Increased Skeletal Muscle 11βHSD1 mRNA Is Associated with Lower Muscle Strength in Ageing

Background

Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass and function with age, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current understanding of the underlying mechanisms is limited. Glucocorticoids (GC) in excess cause muscle weakness and atrophy. We hypothesized that GC may contribute to sarcopenia through elevated circulating levels or increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling by increased expression of either GR or the GC-amplifying enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in muscle.

Methods

There were 82 participants; group 1 comprised 33 older men (mean age 70.2years, SD 4.4) and 19 younger men (22.2years, 1.7) and group 2 comprised 16 older men (79.1years, 3.4) and 14 older women (80.1years, 3.7). We measured muscle strength, mid-thigh cross-sectional area, fasting morning plasma cortisol, quadriceps muscle GR and 11βHSD1 mRNA, and urinary glucocorticoid metabolites. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression adjusting for age, gender and body size.

Results

Muscle strength and size were not associated with plasma cortisol, total urinary glucocorticoids or the ratio of urinary 5β-tetrahydrocortisol +5α-tetrahydrocortisol to tetrahydrocortisone (an index of systemic 11βHSD activity). Muscle strength was associated with 11βHSD1 mRNA levels (β -0.35, p = 0.04), but GR mRNA levels were not significantly associated with muscle strength or size.

Conclusion

Although circulating levels of GC are not associated with muscle strength or size in either gender, increased cortisol generation within muscle by 11βHSD1 may contribute to loss of muscle strength with age, a key component of sarcopenia. Inhibition of 11βHSD1 may have therapeutic potential in sarcopenia.     

Cytogenetic analysis of the X chromosome region 2B3-4 — 2B11 of Drosophila melanogaster

Mutation t467, belonging to the swi complementation group, and causing death in late prepupa, is located in the interval from 2B6 to the left part of 2B7-8. In this region puffing is absent in salivary gland chromosomes. In t467/t467 homozygotes intermoult early and early-late larval 20-OH ecdysone puffs do not differ from the controls. Mid-prepupal puffs are normal too with a few exceptions. However, all late larval and prepupal puffs are reduced or absent in the mutant. Both, hormone incubation of t467 glands in vitro and hormone injection have shown: i) 20-OH ecdysone in vitro does not restore the normal larval puffing pattern. ii) Withdrawal of the hormone from glands at PS6 causes premature appearance of late larval puffs, which, however, do not reach control sizes. It is concluded that the swi gene product is necessary for induction of late puffs. Thus in the 2B3-4—2B7-8 region three genes, affecting 20-OH ecdysone induction processes, have become known.     

Cytogenetic analysis of the 2B3-4 — 2B11 region of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster

Puffing patterns have been studied both in homozygotes t10/t10, a gene located in the area of the early ecdysone puff 2B5, and in a yellow (y) control stock, at the end of the third instar and during prepupal development. In mutants t10 at the end of the third instar puffing develops normally in general, however, 21 puffs (5 early and 16 late ones) underdevelop or do not develop at all, some larval intermoult puffs regressing slower. The next cycle of puffs (mid prepupal) in mutants t10 proceeds normally, but in the late prepupal cycle 21 puffs underdevelop again or are not formed at all. A model for the induction of early ecdysone puffs is proposed, assigning a key role to the 2B5 puff product in stimulating other early puffs. It is suggested that defects in the activity of early puffs in the mutant t10 may cause underdevelopment of late puffs.Dedicated to Professor W. Beermann on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Human adrenal cells that express both 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) contribute to adrenal androstenedione production

Androstenedione is one of several weak androgens produced in the human adrenal gland. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) are both required for androstenedione production. However, previous studies demonstrated the expression of HSD3B2 within the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and fasciculata (ZF) but low levels in the zona reticularis. In contrast, CYB5A expression increases in the zona reticularis (ZR) in human adrenal glands. Although their colocalization has been reported in gonadal theca and Leydig cells this has not been studied in the human adrenal. Therefore, we immonolocalized HSD3B2 and CYB5A in normal human adrenal glands and first demonstrated their co-expression in the cortical cells located at the border between the ZF and ZR in normal human adrenal. Results of in vitro studies using the human adrenal H295R cells treated with the HSD3B2 inhibitor, trilostane, also demonstrated a markedly decreased androstenedione production. Decreasing CYB5A mRNA using its corresponding siRNA also resulted in significant inhibition of androstenedione production in the H295R cells. These findings together indicate that there are a group of cells co-expressing HSD3B2 and CYB5A with hybrid features of both ZF and ZR in human adrenal cortex, and these hybrid cortical cells may play an important role in androstenedione production in human adrenal gland.     

大豆11S球蛋白Gy5(A3B4)的基因克隆和序列分析

大豆11Ｓ球蛋白(Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｉｎ)是大豆种子的主要贮藏蛋白,分子量为360ｋＤ,由6对相同的蛋白亚基(每对亚基的分子量约60ｋＤ)构成。每对亚基又是由一个酸性Ａ肽(35～45ｋＤ)和一个碱性Ｂ肽(22ｋＤ)通过二硫键连接而成。Ａ肽和Ｂ肽源自同一个基因,即首先由一个大的ｍＲ?..     

Increased angiogenesis protects against adipose hypoxia and fibrosis in metabolic disease-resistant 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD1)-deficient mice

In obesity, rapidly expanding adipose tissue becomes hypoxic, precipitating inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. Compensatory angiogenesis may prevent these events. Mice lacking the intracellular glucocorticoid-amplifying enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1(-/-)) have "healthier" adipose tissue distribution and resist metabolic disease with diet-induced obesity. Here we show that adipose tissues of 11βHSD1(-/-) mice exhibit attenuated hypoxia, induction of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) activation of the TGF-β/Smad3/α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) signaling pathway, and fibrogenesis despite similar fat accretion with diet-induced obesity. Moreover, augmented 11βHSD1(-/-) adipose tissue angiogenesis is associated with enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-inducible expression of the potent angiogenic factors VEGF-A, apelin, and angiopoietin-like protein 4. Improved adipose angiogenesis and reduced fibrosis provide a novel mechanism whereby suppression of intracellular glucocorticoid regeneration promotes safer fat expansion with weight gain.     

类固醇生成因子-1对青春期小鼠睾丸中P450scc及3βHSD的调节

类固醇生成因子-1对青春期小鼠睾丸中P450scc及3βHSD的调节@祝辉$南京医科大学生殖医学江苏省重点实验室!　中国 南京210029 @周作民$南京医科大学生殖医学江苏省重点实验室!　中国 南京210029 @沙家豪$南京医科大学生殖医学江苏省重点实验室!　中国 南京210029 @王雁玲$中国科学院动物研究所生殖生物学国家重点实验室!　中国 北京100080 @朴允尚$中国科学院动物研究所生殖生物学国家重点实验室!　中国 北京100080     

应用LC3B-PLA2研究Atg4B对LC3B的切割作用

目的:构建带Myc标签的LC3B-PLA2基因的真核表达质粒,获得LC3B-PLA2融合蛋白,并应用LC3B-PLA2研究Atg4B对LC3B的切割作用。方法:以本实验室保存的乳腺文库为模板,PCR扩增获得LC3B序列,与PLA2G10拼接后插入pCMV-Myc载体,用构建的重组质粒转染HEK293T细胞,Western印迹检测融合蛋白的表达,用LC3B-PLA2与Atg4B共转染的方法检测Atg4B对LC3B的切割作用。结果:菌液PCR、重组质粒双酶切及测序均表明重组质粒构建成功,Western印迹结果表明融合蛋白在HEK293T细胞中获得表达,LC3B-PLA2真核表达蛋白能够应用于Atg4B对LC3B切割作用的研究。结论:构建了pCMV-Myc-LC3B-PLA2真核表达质粒,LC3B-PLA2融合蛋白在Atg4B对LC3B切割作用的研究中至关重要,为进一步研究Atg4B在自噬过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

B19病毒11 kDa蛋白对Hela细胞内NF-κB信号通路的影响

11 kDa蛋白作为B19病毒的一个非结构蛋白,可能在病毒复制周期中发挥重要作用。为了研究11 kDa蛋白对细胞内NF-κB信号通路的影响,首先通过原核表达纯化获得GST-11 kDa融合蛋白,并制备免疫血清,利用免疫血清验证了11 kDa蛋白在Hela细胞呈胞浆定位。荧光素酶检测系统发现11 kDa蛋白能上调细胞内NF-κB转录活性,Western blotting进一步表明11 kDa蛋白能够引起细胞内IκB-α的降解。同时,11 kDa蛋白还能够上调细胞内炎性因子IL6启动子的活性,而该反应主要依赖于NF-κB通路。结果表明,11 kDa蛋白通过参与细胞内信号途径激活相关炎性因子的表达。     

一例CYP11B基因突变导致11β-羟化酶缺乏症的诊疗和基因检测分析

先天性肾上腺皮质增生症(congenital adrenal hyperplasia,CAH)是一种常染色体隐性遗传病,在不同类型的CAH发病率中,11β-羟化酶缺乏症排第二位,该疾病的发生与人8号常染色体上CYP11B基因突变有关。本研究采集了1名14岁患者的外周血,通过提取基因组DNA,应用全外显子测序对其进行了基因检测,对疑似变异进行Sanger测序验证,并分析其特点。结果发现,患者CYP11B1基因第8外显子存在c.1226C>T纯合错义突变,导致其编码蛋白第409位丝氨酸突变为苯丙氨酸(p.Ser409Phe),从而影响血红素与酶的结合,最终导致CYP11B1酶活性丧失,引起一系列临床症状。这一突变目前尚未见国内外有相关报道。本研究丰富了CYP11B1基因变异谱,为进一步研究11β-羟化酶缺乏症的致病机制提供了临床资料和遗传资源。     

Detection of frequent BglII polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction and TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase at the human HSDβ3 locus (1p11–p13)

Summary Analysis of amplified polymerase chain reaction products of 575 bp from the fourth exon of the human type I 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/⁵-⁴ isomerase gene at locus HSD3 1p11–p13, reveals a frequent two-allele polymorphism at codon Leu³³⁸ due to a silent substitution of T by C, thus creating a BglII site leading to 371- and 204-bp fragments. Southern blot analysis of BglII-digested DNA from 57 individuals using a genomic probe detects two allelic fragments of 5.3kb and 0.77 kb, respectively, while two allelic fragments of 3.7 kb and 3.4 kb are obtained in TaqI digests with multiple constant bands, as also observed with BglII digests.     

山羊胎儿肝脏3β—羟基甾体脱氢酶／Δ^4—Δ^5异构酶（3β—HSD）cDNA的克隆

3β－羟基甾体脱氢酶／Δ^4-Δ^5异构酶（3β－HSD）是哺乳动物体内广泛存在的一类参与甾体激素代谢的氧化还原酶,且具有异构酶活性。3β－HSD催化3β－羟基甾体的脱氢及随后的Δ^5-3-甾酮产物的异构化反应,以产生α,β－非饱和酮,3β－HSD在甾体激素代谢中起着重要作用。本文以胎羊肝为材料,首次获得了山羊胎肝的3β－HSD的cDNA,并进行了3β－HSD在肝脏组织的表达分析。参照牛,啮齿类的3β－HSD CDNA的高同源区设计引物,以2－3月雌性胎羊肝脏mRNA为模板,经RT－PCR获得416 bp cDNA片段（Fig.a),然后以其为探针筛选胎羊肝λgt10cDNA文库最后获得3－端缺失的3β－HSD cDNA克隆,并推导了其氨基酸序列（Fig.s)。同源分析表明山羊胎肝3β－HSD的氨基酸序列与牛卵巢,人I型3β－HSD的同源性分别为96％,78％和73％（Fig.3),提取雌性胎羊,雄性胎羊及母体羊肝脏的总RNA,同时做RT－PCR,表明3β－HSD在不同个体肝脏中的表达存在差异,雌性胎羊和母体孕羊肝脏中都有3β－HSD的表达,而在雄性胎羊肝脏中,则未检测到表达信号（Fig.4)。     

BmCyclin B和BmCyclin B3是家蚕细胞周期进程所必需的

B型细胞周期蛋白(Cyclin B)是细胞G2期向M期转化的重要调节因子. 家蚕基因组数据分析表明, 家蚕有2个Cyclin B基因, 即BmCyclin B和BmCyclin B3. 利用家蚕EST数据, 成功克隆了家蚕Cyclin B3基因(EU074796), 该基因全长1665 bp, ORF长1536 bp, 由6个内含子和7个外显子构成, 编码511个氨基酸, 含有1个蛋白破坏盒和2个周期蛋白盒, 预测分子量57.8 kD. 家蚕卵巢细胞系BmN-SWU1的BmCyclin B和BmCyclin B3基因RNA干涉结果表明, BmCyclin B和BmCyclin B3是家蚕细胞完成细胞周期进程所必需的, 二者干涉后均能导致细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期, 抑制细胞的增殖.     

柯萨奇病毒B3型3D蛋白抗体的制备

肠道病毒3D蛋白是其RNA聚合酶。柯萨奇病毒B3型(coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)主要感染心脏,其3D蛋白在心肌表达中的时序和分布尚不清楚。本研究将通过聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)获得的CVB 3D片段插入pET28a(＋)的表达框,获得pET28a(＋)-3D重组质粒。异丙基 β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG)诱导pET28a(＋)-3D表达3D-His蛋白,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)后,切胶,获得3D-His蛋白。3D-His蛋白加佐剂免疫新西兰大白兔制备3D蛋白多克隆抗体,蛋白免疫印迹法检测抗体效价及特异性。结果显示,本研究获得了高效价且特异性好的抗CVB3 3D蛋白抗体,可用于CVB3 3D蛋白功能的后续研究。     

大肠杆菌抗药性质粒pFD3和pFD11的研究

从人的粪水中分离到大肠杆菌A2和B5,经药物敏感度测定,大肠杆菌A2抗链霉素,四环素、氯霉素、氨苄青霉素和磺胺药;大肠杆菌B5抗链霉素、四环素、磺胺药。通过接触转移实验证明,这些抗性决定因子分别位于质粒pFD3和pFD11上。     

柯萨奇病毒B1,B3和B5以促衰退因子作为细胞受体

病毒复制起始于病毒吸附蛋白与宿主细胞表面受体的特异性结合及此后由细胞介导的病毒穿入,而这些受体的特异性决定宿主细胞范围。应用单克隆抗体ＭＡｂ８５４阻断,免疫沉淀法以及促衰退因子基因转染细胞等方法,发现细胞ＤＡＦ是宿主细胞吸附柯萨奇病毒Ｂ１、Ｂ３和Ｂ５的受体,但这些病毒要侵入细胞及在胞内进行复制尚需依赖其他因子的存在。