广西生态农业:历程、成效、问题及对策

生态农业已成为世界农业发展的重要模式和方向。广西生态农业的发展具有基础好、起步早、发展快、模式多、效益佳的特点。从新中国成立至今,广西生态农业经历了4个发展阶段:第一阶段(1949—1977年):群众自发,实践摸索;第二阶段(1978—1991年):模式创新,高产高效;第三阶段(1992—2002年):政府推动,全面推广;第四阶段(2003年至今):模式优化,提质增效。60多年来,广西生态农业发展取得了显著的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,具体表现在:增加产量、提高效益、改善品质、节约资源、保护环境、提升人员素质、扩大国内外影响等7个方面。当前,广西生态农业存在着6个方面的突出问题:(1)科技薄弱,人才不足;(2)经济落后,资金缺乏;(3)生态脆弱,条件恶劣;(4)技术组装不配套,理论研究不深入;(5)意识不强,措施不力;(6)规模化不够,产业化不强。为使广西生态农业今后又好又快地发展,必须采取如下对策和措施:一是提高认识,转变观念;二是搞好规划,完善制度;三是增加投入,改善条件;四是重视科技,培养人才;五是调整结构,优化模式;六是因地制宜,发挥优势;七是加强交流,开展合作;八是综合配套,全面发展;九是"三效"(经济效益、生态效益和社会效益)并举,良性循环;十是"四化"(规模化、产业化、集约化、科技化)同步,持续发展。     

做大做强养蛇产业的重要措施

<正>利用蛇类资源发展地方经济,是近年来提出的农民致富的新兴产业。由于人们对蛇肉、蛇毒的局限认识,对养蛇产业发展持观望态度,要把养蛇产业真正成为健康产业,全社会必须形成合力,加大宣传力度,宣传好、巩固好、维护好养蛇产业的发展。广西蛇类研究会的成立,为广西养蛇业搭建了一个良好的平台,研究会会员的组成除了蛇类研究专家、养蛇专家外,还有医务人员参加,这标志着广西发展养蛇产业,开展蛇类研究和应用已经进入了一个新的阶段。在宣传     

我国羊肚菌产业的"诱惑"与"陷阱"

当前,羊肚菌种植被许多80后、90后和返乡农民创业者推崇,根据笔者多年对羊肚菌的种质资源收集、分类学、遗传育种研究和规模化推广实践,结果表明:1)羊肚菌产业具有"环境友好、周期短、收益高和风险高"的特点,从事羊肚菌种植可以盈利但绝非"暴富";2)目前我国羊肚菌产业刚刚起步,科学技术落后于生产技术;3)羊肚菌从业者如果具有规避风险的意识、机制和措施,可实现稳健盈利,战战兢兢、如履薄冰是当前我国羊肚菌从业者的真实写照;4)羊肚菌产业前景好,设施化、工厂化栽培是今后的羊肚菌产业的主要发展方向.文中从羊肚菌产业发展前景、栽培技术、风险及其规避措施梳理当前的产业"诱惑"与"陷阱",以期为羊肚菌从业人员提供参考.     

华南地区桉树/相思混交种植的林木生长效应

将桉树U6与厚荚相思按不同比例和不同模式进行混交种植,测定二者的生长参数.结果表明：2～3年生混交林中,随着桉树比例的增大,相思免受风害的效果越来越显著,桉树/相思混交比例为3:1时,风害率下降了26.14%;但不同处理间桉树或相思保存率没有显著差异;桉树/相思混交种植对相思生长有一定抑制作用,混交林中相思胸径约为其纯林的90%,混交种植虽对桉树高生长影响不明显,但对胸径生长有显著促进作用,并随相思比例的增加而越发明显.6年生的桉树/相思1:1混交林分,桉树胸径>15 cm所占比例达到了32.1%,而桉树纯林仅为5.83%;桉树/相思2∶1株间混交的种植模式使总生物量达到最大,为198.8 m³·hm^-2,是桉树纯林的118.8%,相思纯林的169.9%;桉树与相思混交种植对大径材桉树的培育是一种理想的种植模式.     

桉树与针叶树、阔叶树生理生化指标季节变化的比较

该文对广西桂林灵田乡桉树、针叶树和阔叶树生理生化季节变化进行了比较研究。结果表明：桉树与其它4个针阔叶树种的生理生化指标因季节更替而呈现不同的变化规律,其中5个树种叶片的比叶面积是在夏季最高、冬季最低,其均值依次为桉树>红锥>黧蒴栲>杉木>马尾松;叶片叶绿素含量为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,总叶绿素含量四季平均值为桉树>黧蒴栲>红锥>杉木>马尾松;叶片可溶性糖含量的季节变化为夏季>春季>冬季>秋季,桉树的平均可溶性糖最高;叶片蛋白质含量都在春季最高、夏季最低,阔叶树种的蛋白质含量显著高于针叶树种,桉树的平均蛋白质含量最高;叶片硝酸还原酶活性顺序为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,桉树的平均硝酸还原酶活性最高。综上所述,在自然生长环境下,这5个树种的生理生化等指标对季节的响应机制不同,但桉树的生理指标大于其他几个树种。这反映了人工种植的桉树具有高生产力和生长优势。     

论广西生态安全

生态安全是近年来生态学研究的热点问题,也是可持续发展的重大战略问题。广西生态安全面临的突出问题与挑战,包括:生态破坏、水土流失、石漠化、土壤衰退、植被退化、生物多样性降低、物种入侵、环境污染、自然灾害、结构受损、功能减退、可持续发展面临威胁等。造成广西生态安全问题存在的原因是多方面的,既有历史原因,也有现实因素;既有自然原因,更有人为因素。根本的原因是:不良的生产活动、不当的"三废"排放、过快的人口增长和频发的自然灾害。针对广西存在的上述生态安全问题,必须采取有效对策和措施:(1)提高认识;(2)完善制度;(3)严格执法;(4)绿色考评;(5)生态补偿;(6)加强研究;(7)促进合作;(8)分区分类;(9)增大投入;(10)增强能力。     

速生桉不同树龄的生材密度分析

桉树是我国的一种外来引进树种,经过几十年的发展,桉树栽培领域已培育出了许多优良品种,包括速生桉树种。速生桉树种已成为我国南方地区人工速生林的重要树种,尤其是在广西的种植面积已经超过100hm2。为了研究速生桉不同树龄段的生材密度规律,本文分别选取了2年、4年、6年三个不同树龄段的速生桉各20株进行实验研究,研究结果显示不同树龄段的速生桉生材密度差异并不显著。     

广西灵川县种植业的可持续发展

广西是我国南方农业大省(区),明确其农业发展的制约因素,提出具体的解决措施,实现农业可持续发展,对解决农业、农村和农民问题,促进经济持续、快速、健康发展,实现社会主义现代化建设战略目标具有重要的理论和现实意义。主要采用了参与性农户评估方法(PRA),通过随机入户方式,与农户面对面交流,并结合调查问卷,对广西桂林市灵川县11个乡镇的农户进行了调查访问,为方便研究和数据处理,在数据分析过程中将该县11个乡镇分为3个片区:东部片区、中部片区、北部片区,对比3组农户的文化素质、种植制度、冬季农业现状、农业需求和农田水利设施等方面问题,探讨广西农业可持续发展的制约因素,并提出相应的对策,以期为广西农业可持续发展提供理论依据。调查结果表明,虽然目前灵川县农业取得众多发展成就,但仍存在以下几个方面的问题,严重影响了该县种植业可持续发展的进程。一是种植制度结构单一,二是冬季农业发展薄弱,三是种植技术贫乏,四是基础设施建设不完善等,因此,为促进灵川县种植业可持续发展,亟需采取以下对策和措施:调整作物种植结构,建立合理的种植制度;大力发展冬季农业;满足农民最迫切的农业需求;加强农业基础设施建设等。     

基于CiteSpace的金花茶研究知识图谱分析

对金花茶研究领域的文献信息进行知识图谱可视化分析,可以为研究者准确把握该领域的研究进展提供理论参考。该文利用引文分析软件CiteSpace对1979年—2018年金花茶的相关研究成果进行了计量学和可视化分析,绘制知识图谱,揭示金花茶研究的发展和知识结构。结果表明:(1)金花茶的研究逐渐被重视,年均研究文献逐渐增多;载文期刊的所在地主要为广西。(2)虽已形成核心作者群,但核心作者团队之间合作并不紧密;研究机构集中在广西,已形成"研究机构-高校-企业"的合作方式。(3)研究主要经历了三个阶段,即起步探索期(1979年—1985年)、平稳发展期(1986年—2006年)和快速增长期(2007年—2018年)。(4)金花茶化学成分、繁殖技术以及产品研发的研究正在发展为新前沿。金花茶研究中存在一些问题亟需解决,建议加强对金花茶研究的重视,围绕现实需求深入开展金花茶研究,以实现生态与经济协调发展。     

中国竹类植物新资料

<正> 壮绿竹(牛角竹) 新组合 Bambusa valida(Q H Dai)W.T.Lin,comb.nov.—Dendrocalamopsis ualidus Q.H.Dai,Act.Phytotax.Sin.24:393—394.f.1.1986. 根据采自广州华南农业大学,林万涛31864(引自模式产区——广西,南宁,广西林科所)标本。该种植物体是有刺的,而绿竹属是无刺的,故作新组合。     

华南典型尾叶桉纯林经营对土壤理化性质、微生物和线虫群落的影响

桉树是我国华南地区的重要速生营林树种,具备极高的经济价值,然而我国桉树人工林的发展还存在巨大争议,桉树营林的生态环境效应还有待进一步考究。针对我国华南地区典型尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)纯林经营的潜在生态问题,选取广东鹤山森林生态系统国家野外研究站的10树种混交林(10 species mixed forest plantation, 10S)、30树种混交林(30 species mixed forest plantation, 30S)和桉树纯林(Eucalyptus monoculture, E)三种林型,另外设置桉树砍伐(Eucalyptus cutting, EC)和桉树砍伐清除林下灌草(Eucalyptus cutting and understory removal, ECUr)这两种常见经营措施的处理,通过比较不同林型和管理措施下土壤理化性质和生物指标的差异,解析了桉树营林对土壤理化特性、土壤微生物以及线虫群落的影响。本结果表明：三种林型间的土壤理化特性没有显著差异,但桉树纯林的土壤真菌生物量、真菌细菌比、食细菌线虫多度显著高于10和30树种混交林...     

Interdisciplinary research towards management of non-timber forest resources in lowland rain forests of Sri Lanka

Lowland and mid-elevational rainforests of Sri Lanka harbor a relict, endemic-rich flora which is also rich in timber and non-timber forest resources. These forests supply nearly half the total wood requirements of the country and are dwindling rapidly; management of the forests to conserve the biological richness and maintain environmental services is therefore a difficult proposition. This predicament is further compounded by the dependency of rural people on a range of non-timber forest resources for their subsistence and income. A forestry master plan recently prepared for Sri Lanka has not given adequate recognition to the important role played by non-timber forest resources in rural livelihood. This oversight is primarily due to the lack of quantitative information to justify the role of non-timber forest resources in forestry sector development. Forestry policies that ignore these resources often anger local people, leading the villagers to vent their disapproval through destructive actions such as burning timber plantations. Long-term interdisciplinary research in ecology, reproductive and soil biology, ethnobiology, silviculture, rural sociology and resource economics in progress at Sinharaja attempts to address these questions of sustainable development of forest resources in an integrated mode. While research oriented toward conservation investigates both short- and long-term ecosystem dynamics in natural and modified forest stands, utilization-oriented research probes the impact of increased human disturbance, particularly the impact of rural communities on dwindling forest resources, as well as the effect of forest conservation on rural livelihood. These studies continue to seek alternative methods of forest management which are socially acceptable, economically viable, and ecologically sustainable for multiple uses. These methods will assist in the refinement of current forest policies, forestry planning, and the implementation of new policies and plans in Sri Lanka.     

Responses of ground-active beetle assemblages to different styles of reforestation on cleared rainforest land

Despite increasing efforts to re-establish forest cover in landscapes that have been previously cleared, the relative ability of different styles of reforestation to contribute to conservation and support forest biota is poorly known, particularly for invertebrates. We investigated the use of different types of reforested habitat by ground-active rainforest beetle assemblages on land, which had been previously cleared of rainforest, in the tropics and subtropics of eastern Australia. Between five and ten replicate sites within each of five reforestation styles were selected in each region: un-managed regrowth, young mono-species timber plantations, young mixed-species timber plantations, ecological restoration plantings, and old mono-species timber plantations, together with reference sites in pasture and in intact rainforest. Ground-active beetles were sampled using pitfall traps, and assemblages were compared among site-types. In both regions, beetle assemblages in all styles of reforestation were intermediate in species composition between pasture and rainforest. The similarity of beetle assemblages to intact rainforest increased with the age and structural complexity of reforested sites. The most rainforest-like beetle assemblages were from older reforestation sites (38–70 year plantations in tropics, and 30–40 year regrowth in subtropics) and in younger (6–22 years) but floristically and structurally diverse ecological restoration plantings in both regions. Assemblages in younger (5–20 year) sites of regrowth, mono-species timber plantations, and mixed-species timber plantations were more similar to pasture than rainforest. We conclude that achieving high canopy cover and sufficient structural complexity are important factors associated with the restoration of rainforest-like beetle assemblages to reforested sites.     

Carbon stocks in above‐ground biomass of monoculture plantations,mixed species plantations and environmental restoration plantings in north‐east Australia

Summary The emergence of carbon markets has provided a potential source of funding for reforestation projects. However, there is concern amongst ecologists that these markets will promote the establishment of monoculture plantations rather than more diverse restoration plantings, on the assumption that fast‐growing monocultures are likely to store more carbon than restoration plantings. We examined the validity of this assumption for three predominantly rainforest plantation types established in the moist tropical uplands of north‐east Australia: monoculture plantations of native rainforest conifers (n = 5, mean age 13 years); mixed species plantations of rainforest cabinet timber species, rainforest conifers and eucalypts (n = 5, mean age 13 years); and, environmental restoration plantings comprised mostly of a diverse range of rainforest trees (n = 10, mean age 14 years). We found that restoration plantings stored significantly more carbon in above‐ground biomass than monoculture plantations of native conifers (on average, 106 t vs 62 t carbon per ha); and tended to store more carbon than mixed species timber plantations which were intermediate in value (86 t carbon per ha). Carbon stocks were higher in restoration plantings than in monoculture and mixed species plantations for three reasons. First, and most importantly, restoration plantings were more densely stocked than monoculture and mixed species plantations. Second, there were more large diameter trees in restoration plantings than monoculture plantations. Third, the trees used in restoration plantings had a higher average wood density than the conifers used in monoculture plantations. While, on average, wood density was higher in mixed species plantations than restoration plantings, the much higher stocking rate of restoration plantings meant they stored more carbon than mixed species plantations. We conclude that restoration plantings in the moist tropics of north‐east Australia can accumulate relatively high amounts of carbon within two decades of establishment. Comparison with reference rainforest sites suggests that restoration plantings could maintain their high stocking rates (and therefore high biomass) as they develop in future decades. However, because restoration plantings are currently much more expensive to establish than monoculture plantations, restoration plantings are unlikely to be favoured by carbon markets. Novel reforestation techniques and designs are required if restoration plantings are to both provide habitat for rainforest biota and store carbon in biomass at a cost comparable to monoculture plantations.     

广西主要人工林生态系统氮储量格局

森林生态系统作为陆地最大氮素储存库,在维系氮素生物地球化学循环方面发挥了重要作用。以我国人工林主产地广西马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolate)、桉树(Eucalyptus robusta)3种主要人工林为研究对象,探讨了3种林型不同龄组、不同层次的氮储量组成与分配格局,结果表明:(1)随着林龄的变化,不同林龄马尾松、杉木、桉树林氮储量大小范围在6.64-15.15、8.44-14.90、3.22-11.29 Mg/hm²之间,其中马尾松、杉木、桉树分别在幼龄林、过熟林、成熟林达到最大,除幼龄阶段马尾松氮储量最高外,其他各林龄阶段均为杉木林最大。(2)各个林龄总体来看,3种人工林生态系统氮储量生态格局基本一致,绝大部分氮储存于土壤中(0-100 cm),乔木层氮储量仅次于土壤层,灌木层氮储量最小。0-100cm土层范围内,按10 cm每层进行划分,三种人工林各个林龄均是0-10 cm表层土壤氮储量最高。马尾松、杉木除幼龄林外土壤层氮储量均随着林龄增大而逐渐升高,在过熟林分别达到了10.71和16.63 Mg/hm²,桉树则幼龄林到成熟林逐渐升高,成熟林氮储量为11.26 Mg/hm²,过熟林则下降。同一林分各层次不同器官氮储量存在着差异,3种人工林乔木层中树干氮储量均占比最高,树干是乔木层的主要氮库;灌木层中叶片中含有更多的氮储量;草本层地上部分>地下部分,地上部分是氮储存的主要场所;细根氮储量0-20 cm>20-40 cm。不同造林树种生态系统氮固持能力有所差异,总体上,人工造林后期生态系统固氮能力逐渐增强,而速生桉树人工林收获期生态系统固氮有所下降。     

桉树新害虫——曲线纷夜蛾的生物学和生态特性研究

曲线纷夜蛾Polydesma boarmoides Guenée是我国桉树食叶害虫,已在部分桉树种植区造成严重危害。国内外仅在区域昆虫种类调查中发现并提及该虫,而未见其生物学特性、生态学特性和发生规律等方面的相关研究报道,因此,有必要对该虫进行更系统、深入的研究,为防控该虫提供依据。笔者2013年5月首次发现该虫在广东省紫金县危害桉树林,2016年5月再次发现该虫在茂名市危害桉树林。调查、研究结果表明:(1)曲线纷夜蛾起始取食灌木叶片直至叶片被取食殆尽后,逐步转移至桉树林继续取食桉树叶片;(2)曲线纷夜蛾在广东地区1年发生4代;(3)曲线纷夜蛾3-5龄幼虫在桉树林间呈现聚集分布,且聚集密度呈现随种群密度增大而增大的规律,而在桉树树冠上则呈均匀分布。     

我国桉树林发展中的生态问题探讨

１发展现状桉树（Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓ）是桃金娘科的一个属,原生地为澳洲大陆及附近岛屿［１］。１８９０年引入中国,至今已１００年历史,目前有１７个省,自治区（含台湾）６００多个县分布有桉树,品种３００多种,其中１０多种已经或正在成为中国南方非常重要的造...     

Diversity and composition of tropical butterflies along an Afromontane agricultural gradient in the Jimma Highlands,Ethiopia

Afromontane landscapes are typically characterized by a mosaic of smallholder farms and the biodiversity impacts of these practices will vary in accordance to local management and landscape context. Here, we assess how tropical butterfly diversity is maintained across an agricultural landscape in the Jimma Highlands of Ethiopia. We used transect surveys to sample understory butterfly communities within degraded natural forest, semi‐managed coffee forest (SMCF), exotic timber plantations, open woodland, croplands and pasture. Surveys were conducted in 29 one‐hectare plots and repeated five times between January and June 2013. We found that natural forest supports higher butterfly diversity than all agricultural plots (measured with Hill's numbers). SMCF and timber plantations retain relatively high abundance and diversity, but these metrics drop off sharply in open woodland, cropland and pasture. SMCF and timber plantations share the majority of their species with natural forest and support an equivalent abundance of forest‐dependent species, with no increase in widespread species. There was some incongruence in the responses of families and sub‐families, notably that Lycaenidae are strongly associated with open woodland and pasture. Adult butterflies clearly utilize forested agricultural practices such as SMCF and timber plantations, but species diversity declines steeply with distance from natural forest suggesting that earlier life‐stages may depend on host plants and/or microclimatic conditions that are lost under agricultural management. From a management perspective, the protection of natural forest remains a priority for tropical butterfly conservation, but understanding functioning of the wider landscape mosaic is important as SMCF and timber plantations may act as habitat corridors that facilitate movement between forest fragments.     

海南岛主要森林类型时空动态及关键驱动因子

天然林,橡胶林和浆纸林之间转化是海南岛森林生态系统演变的主要形式.以海南岛1988年(建省),1998年(提出生态省建设)和2008年(目前)3个年代的天然林,橡胶林和浆纸林遥感解译为基础,分析了三者的格局动态及关键驱动因子,得到以下结论:(1)1988-1998和1998-2008年间,天然林总面积呈现先明显增加(增加面积10.76万hm2),后明显减少(减少面积20.03万hm2)特点;橡胶林呈先小幅下降(下降面积7.14万hm2),后大幅度增加(增加面积20.03万hm2)的变化特点,浆纸林则一直呈增加的趋势;(2)三者年动态变化率在1998-2008年间最大(1.335％),1988-2008年间次之(0.965％),1988-1998年间最小(0.490％);(3)1988-1998年天然林空间范围转化呈内部增加,外部扩展的特征,增加的部分主要来自橡胶林和其他用地类型,同时,浆纸林空间转化呈局部增加和橡胶林呈局部减少的特点;1998-2008相比1988-1998年间,天然林空间范围呈外缘收缩,内部减少的特点,橡胶林和浆纸林则呈内外部都扩张的特点.类型间转化天然林向橡胶林,浆纸林和其他类型用地转化较明显;(4)不同时期的林地面积变化主要受政策,农业人口,农林产品市场价格等外在因素的作用,同时也受到道路,高程和坡度等内在因素的影响.最后,从林业监督,生态补偿,市场调节等角度提出海南省林业发展建议.     

Factors Affecting the Use of Reforested Sites by Reptiles in Cleared Rainforest Landscapes in Tropical and Subtropical Australia

Despite recent efforts to reforest cleared rainforest landscapes, in Australia and elsewhere, the value of reforested sites for rainforest‐dependent reptiles is unknown. We surveyed the occurrence of reptiles in a range of reforestation types (monoculture and mixed‐species timber plantations, diverse “ecological restoration” plantings and regrowth), as well as reference sites in pasture and rainforest, in tropical and subtropical Australia. We recorded 29 species of reptiles from 104 sites, including 15 rainforest‐dependent species. Most rainforest reptiles were strongly associated with complex microhabitats (tree trunks, logs, rocks). The richness and abundance of rainforest‐dependent reptiles varied between the different types of reforestation and between regions. In the tropics, rainforest reptiles were recorded in old timber plantations and ecological restoration plantings but not in young timber plantations or regrowth. Rainforest reptiles were recorded in few reforested sites in the subtropics. The occurrence of rainforest‐dependent reptiles in reforested sites appears to be influenced by (1) habitat structure; (2) proximity to source populations in rainforest; and (3) biogeography and historical differences in the extent of rainforest. Restoration of cleared land for rainforest‐dependent reptiles may require the development, or deliberate creation, of complex structural attributes and microhabitats in reforested sites. Where reforested sites are located away from rainforest, recolonization by rainforest reptiles may require the construction of corridors of suitable habitat between reforested sites and rainforest or the translocation of reptiles to reforested sites.