子种脊不隆起, 单性花种子种脊隆起明显。两性花和两性花种子是珍贵的木薯育种材料, 对揭示木薯的遗传特性及培育木薯新种质具有重要意义。     

Morphological and Seed Set characteristics of Centipedegrass accessions collected in China

Greater than two-fold differences were observed between the lowest and highest means for stolon number and length characteristics. A 60% difference in total length was observed between the longest stolon of accessions. There was a 42% difference between the accessions with the fastest and slowest growing stolons. Accession with the longest and shortest internode differed by 28%. Small differences were observed for leaf length and width. Seed set under selfing was less than 7% indicating high self-incompatibility. Open-pollinated seed set ranged from 37% to 87%. Coefficients of variation for the various characteristics measured indicate that the Chinese accessions should provide more variation for genetic improvement in this species. Data showed that measuring total stolon length at five weeks after transplanting was adequate for evaluating all of the stolon length and number characteristics in this study. The Chinese accession appear to be a valuable source of new germplasm for this species.     

薏苡种子形态性状多样性评价

薏苡是优质的药食兼用作物。本研究对我国36份薏苡种质的种子形态性状进行了主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,36份薏苡种质具有较高的形态性状多样性。不同薏苡种质的4个种子质量性状间存在差异。单因素方差分析显示11个种子数量性状在不同薏苡种质间呈极显著差异。数量性状的变异系数在8.43%~68.01%之间,种壳与外种皮重量的变异系数最大而种仁长度的变异系数最小。主成分分析将36份薏苡种质分为中部及南部栽培种质、北部栽培种质和野生种质3大类,3类种质的形态特征存在明显差异。聚类分析将36份薏苡种质分为5大类群,即中部及南部栽培种质、北部栽培种质和3个类群野生种质。初步筛选出6份可能具有较高抗肿瘤活性的薏苡种质FJNJ、TJ-BK-1、TJ-BK-2、MY-BK-1、MY-BK-2和JYSD。     

Assessment of the Genetic Diversity of Different Job's Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) Accessions and the Active Composition and Anticancer Effect of Its Seed Oil

Job’s tears (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) is an important crop used as food and herbal medicine in Asian countries. A drug made of Job’s tears seed oil has been clinically applied to treat multiple cancers. In this study, the genetic diversity of Job’s tears accessions and the fatty acid composition, triglyceride composition, and anti-proliferative effect of Job’s tears seed oil were analyzed using morphological characteristics and ISSR markers, GC-MS, HPLC-ELSD, and the MTT method. ISSR analysis demonstrated low genetic diversity of Job’s tears at the species level (h = 0.21, I = 0.33) and the accession level (h = 0.07, I = 0.10), and strong genetic differentiation (G_ST = 0.6702) among all accessions. It also clustered the 11 accessions into three cultivated clades corresponding with geographical locations and two evidently divergent wild clades. The grouping patterns based on morphological characteristics and chemical profiles were in accordance with those clustered by ISSR analysis. Significant differences in morphological characteristics, fatty acid composition, triglyceride composition, and inhibition rates of seed oil were detected among different accessions, which showed a highly significant positive correlation with genetic variation. These results suggest that the seed morphological characteristics, fatty acid composition, and triglyceride composition may be mainly attributed to genetic factors. The proportion of palmitic acid and linoleic acid to oleic acid displayed a highly significant positive correlation with the inhibition rates of Job’s tears seed oil for T24 cells, and thus can be an important indicator for quality control for Job’s tears.     

15份多花黑麦草优良引进种质的表型变异分析

多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)是世界栽培牧草中的优良禾本科牧草。为更好地利用多花黑麦草种质资源,本研究对引自国外的15份多花黑麦草种质的15个形态性状和农艺性状进行了变异系数、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明:15份材料间存在较大变异,除单株干重外,其余性状在供试材料间均表现出显著性差异,变异系数范围为10.28%~39.15%,变异系数平均值为19.49%,从小到大依次为小穗数小穗长株高分蘖数千粒重花序长倒二叶长小花数茎粗第一节间长倒二叶宽旗叶宽旗叶长单株干重单株鲜重。主成分结果表明,前5个主成分累积贡献率达到84.51%,第1主成分以株高为主要特征;第2主成分以旗叶和倒二叶长、宽为主要特征;第3主成分以花序长和小花数为主要特征;第4主成分以千粒重为主要特征;第5主成分以产草量为主要特征。15份种质材料经基于欧氏距离的UPGMA聚类分析被划分为3大类,类别间存在较显著的差异,其中第2类因其植株高大、叶片宽大的特点,具备选育高产种质的潜力。     

Geographical cline and inter-seaside difference in cone characteristics related to climatic conditions of old planted Pinus thunbergii populations throughout Japan

Although cone morphology has been mainly utilized for taxonomy or forestry purposes, characterization of the environmental factors that influence its variation is still insufficient. Major conifers distributed over diverse climatic conditions like the Japanese archipelago could show cone morphology variation among populations related to large differences in key influential factors such as temperature, snow, irradiance and sunshine. Geographical variation in cone characteristics (cone size, seed production, seed productivity per cone and seed size) was examined across the species distribution in 24 old planted Pinus thunbergii populations (479 trees) along two major seasides in Japan (Pacific Ocean side and Japan Sea side). Variance components of cone characteristics explained by seaside were at similar levels to those for populations nested within seasides. Populations on the Japan Sea side produced cones that had larger size (length and width), higher seed production (number of filled seeds per cone and seed mass per cone) and seed productivity per cone (seed-to-ovule ratio). Analysis of covariance showed that significant latitudinal clines observed in cone size and seed productivity per cone were mostly a result of inter-seaside differences. Linear mixed model analysis detected that geographical variation in cone size, seed production and seed productivity per cone in the populations were affected significantly by low temperature, more snow, less solar irradiance and less sunshine time. Large cone sizes and high seed productivity per cone found in the populations on the Japan Sea side could be explained by a genetic or plastic response to maintain reproductive success.     

Genetic diversity in traditional Ethiopian highland maize accessions assessed by AFLP markers and morphological traits

In the highland regions of Ethiopia the heterogeneity of the land, the climate, and soil favors the presence of a large number of landraces. We analyzed a representative sample of 62 traditional Ethiopian highland maize accessions, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP^®) markers and morphological traits with the aim to group the accessions based on the their genetic profiles and morphological traits, to study agroecological variation and to assess the level of correlation between phenotypic and genetic distances. Eight EcoRI/MseI primer combinations and 15 morphological traits were used. The accessions varied significantly for all of the measured morphological traits. Of a total of 650 AFLP markers that were scored, 89.5% were polymorphic. Pair-wise genetic distance estimates based on AFLP data revealed dissimilarity coefficients ranging from 0.32 to 0.69 (mean of 0.57). Cluster analysis of the AFLP data grouped most accessions collected from the Northern highlands into one major cluster. It, however, failed to separate the Western and Southern accessions into different clusters. Regardless of the large variation in environmental conditions between agroecologies, only 9% of the total genetic variation was found between agroecologies, whereas 91% was found within agroecologies in Ethiopia. This finding may be explained by long distance seed exchange, continuous seed introduction and gene flow between agroecologies. The relationship between morphological and AFLP-based distances was significant and positive. Based on this study, three groups of highland accessions, with distinctive genetic profiles and morphological traits were identified. This information will be useful for further collections and conservation of the unique diversity included in the highland maize landraces of Ethiopia.     

Genetic diversity study of some medicinal plant accessions belong to Apiaceae family based on seed storage proteins patterns

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and Longleaf (Falcaria vulgaris Bernh) that all belong to Apiaceae family as medicinal plants are very important in many countries. Study of genetic diversity for medicinal plant is important for researches in future. One of the methods to evaluate plant genetic diversity and classification of them is the electrophoresis of seed storage proteins. This research was conducted in order to evaluate seed protein variability in different Iranian Cumin, Fennel and Longleaf accessions and grouping them based on these proteins as a biochemical marker. For this purpose, the samples were first powdered in liquid nitrogen and seed protein was extracted with extraction buffer. Then total soluble proteins were resolved on 12.5?% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels. The electrophoretic protein pattern showed 38 bands that were low polymorphism among the accessions. The result of cluster analysis showed that the accessions were classified in three groups (all 29 Cumin accessions in the first group, three Fennel ecotypes in second group and three Longleaf accessions in the last one).     

苦荞重组自交系群体籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状分析

为揭示影响苦荞籽粒黄酮含量的主要因素,获得高黄酮含量的苦荞种质,该文以"小米荞×晋荞2号"重组自交系(RILs)群体为材料,采用酶标仪检测籽粒黄酮含量,调查了百粒重、籽粒长宽比、株高、分枝数及籽粒产量等性状的变异,并探究籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状之间的相关关系,比较了不同粒色、不同粒型苦荞株系的籽粒黄酮含量的差异,基于聚类...