我国马尾松毛虫寄生性天敌的研究进展

马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus(Walker)的寄生性天敌主要包括寄生蜂和寄生蝇类两大类。文章列出我国马尾松毛虫主要寄生蜂58种和寄生蝇类20种的名录与寄生的虫态,着重综述了松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimiMatsumura、松毛虫黑卵蜂Telenomus dendrolumusiChu、白跗平腹小蜂Anastatus albitarsis(Ashmead)、黑足凹眼姬蜂Casinaria nigripes(Gravenhorst)、松毛虫脊茧蜂Aleiodes dendrolimi(Matsumura)等5种优势种寄生蜂的研究和应用进展,同时还介绍马尾松毛虫寄蝇在野外寄生状况、室内饲养繁殖等方面的研究概况,以期为马尾松毛虫寄生性天敌的进一步研究提供借鉴。     

江淮棉区棉大卷叶螟主要寄生性天敌的寄生作用

通过大田调查与室内饲养观察结果表明,江淮棉区棉大卷叶螟Sylepta derogataFabricius的主要寄生蜂(蝇)有7种:卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles derogatae(Watanabe)、叶卷蚁形蜂Goniozus japonicus(Ashmead)、卷叶螟姬小蜂Sympiesissp.、菲岛扁股小蜂Elasmus philippinensis(Ashmead)、广黑点瘤姬蜂Xanthopimplapunctata(Fabricius)、广大腿小蜂Brachymeria lasus(Walker)和玉米螟厉寄蝇Lydella grisescens(Robineau-Desvoidy)。其中,卷叶螟绒茧蜂和卷叶螟姬小蜂为棉大卷叶螟幼虫期优势寄生蜂种,广大腿小蜂为幼虫-蛹跨期优势寄生性天敌。自然情况下,棉大卷叶螟的被寄生率高达25.7%,寄生性天敌对棉大卷叶螟种群起着重要的控制作用。     

青翅蚁形隐翅虫的研究

青翅蚁形隐翅虫在福州稻田一年约发生五代,世代重叠。世代历期气温28～30℃为39～42天;24～26℃为50～53天;20～23℃为59～67天。冬季以成虫在田边杂草、紫云英田、板田稻柱和再生稻等处越冬。早、晚稻田分别于5～6月、6～7月、8月上中旬、9月中下旬和10月上中旬共出现五次高峰期。在稻田能捕食多种害虫,喜食稻飞虱、稻叶蝉等小型虫类。农药杀虫双、其次是敌敌畏对青翅蚁形隐翅虫成虫较为安全。     

热带火蚁工蚁耐寒能力的测定

测定了低温处理后热带火蚁Solenopsis geminata(Fabricius)工蚁的存活情况以评价其耐寒能力.热带火蚁工蚁低温下的存活率(S)T与低温暴露温度T和暴露时间t之间的关系均符合逻辑斯缔曲线方程.当处理时间为0.5 h,热带火蚁在-8℃时存活率为5.33%;当处理时间为1 h、2 h和4 h,工蚁在处理温度分别为-9℃、-8℃和-8℃才可全部致死.当处理温度为-7℃,需要经过14 h工蚁才全部死亡,在-8℃,需要35min.结果表明,热带火蚁工蚁在低温暴露0.5 h条件下LTP50和LTP90为-7.39℃和-7.85℃,相差0.46℃;当暴露时间为4h时,热带火蚁工蚁的致死敏感高温区为-7.15℃～-7.54℃,相差仅为0.39℃.当热带火蚁工蚁暴露于-7℃的低温时,LT50和LY90分别为8.54 h和13.77 h;而当暴露于-8℃的的低温时,LT50和LT90分别为8.74 min和19.14 min.     

两种火蚁与黑头酸臭蚁上颚形态及其超微结构观察

应用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren、热带火蚁Solenopsis geminata Fabricius和黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabricius的上颚类型及形态特征。头宽和上颚长度测量结果表明:两种火蚁的头宽和上颚大小具有连续性特征,黑头酸臭蚁工蚁仅1个类型,3种蚂蚁中黑头酸臭蚁的上颚最小,其前端具4个锋利切齿叶,后部有一排小而钝的臼齿叶,上颚内缘较光滑。在形态上,红火蚁的大、中、小型工蚁与热带火蚁工蚁的上颚区别不大,表面纹理光滑,都具4个锋利小齿,上颚内缘也比较光滑;热带火蚁兵蚁上颚仅3个小齿且较钝,其上颚内缘凹面比两种火蚁工蚁的深且纹理粗糙,推测红火蚁工蚁不仅用于筑巢,还用于防御,而热带火蚁兵蚁的强壮上颚可能主要用于磨碎食物,而非保卫蚁巢。     

杭州郊区豌豆彩潜蝇的发生危害及寄生性天敌研究

豌豆彩潜蝇是豌豆、油菜及一些蔬菜的重要害虫。近年来,在杭州郊区菜区豌豆彩潜蝇的危害有加重的趋势。本通过1998－1999年的调查,对该虫的习性及寄生性天敌情况进行初步研究。     

寄生性天敌蒲螨研究进展

蒲螨属Pyemotes具有特殊的生活史和形态特征,是多种害虫的体外寄生性天敌。蒲螨属的种按照形态等特点分为2个组,分别为小蠹蒲螨组(Pyemotes scolyti group)和球腹蒲螨组(Pyemotes ventricosus group)。国内外对蒲螨毒素的研究较多,已知其属于昆虫神经毒素,能使寄主昆虫永久性麻痹,有些种类还能引起人类和动物皮炎。对一些种类蒲螨的毒素组成成分、毒素基因重组技术等进行研究,对蒲螨毒素基因的优化和重组仍将是进一步研究的热点。作为一类很有潜能的害虫天敌资源,蒲螨应用方面的报道还较少,国外集中在麦蒲螨对仓储害虫和红火蚁的防治方面;我国有利用小蠹蒲螨防治小蠹虫的报道,近年来防治双条杉天牛取得成功,表明其用于防治钻蛀性害虫特别是蛀干害虫和地下害虫前景良好,因此,应对蒲螨蒲螨寄主谱、寄主选择机理、寄生机理等进行深入研究。     

两种蚁蛉幼虫的研究(脉翅目,蚁蛉科)

描述锈翅蚁蛉Myrmeleon ferrugineipennis Bao et Wang,2009和狭翅蚁蛉Myrmeleon trivialis Gerstaecker,1885幼虫形态特征和生物学习性,并编制幼虫检索表.     

Spatio‐temporal population sampling of a fire ant parasitoid

The spatial and temporal population structure of Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae), an introduced parasitoid of the invasive red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), was investigated at three locations in Louisiana, USA, during the fall of 2005. Georeferenced disturbed fire ant mounds that attracted adult P. tricuspis were analyzed using Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs to model the population structure of this parasitoid on a local spatial scale, and relate spatial abundance to host colony social form and infection with the fire ant pathogen, Thelohania solenopsae Knell, Allen and Hazard (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae). Spatial associations between P. tricuspis counts and host S. invicta colonies infected with T. solenopsae were not detected. Overall, spatio‐temporal count patterns of P. tricuspis were largely random. However, high P. tricuspis counts were significantly associated with areas of polygyne host colonies. Occasional aggregations of P. tricuspis populations into discrete spatial patches and gaps were also found. The implications of this study are that population surveys of P. tricuspis should be conducted in several areas at a location to account for local patchiness in fly populations and/or varying densities and social form of host ant colonies.     

Response of ant functional composition to fire

Little is known about the impact of disturbances on functional diversity and the long‐term provisioning of ecosystem services, especially in animals. In this work we analyze the effect of wildfire on the functional composition of Mediterranean ant communities. In particular, we asked whether a) fire changes functional composition (mean and dissimilarity of trait values) at the community level; and b) such fire‐induced functional modification is driven by changes in the relative abundance‐dominance of species or by a replacement of species with different traits. We sampled ant communities in burned and unburned plots along 22 sites in a western Mediterranean region, and we computed two complementary functional trait composition indices (‘trait average’ and ‘trait dissimilarity’) for 12 functional traits (related to resource exploitation, social structure and reproduction) and with two different datasets varying in the way species abundance is considered (i.e. abundance and occurrence data). Our results suggest a set of functional responses that seem to be related to direct mortality by fire as well as to indirect fire‐induced modifications in environmental conditions relevant for ants. Trait average of colony size, worker size, worker polymorphism and the ratio between queen and worker size, as well as the trait dissimilarity of the proportion of behaviorally dominant species and of liquid food consumption, and overall functional diversity, were higher in burned than in unburned areas. Interestingly, different patterns arise when comparing results from abundance and occurrence data. While the response to fire in trait averages is quite similar, in the case of trait dissimilarity, the higher values in response to fire are much more marked when considering occurrence rather than abundance data. Our results suggest that changes in trait average are driven at the same time by replacement of species with different traits and by changes in the relative abundance‐dominance of species, while fire promotes a higher diversity of functions that is primarily driven by rare species that are functionally unique. Overall, we observed major fire‐induced changes in functional composition in Mediterranean ant communities that might have relevant consequences for ecosystem processes and services.     

寄生蜂嗅觉蛋白研究进展

寄生蜂对外界环境中气味的识别过程尤为复杂,需要很多组织器官参与,嗅觉系统在寄生蜂选择寄主、识别定位寄主和寄生过程中发挥着重要的作用。常见的嗅觉相关蛋白有气味结合蛋白、化学感受蛋白、气味受体等,本文从嗅觉蛋白的鉴定、结构特征与分类、表达定位、系统发育、功能研究等方面综述了寄生蜂嗅觉蛋白的国内外研究进展,为更多寄生蜂嗅觉相关蛋白的鉴定及其功能研究提供参考。     

Interactions between ant species increase arrival rates of an ant parasitoid

Behaviours or traits associated with aggression and communication may increase an animal's conspicuousness to predators or parasitoids. Most examples of this come from instances of aggression or communication within a species. We tested whether interspecific encounters between ants enhance the host location success of a parasitoid (Diptera: Phoridae) that attacks ants in the genus Linepithema. At food resources recruited to by Linepithema, parasitoid discovery rates were lower when Linepithema was alone than when other ant species were present. In experimentally controlled encounters, parasitoid discovery rates were elevated when Linepithema confronted an ant species that elicited use of chemicals, but not when it confronted an ant species that primarily elicited physical aggression. These results indicate that phorid parasitoids of Linepithema use the ant's chemicals as host location cues. Because Linepithema is known to abandon food resources in the presence of its phorid parasitoids, its use of chemicals during interspecific encounters may diminish its competitive success when phorids are nearby. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.      

四种农药两种处理方法对红火蚁工蚁作用的室内筛选

【目的】为探讨及筛选对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren工蚁高效低毒的药剂,以应用于红火蚁的化学防治。【方法】本试验采用胃毒、药膜法测定阿维菌素、甲维盐、辛硫磷、高效氯氰菊酯4种农药对红火蚁工蚁的室内毒力测定。【结果】辛硫磷对红火蚁工蚁的胃毒LC_(50)值最小,为3.42×10~(-4)mg/m L;而甲维盐对红火蚁工蚁的触杀LC_(50)值最小,为2.56×10~(-5)mg/m L。【结论】红火蚁工蚁对辛硫磷、甲维盐较为敏感。甲维盐作为以阿维菌素为原料经过化学修饰而得到的一种高效杀虫剂,利用红火蚁"交哺习性"进行传毒,作为胃毒饵剂具有较好的前景。     

The introduction of the fire ant parasitoid Pseudacteon nocens in North America: challenges when establishing small populations

Several species of parasitoid phorid flies (Pseudacteon spp., Diptera: Phoridae) have been released into the United States as potential biological control agents for the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Here we report the first successful introduction and spread of Pseudacteon nocens Borgmeier at a site in Texas, USA. Pseudacteon nocens is an important natural enemy since it is a widespread and often abundant parasitoid of S. invicta in Argentina, where it attacks larger fire ant workers eliciting a strong defensive response. Several years of effort to establish this species previously failed, and here we provide a model to better understand the likelihood of founding new populations when introducing sequential batches of flies in field or laboratory cultures. We also report on a novel method of establishing new populations of phorids in the field using pupae burial boxes to overcome constraints of releasing adult flies or infected worker ants.     

森林火旋风研究进展

火旋风是林火蔓延过程中的特殊火行为现象,与树冠火和飞火关系密切.火旋风的发生机理在于旋转涡的生成和发展.构建室内火旋风模拟发生装置是当前火旋风研究的常用方法.在室内模拟试验中,红外热像和热电偶可用于测量火焰温度,高速摄影、三维激光多普勒和皮托管用于测量火旋风的转速.基于室内实验数据,可构建模拟火旋风发生发展的三维模型.     

森林火旋风研究进展

火旋风是林火蔓延过程中的特殊火行为现象,与树冠火和飞火关系密切.火旋风的发生机理在于旋转涡的生成和发展.构建室内火旋风模拟发生装置是当前火旋风研究的常用方法.在室内模拟试验中,红外热像和热电偶可用于测量火焰温度,高速摄影、三维激光多普勒和皮托管用于测量火旋风的转速.基于室内实验数据,可构建模拟火旋风发生发展的三维模型.