浅层地下水对华北地区河岸杨树林树干液流的影响

华北地区河岸杨树林生长季的用水特征对杨树人工林经营管理具有重要意义.本文以北京市潮白河畔的杨树人工林为研究对象,采用热扩散式探针(TDP)测定树干液流、管式TDR土壤含水量法测定土壤体积含水量、开路涡度相关系统测定环境因子数据,对2014年6—7月的杨树树干液流及其影响因素进行系统研究,以探究浅层地下水对树干液流的可能影响.结果表明: 杨树树干液流日变化随太阳辐射呈现单峰或双峰变化,在土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树树干液流密度明显减小,达到峰值的时间从14:00提前到12:30,但树干液流对太阳辐射的时滞效应没有明显变化.在表层土壤水分相对充足时,太阳辐射和空气饱和水汽压差是杨树树干液流变化的主导因子,但在表层土壤水分亏缺时,土壤水会成为杨树树干液流的限制因子;当表层土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树单株耗水与100 cm土层土壤体积含水量呈显著负相关,与其余各土层体积含水量呈显著正相关.浅层地下水(相对稳定的150 cm及更深处)在土壤表层土壤水分含量相对亏缺时,可在毛管力作用下对上层土壤水进行补充,供给杨树生长需要.     

华北平原银杏人工林蒸腾耗水特性及其环境响应

2019年4月1日—10月31日, 利用Granier热扩散探针监测银杏树干液流密度的动态变化, 并同步观测环境因子的变化, 分析银杏蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: (1) 银杏树干液流启动于4月10日左右, 结束于10月20日左右, 前后历时194天左右, 树干液流密度表现为晴天>阴天>雨天, 晴天条件下树干液流密度日变化呈典型的单宽峰曲线, 阴天或雨天条件下, 由于太阳辐射的波动, 树干液流日内变化波动较大。(2) 生长季内单株日蒸腾耗水量均值为(6.16±3.32) kg·d–1, 4—10月的单株日蒸腾耗水量分别为(2.40±1.50)、(7.64±1.35)、(7.78±2.03)、(8.34±2.35)、(8.38±3.05)、(6.64±2.03)、(2.39±1.89) kg·d–1; 监测时间内, 林分蒸腾耗水总量为244.81 mm, 小于降雨总量(534.86 mm), 但季节性供水不足问题依然存在, 6月最为严重。(3) 不同时间尺度条件下, 影响树干液流的生态因子发生显著变化, 小时尺度上, 影响液流速率的关键因子为征能量水平的太阳总辐射(Rs)和综合反映空气温度和空气湿度的饱和水汽压差(VPD), 而月尺度上, 银杏单株日蒸腾耗水量月变化主要与气孔导度、土壤温度呈现极显著正相关。(4) 环境因子与树干液流密度相关程度存在季节性差异, Rs和VPD在生长旺盛期与树干液流密度相关性最高, 生长初期相关性最低; 土壤湿度在生长季初期对树干液流形成极显著胁迫。     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭树干液流的时滞特征

应用Granier热扩散探针测定民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林的树干液流,将液流与饱和水汽压差(VPD)和光合有效辐射(PAR)数据分别进行逐行错位分析,探讨树干液流与环境因子之间的时滞效应.结果表明: 梭梭日液流速率呈现明显的季节变化,6月平均液流速率最大,8月平均液流速率最小.生长季(5-9月)梭梭树干液流与光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差存在明显的时滞,树干液流滞后于PAR 80 min,提前于VPD 114 min,且不同月份的时滞长短存在差异.尽管梭梭树干液流在日尺度上更加依赖于PAR的变化,但在白天,树干液流与饱和水汽压差间有更紧密的关系.梭梭生长季树干液流与VPD或PAR之间的时滞与树形因子(株高、地径、50 cm处直径、枝下高、冠幅)及夜间液流量的相关性均不显著.     

晋西黄土区辽东栎和山杨树干液流对环境因子的响应

2012年4—10月,应用TDP热扩散探针技术,对生长季晋西黄土区次生林主要组成树种辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率进行测定,结合同步测定的空气相对湿度(RH)、太阳光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(T)和土壤含水量(θ)等环境因子,分析液流速率对环境因子的响应.结果表明: 5、6月,影响辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率的主要气象因子是空气饱和水汽压差(VPD)和PAR;7、8月,影响辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率的主要气象因子是VPD和T.除气象因子外,土壤水分条件也是驱动液流变化的重要因素,降雨后θ的增加能够有效影响液流速率,5、6、7、8月,辽东栎降雨后的平均液流速率比降雨前分别增大了28.3％、48.6％、16.9％、11.5％,山杨在6、7、8月降雨后的平均液流速率比降雨前分别增大了0.6％、4.5％、2.3％,辽东栎的增幅明显大于山杨.辽东栎液流速率对降雨后土壤含水量变化更敏感,表现出更高的耗水能力和需水要求,而降雨后山杨的耗水策略仍较保守.液流速率和VPD的关系可以采用指数饱和曲线函数拟合,降雨前后拟合参数的变化说明土壤水分条件的改善能够促进液流速率更快速地到达饱和值.     

降雨减少对刺槐树干液流特征的影响

在全球气候变化背景下,区域降水格局正在发生改变,对森林生态系统生产力和水文过程将产生重要影响。为揭示降雨量减少对树木蒸腾耗水特征及其响应环境因子的影响,本研究以黄土高原半湿润区主要造林树种刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)为对象,在减雨样地林分行间布设人工减雨板减少约47%的降雨输入,采用Granier型热扩散探针测定树干液流动态,并同步监测太阳辐射、空气温度、相对湿度、降雨事件和土壤含水量等环境因子,分析了树干液流对减雨处理及季节性土壤水分变化的响应特征。结果表明：减雨处理显著降低了刺槐液流通量密度标准化值,处理第3年标准化液流通量密度显著低于对照样地;减雨样地刺槐标准化液流日变化峰值时间早于对照样地,表明减雨样地刺槐较早实施了气孔调节,改变了其与气象因子的时滞时间;标准化液流通量密度响应蒸腾驱动因子的拟合方程参数值在样地间呈极显著差异,显示减雨样地刺槐响应气象因子的敏感性有所降低。降雨量的改变不仅影响林地土壤水分状况,还会对刺槐蒸腾耗水及其对环境因子的响应产生影响。     

辽西北沙地樟子松树干液流的变化特征及其影响因素

树干液流是量化植物蒸腾耗水的基本指标。本研究于2015年5—10月采用FLGS-TDP热扩散式树干液流计对辽西北半干旱区的沙地樟子松树干液流进行连续观测,同时结合林内小气候观测系统,探讨樟子松树干液流的动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:树干液流速率和日累积量均为晴天阴天雨天,树干液流速率变化均呈"倒U"型,晴天时出现"光合午休"现象;不同月际间(5—10月),树干液流速率与月累积量为7月6月8月5月9月10月;不同季节间,树干液流启动时间夏季比秋季早1 h左右,且树干液流速率夏季秋季。树干液流受气象因子的影响较大,其中光合有效辐射、空气温度、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和风速与树干液流呈显著正相关,空气相对湿度则相反;土壤温度和含水量对树干液流的影响较为复杂,随时间(月际)、天气状况(阴天、晴天和雨天)和土层深度(5、10、20、40和100 cm)的变化而变化,其中,生长季期间和不同月际间(5—10月)、表层土壤温度(0~10 cm)与树干液流均呈显著正相关,深层土壤(20~100 cm)则相反;生长季前(5月)和生长季末期(10月),树干液流随土壤水分的增多而增加,生长季期间(6—9月)则相反,树干液流随土壤含水量的增加而减弱。     

不同灌溉条件下杨树人工林蒸腾过程及环境响应

研究不同土壤水分阈值灌溉下毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)生长季蒸腾与环境因子的关系, 对于科学制定毛白杨高效水分管理策略至关重要。该研究以毛白杨人工林为研究对象, 设置不同灌溉处理: 充分灌溉(DF, 当滴头正下方20 cm处的土壤水势达到-18 kPa时灌溉)、控水灌溉(DC, 当滴头正下方20 cm处的土壤水势达到-45 kPa时灌溉)和无灌溉(CK, 空白对照)。采用热扩散技术, 对毛白杨生长季树干液流通量进行连续观测, 并同步监测太阳辐射(SR)、空气温度(T_a)、空气湿度(RH)、土壤体积含水率(SWC)和风速(WS)等环境因子。结果显示: 1)不同灌溉处理下毛白杨树干液流通量日变化趋势相似, 呈现单峰型, 并存在显著的夜间液流活动。灌溉处理不会影响树干液流的启动时间, 但会造成树干液流峰值时间出现差异, 充分灌溉会使液流峰值到达时间提前。灌溉会增大毛白杨蒸腾量, 毛白杨的蒸腾量随着土壤水分灌溉阈值的减小而增大。2)毛白杨树干液流密度与SR和空气水汽压亏缺(VPD)存在明显的时滞现象, 树干液流通量变化提前于VPD, 而滞后于SR。不同灌溉处理对时滞现象无显著影响。3) 3个处理下, 蒸腾与VPD、SR及SWC具有显著正相关关系, 与风速具有显著负相关关系, 且对气象因子的响应程度不同。综上所述, 灌溉能够有效调节人工林水分生理对环境因子的适应过程, 但增加灌溉未必会造成蒸腾相应增加。根据林分蒸腾需水和自然降雨的关系, 生长季前期(该研究为4-7月)进行灌溉有利于毛白杨人工林水分生理活动的进行。     

六盘山南侧不同坡位华北落叶松人工林树干液流特征及其环境影响因子

在环境因子空间差异明显的半湿润地区,开展树干液流动态变化对坡位响应的研究,有利于探讨树干液流从样地到坡面的尺度上推方法,以准确估算坡面/流域尺度的森林蒸腾。在六盘山南侧香水河小流域一个东南坡向的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林坡面,自上而下设立5个不同坡位的样地(P_1、P_2、P_3、P_4、P_5),利用热扩散探针法监测树干液流,同步监测气象、土壤水势等环境因子。结果表明:研究期间日均液流速率(Js,mL·cm~(-2)·min~(-1))存在显著的坡位差异,为P_2(0.0397)P_4(0.0368)P_3(0.0325)P_5(0.0311)P_1(0.0278);J_s与最高气温(Tmax)、太阳辐射强度(SR)、潜在蒸散(PET)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、土壤水势(Ψ)、土壤水分(VSM)呈显著正相关,与最低气温(T_(min))、空气相对湿度(RH)、降水量(P)呈显著负相关,且相关系数大小存在明显的坡位差异;对边界线的斜率绝对值分析表明,液流速率对环境因子响应程度存在差异,从坡上到坡下,J_s对气温、RH、VPD、PET及!的响应逐渐减小,而对SR、VSM的响应程度则逐渐增大;进一步偏相关分析和回归分析表明,对不同坡位J_s影响较大的主导环境因子均为PET和VPD,Ψ和T_(max)对坡上样地J_s发挥着重要作用,而坡下样地J_s受SR和VSM的影响较大。综合来看,Js的坡位差异是土壤水分和气象条件共同作用的结果,在进行J_s的尺度外推时,土壤水分和气象因子的坡位变化都是要考虑的因素。     

半干旱沙丘草甸过渡带人工杨树蒸腾耗水规律

明晰沙地人工植被蒸腾耗水规律,对于荒漠化地区生态建设具有至关重要的意义。本研究应用热扩散式插针茎流计(TDP)与自动气象站,对科尔沁沙地人工杨树林树干液流及周边环境因子进行了长期监测,分析了杨树液流的动态变化规律,揭示了液流与环境因子的响应关系。结果表明:液流日变化基本呈单峰"几"字型曲线,偶尔会出现多峰曲线;不同气象条件对液流速率具有明显影响,晴天液流速率最大,阴天次之,雨天最小;生长季液流速率与太阳辐射强度、饱和水汽压差和空气温度呈较强正相关关系,决定系数R2分别为0.88、0.81和0.76,与空气相对湿度呈显著负相关,决定系数R2为0.79;结合各气象因子建立Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型对杨树林地的潜在蒸散发能力进行模拟并结合树干液流实测数据进行验证,结果显示模拟效果精度较高,决定系数R2为0.83;对地下水位变化情况进行监测显示,杨树蒸腾耗水主要依赖于地下水,地下水位在杨树蒸腾能力较强的9:00—18:00下降明显,随后水位出现不同程度的回升现象。     

降雨和非降雨日兴安落叶松天然林蒸腾及蒸散发特征

综合利用树干液流法和涡动相关技术,对大兴安岭北部寒温带兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)天然林的林木蒸腾(T)和生态系统蒸散发(ET)进行连续监测;采用边材面积对单木蒸腾耗水进行尺度扩展,分析降雨和非降雨日林木总蒸腾(T_(tot))及其蒸腾组分(优势木蒸腾T_d、中等木蒸腾T_i和劣势木蒸腾T_s)与生态系统ET的变化特征,探讨T_(tot)与ET对水汽压亏缺(VPD)和净辐射(R_n)变化的响应。结果表明:降雨和非降雨日各分化等级林木液流速率的日变化均呈典型单峰格局,且降雨日的T_(tot)(9.7mm)低于非降雨日(31.4 mm),同时T_d在降雨和非降雨日均明显高于T_i和T_s。降雨日的ET(24.7 mm)同样低于非降雨日(50.6mm),而潜热通量与同期R_n之比(31%)则高于非降雨日(25.1%),表明非降雨日的环境条件较有利于植物-大气界面的水汽通量交换。降雨日T_(tot)/ET、T_d/ET、T_i/ET和T_s/ET(分别为38.1%、27.2%、8.5%和2.4%)均低于非降雨日(分别为65.0%、45.5%、15.3%和4.2%),说明降雨日的ET以自由水蒸发为主,而非降雨日时则以T_d占优;同时,仅以优势木蒸腾耗水作为平均水平进行尺度上推易高估林分的蒸腾能力。总体上,T_(tot)与VPD、R_n的相关性均较ET的高,即T_(tot)对环境因子的响应略敏感;同时R_n与T_(tot)、ET的相关性均较VPD高,说明R_n是驱动生态系统水汽通量的首要条件。     

华北落叶松夜间树干液流特征及生长季补水格局

在宁夏六盘山北侧半干旱区的叠叠沟小流域,采用热扩散探针法在2011年生长季监测了华北落叶松(Larix principisrupprechtii)人工林的树干液流速率,分析了夜间树干液流和补水量的变化特征及与气象、土壤水分等环境因子的关系.结果表明:树干液流速率日变化表现为典型的单峰宽峰曲线,且整个生长季均存在微弱的夜间液流,一般表现为逐渐减小,特别是在晴天,且晴天的变幅显著大于雨天.除生长季中期雨天夜间液流平均速率显著高于晴天,生长季初期及末期雨天与晴天的差异并不显著.生长季内,夜间树干补水总量为11.03 mm,占总蒸腾量的7.22％;5月份的树干补水量最大(4.19mm),其他月份的树干补水量明显减小,在0.9-1.7mm的范围波动.但不同月份间的补水贡献率存在明显差异,表现为生长季末期(9、10月)＞初期(5月)＞中期(6-8月).相关分析表明,日补水量与各气象因子关系不大,仅与降水量显著正相关(P＜0.05),与土壤含水率、日间蒸腾量、日蒸腾总量极显著正相关(P＜0.01).夜间补水的月蒸腾贡献率与月均土壤含水率、月均气温、月均日间蒸腾量、月总蒸腾量等显著相关(P＜0.05);而夜间补水的日蒸腾贡献率与日最高气温、日均气温、日间蒸腾量、日均饱和水汽压差、日总蒸腾量、日均太阳辐射强度、日最低气温、日均空气相对湿度、日降水量、土壤含水率等极显著相关(P＜0.01),经逐步回归分析建立了日补水量蒸腾贡献率与环境因子的多元线性模型.     

Genotypic variation in transpiration of coppiced poplar during the third rotation of a short‐rotation bio‐energy culture

The productivity of short‐rotation coppice (SRC) plantations with poplar (Populus spp.) strongly depends on soil water availability, which limits the future development of its cultivation, and makes the study of the transpirational water loss particularly timely under the ongoing climate change (more frequent drought and floods). This study assesses the transpiration at different scales (leaf, tree and stand) of four poplar genotypes belonging to different species and from a different genetic background grown under an SRC regime. Measurements were performed for an entire growing season during the third year of the third rotation in a commercial scale multigenotype SRC plantation in Flanders (Belgium). Measurements at leaf level were performed on specific days with a contrasted evaporative demand, temperature and incoming shortwave radiation and included stomatal conductance, stem and leaf water potential. Leaf transpiration and leaf hydraulic conductance were obtained from these measurements. To determine the transpiration at the tree level, single‐stem sap flow using the stem heat balance (SHB) method and daily stem diameter variations were measured during the entire growing season. Sap flow‐based canopy transpiration (E_c), seasonal dry biomass yield, and water use efficiency (WUE; g aboveground dry matter/kg water transpired) of the four poplar genotypes were also calculated. The genotypes had contrasting physiological responses to environmental drivers and to soil conditions. Sap flow was tightly linked to the phenological stage of the trees and to the environmental variables (photosynthetically active radiation and vapor pressure deficit). The total E_c for the 2016 growing season was of 334, 350, 483 and 618 mm for the four poplar genotypes, Bakan, Koster, Oudenberg and Grimminge, respectively. The differences in physiological traits and in transpiration of the four genotypes resulted in different responses of WUE.     

不同土壤水分条件下杨树人工林水分利用效率对环境因子的响应

运用涡度相关(Eddy covariance,EC)开路系统和微气象观测系统,于2007年对位于北京市大兴区永定河沙地杨树(Populus euramertcana)人工林与大气间碳、水和能量交换进行了连续测定.通过分析总生态系统生产力(GEP)、蒸发散(ET)以及水分利用效率(WUE=GEP/ET)随相对土壤含水量(REW)的变化趋势,探讨杨树人工林不同土壤水分条件下水分利用效率对气象因子以及下垫面因素的响应,为杨树人工林经营管理提供理论依据.研究结果表明:当REW＜0.1时,GEP和ET受到严重水分胁迫的影响维持在较低水平,环境因子对GEP、ET和WUE的影响较小;当0.1＜REW＜0.4时,GEP和ET随着土壤体积含水量(VWC)的增加而增大,WUE随VWC的增大而减小;REW＞0.4时,气象因子是影响碳固定和水分损耗的主要原因,由于ET对气象因子变化的响应较GEP更为敏感,因此,WUE随空气饱和水汽压差(VPD)的增大而减小.沙地土壤保水能力较差,不能保证土壤水分被植物有效利用,因此当VWC处于5.2%-8.8％(0.1＜REW＜0.4)范围时,碳固定与水分消耗达到最高效率.研究表明杨树人工林WUE随降水变化而变化,未来气候变化和变异有可能影响杨树林耗水和生产力之间的关系.     

Transpiration from a mature Eucalyptus globulus plantation in Portugal during a spring-summer period of progressively higher water deficit

The rates of transpiration from a mature Eucalyptus globulus Labill. stand in Portugal were evaluated during a drying period of the spring-summer 1994. Transpiration was measured by the Granier sap flow method and estimated by the Penman-Monteith model. During the experimental period daily transpiration varied between 3.64 and 0.50 mm day⁻¹. For high-transpiration days, a good agreement was observed between Penman-Monteith estimates and sap flow measurements, both on a daily and on an hourly basis. However, for low-transpiration days, the Penman-Monteith model overestimated transpiration in comparison with the sap flow method. The diurnal variation of sap flow was then smoother and lagged behind the estimates of the Penman-Monteith model. E. globulus showed an efficient control of transpiration losses during dry periods through a progressive stomatal closure. As soil moisture deficit increased, the daily maximum stomatal conductance decreased from 0.46 to 0.14 cm s⁻¹. The results also show that, on a seasonal basis, stomatal conductance and daily transpiration were mainly related to predawn leaf water potential and, thus, to soil moisture content. Received: 26 January 1996 / Accepted: 20 October 1996     

Water use of a multigenotype poplar short‐rotation coppice from tree to stand scale

Short‐rotation coppice (SRC) has great potential for supplying biomass‐based heat and energy, but little is known about SRC's ecological footprint, particularly its impact on the water cycle. To this end, we quantified the water use of a commercial scale poplar (Populus) SRC plantation in East Flanders (Belgium) at tree and stand level, focusing primarily on the transpiration component. First, we used the AquaCrop model and eddy covariance flux data to analyse the different components of the stand‐level water balance for one entire growing season. Transpiration represented 59% of evapotranspiration (ET) at stand scale over the whole year. Measured ET and modelled ET were lower as compared to the ET of reference grassland, suggesting that the SRC only used a limited amount of water. Secondly, we compared leaf area scaled and sapwood area scaled sap flow (F_s) measurements on individual plants vs. stand scale eddy covariance flux data during a 39‐day intensive field campaign in late summer 2011. Daily stem diameter variation (?D) was monitored simultaneously with F_s to understand water use strategies for three poplar genotypes. Canopy transpiration based on sapwood area or leaf area scaling was 43.5 and 50.3 mm, respectively, and accounted for 74%, respectively, 86%, of total ecosystem ET measured during the intensive field campaign. Besides differences in growth, the significant intergenotypic differences in daily ?D (due to stem shrinkage and swelling) suggested different water use strategies among the three genotypes which were confirmed by the sap flow measurements. Future studies on the prediction of SRC water use, or efforts to enhance the biomass yield of SRC genotypes, should consider intergenotypic differences in transpiration water losses at tree level as well as the SRC water balance at stand level.     

半干旱区城市环境下油松林分蒸腾特征及其影响因子

在城市环境下,由于不透水地面面积的增加,土壤-植物-大气之间水汽循环减弱,水汽调节能力差,因而研究城市树木蒸腾对环境因子的响应对于城市进行合理的水汽调节具有重要意义。于2017年生长季,在内蒙古呼和浩特市区树木园内选择58年生油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)作为研究树种,采用热扩散法测定其树干液流,并同步监测气象因子和土壤含水量变化,利用彭曼公式计算冠层气孔导度。结果表明:(1)生长季内,油松林分蒸腾存在明显日、月变化,晴天天气下林分蒸腾日变化呈单峰曲线,月林分蒸腾量5月最大,其次是7月、8月、6月和9月,分别为20.96、19.89、18.09、17.25 mm和7.49 mm。(2)油松林分蒸腾与饱和水汽压差、太阳总辐射、土壤含水量和风速均存在极显著相关关系(P<0.01),太阳总辐射、饱和水汽压差和土壤含水量是影响林分蒸腾的主要环境因子(R²=0.47、R²=0.31和R²=0.16),风速对林分蒸腾的影响程度最小(R²=0.12);不同降雨量对林分蒸腾的影响作...     

不同树高对荷木液流密度、整树蒸腾量和时滞的效应

人工林面积不断增大,这不仅能解决由于森林砍伐引起的一系列社会问题,而且还对解决水土保持、二氧化碳减排等环境问题起到重要作用。了解人工林的生长特性和蒸腾效率,对植被生长、恢复和管理有着重要意义。为此,该研究连续监测了华南地区12棵不同高度荷木人工林的液流密度,对样树以高度划分等级,采取错位相关法分析不同高度等级胸高处液流与冠层蒸腾的时滞效应。结果表明:气候环境相同时,所有样树胸高处液流日格型相似;荷木林蒸腾量优势木中间木劣势木,所有树木湿季月蒸腾量大于干季月蒸腾量;不同高度等级之间时滞差异显著,劣势木时滞50min,优势木和中间木时滞20min;所有样树干湿季时滞差异不显著,同一高度级两季节时滞差少于10min。这些说明:在干季华南地区土壤水分仍然相对较充足,植物输水阻力没有受到土壤水分降低和长距离水分传导的影响;中间木和优势木时滞短,水力阻力小,蒸腾量大并占据着林段的有利资源;劣势木长势低矮,时滞长,导管阻力大,蒸腾量少,光合作用需要的水热资源少,所以回馈根部的营养物质少,不均衡的营养循环使得林段分化愈明显,劣势木将逐渐从林段中被淘汰。该文指出在荷木人工林生长后期,对于长势低矮,生命力极弱的劣势木应定期砍伐,这样能增加优势木和中间木对光照及水分等有利资源的分配,提高林分质量,增加林地生产力。     

不同时间尺度下华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾与环境因子的关系

在半干旱区连续2年监测华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)的树干液流、气象因子和土壤体积含水量,分析不同时间尺度下人工林冠层蒸腾与环境因子的关系。结果表明：不同时间尺度下,华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾的季节变化均呈单峰曲线,即先增大后减小的趋势;2016年、2017年日蒸腾量分别为1.58 mm/d和1.71 mm/d,生长季蒸腾总量分别为241.30 mm和260.97 mm。在日尺度下,气温、太阳辐射强度和饱和水汽压差是影响华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾主要环境因子;月尺度下,气温、风速、降水和土壤水分是冠层蒸腾的主要影响因子;冠层蒸腾与降水、大气相对湿度的相关关系由日尺度下的负相关到月尺度的正相关,相关性增强。总体来看,随时间尺度由小到大,气温、风速、大气相对湿度、降水、土壤水分对冠层蒸腾的影响作用增大,而太阳辐射强度、饱和水汽压差的作用减弱;在未来增温增雨趋势下,研究区生长季将延长,华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾量可能会加大。     

Forest-scale sap flux responses to rainfall in a dryland eucalyptus plantation

Dryland salinity is caused by rising saline water tables, the result of relatively recent landscape-scale clearance of deep-rooted vegetation. One obvious solution to this problem is the reintroduction of deep-rooted vegetation into these landscapes, most likely non-deciduous trees. Ideally, continually-transpiring deep-rooted trees would remove moisture from throughout the soil profile, increasing the capacity of the soil to store water, thus lowering water tables by effectively reducing the number of rainfall events that contribute to groundwater recharge. In this study, we examined how water use by a Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls plantation, growing in a salinity-prone landscape, varied in response to rainfall events across four years of sap flux monitoring. Responses of the plantation were observed across multiple seasons, from above average to well below average rainfall. We observed that the plantation forest, while capable of continuous water use during drought, was also quite responsive to rainfall events. During the driest periods, during which shallow soil moisture was reduced to a stable minimum, the forest continued using water at around 1 mm/day. Generally we observed increases in forest water use following only 5 mm of rainfall, in contrast to 20 mm for neighbouring native vegetation. We compared a range of plausible empirical models for describing forest water use responses to rainfall. The best model demonstrated that rainfall size, post-rainfall PET and the interaction between rainfall size and antecedent soil moisture made significant contributions to variation in forest water use across rainfall events. Interestingly, the model showed that all else equal, higher antecedent soil moisture tended to reduce potential increases in forest water use in response to rainfall.     

Comparative study of daytime and nighttime sap flow of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis>

In order to quantify and characterize the variance in desert riparian forest tree sap flow, we measured the sap flow from Populus euphratica and compared the daytime and nighttime patterns and responses to environmental variables. Results showed that daytime sap flow velocity was significantly higher (P?<?0.05). Daytime and nighttime mean sap flow velocities were 7.65 and 4.01 cm h^?1 in spring, 21.38 and 9.60 cm h^?1 in summer, and 11.04 and 5.21 cm h^?1 in autumn, respectively. Moreover, results indicated that the stoma remained partially open (15% minimum) throughout the night, providing sufficient evidence for the existance of nighttime transpiration. The vapor pressure deficit (VPD), stomatal conductance (Cs), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature (Ta), wind speed (WS), and soil moisture (θ) all had significant positive effects on P. euphratica sap flow velocity (P?<?0.05). Furthermore, the relationship between daytime sap flow velocity and VPD showed clockwise hysteresis, while the relationship between nighttime sap flow velocity and VPD showed counter-clockwise hysteresis. It was evident that PAR and VPD were the key factors impacting daytime sap flow velocity, while Cs and θ were the key factors impacting nighttime sap flow velocity. Furthermore, linear regression results showed that daytime sap flow had a significant positive effect on nighttime sap flow throughout the growing season (P?<?0.05).