F污染桑叶对家蚕繁殖力的影响

对不同抗Ｆ性蚕品种的幼虫短期添食梯度浓度ＮａＦ研究Ｆ对桑蚕生殖的影响,结果表明,只要个体能正常羽化产卵,Ｆ对怀卵数、产卵数、产卵率和孵化率都无明显影响,低浓度的Ｆ对强抗Ｆ性品种蚕的生殖似有促进作用;但５龄期添食高浓度的Ｆ可引起怀卵数、产卵数和孵化率下降;Ｆ主要港集在马氏管、中肠等组织中,蚕卵中Ｆ的含量极低     

氚标记睾丸酮在家蚕体内的吸收和分布

在家蚕Bombyx mori L.的五龄起蚕期,添食氚标记的雄性激素丙酸睾丸酮(代号³H-TP),用液体闪烁谱仪探查五龄期蚕体对³H-TP的吸收与排泄、贮存与分布及雌雄间的差异.结果证明:蚕体对³H-TP的排出率在添食后24小时达峰值,累计吸收率雄性为85.81%、雌性为68%,雌雄间有明显差异.蚕体内务组织器官对³H-TP的吸收也有显著不同,中肠、血液在添食后2小时,脂肪体在72小时、体壁在48小时,其放射活性为最大值,雌雄间均无明显差异;生殖腺则在添食后168小时达峰值,且雄性显著高于雌性;丝腺中相对含量比较稳定,雌雄之间无较大差异.³H-TP在蚕体各组织器官中的贮存与分布表现为:五龄初期(添食后2小时)以中肠和血液最多,共达85%左右;五龄中期(添食后96小时)以性器官最高(28%左右);五龄末期(添食后192小时)性器官中高达34.58%,且雄性(40.4%)显著高于雌性(28.74%).上述研究结果说明,在家蚕五龄起蚕期添食³H-TP,能被蚕儿多量吸收和贮存在体内,其中尤以生殖器官的相对含量最多,雌雄间亦有明显差异.由此表明,雄性激素可能对家蚕具有某种生理活性.     

氚标记睾丸酮在家蚕体内的吸收和分布

在家蚕Bombyx mori L.的五龄起蚕期,添食氚标记的雄性激素丙酸睾丸酮(代号³H-TP),用液体闪烁谱仪探查五龄期蚕体对³H-TP的吸收与排泄、贮存与分布及雌雄间的差异.结果证明:蚕体对³H-TP的排出率在添食后24小时达峰值,累计吸收率雄性为85.81%、雌性为68%,雌雄间有明显差异.蚕体内务组织器官对³H-TP的吸收也有显著不同,中肠、血液在添食后2小时,脂肪体在72小时、体壁在48小时,其放射活性为最大值,雌雄间均无明显差异;生殖腺则在添食后168小时达峰值,且雄性显著高于雌性;丝腺中相对含量比较稳定,雌雄之间无较大差异.³H-TP在蚕体各组织器官中的贮存与分布表现为:五龄初期(添食后2小时)以中肠和血液最多,共达85%左右;五龄中期(添食后96小时)以性器官最高(28%左右);五龄末期(添食后192小时)性器官中高达34.58%,且雄性(40.4%)显著高于雌性(28.74%).上述研究结果说明,在家蚕五龄起蚕期添食³H-TP,能被蚕儿多量吸收和贮存在体内,其中尤以生殖器官的相对含量最多,雌雄间亦有明显差异.由此表明,雄性激素可能对家蚕具有某种生理活性.     

应用抗保幼激素活性物质“抗11”调控家蚕生长发育的研究初报

本文报道应用抗保幼激素生理活性物质“抗11”调控家蚕生长发育的初步试验结果。从3龄饷食开始,连续添食300～500ppm药液48小时;或以400～500ppm的药液浓度给4龄起蚕连续添食48小时,3眠蚕诱发率可达100％。3龄或4龄添食,当龄历期延长,但全龄历期均比对照区缩短,如4龄添食区缩短近5日,所诱发的3眠蚕能结茧、化蛹、羽化、交配、产卵,所结的茧小,量低,纤度变细。     

杀虫双对菲隐翅虫的毒力测定

采用残膜法,室内对菲隐翅虫Philonthus sp.雌雄成虫进行毒力测定。实验结果表明,菲隐翅虫对杀虫双的耐药性雌性大于雄性。杀虫双对雌虫产卵的影响主要表现为雌成虫产卵数较少,并且卵的孵化率较低。     

花粉和王浆对家蚕生长发育和结茧的影响

花粉和蜂王浆不仅营养丰富,而且含有多种生物活性物质,兼具营养强壮剂及促生长剂的特性。本试验基于花粉和王浆的这种特性,对家蚕进行花粉和蜂王浆的添食试验。结果表明,用0.1～2.5％的油菜蜂花粉提取液或0.01～0.1％蜂王浆浸渍桑叶喂饲3～5龄家蚕能显著提高蚕体重、结茧率、茧层率和受精率,也能提高茧层量和产卵量,但对全茧量无显著影响。二者相比,添食花粉更为可取。     

蜕皮激素对家蚕后部丝腺谷氨酸-丙酮酸转氨酶活力的影响

本文报道了β-蜕皮激素(简称MH)对家蚕后丝腺谷氨酸-丙酮酸转氨酶(简称GPT)活力以及产丝量的影响。对五龄不同时期一次添食MH和每日连续添食MH以及MH剂量变化的研究结果表明:无论何种处理,MH都能促进GPT的活力;但不同的处理,其效果不一样。其中以五龄前期添食MH和五龄每日低剂量(夏蚕每头0.5微克和春蚕每头2微克)连续添食的处理,效果最佳;不但能促进GPT的活力,而且能提高丝蛋白合成能力。此外,还发现添食MH的浓度与GPT活力并不相关;MH对GPT活力的影响,因蚕品种而有差异,春蚕多丝量品种较夏蚕少丝量品种效果显著;MH低剂量多次添食比高剂量一次添食可避免产生不良后果。     

家蚕幼虫不同龄期体内主要解毒酶及其基因表达的性别差异

为了研究家蚕Bombyx mori性别与抗性的关系,本研究采用Thermo酶活性测定法和实时荧光定量PCR法,比较不同龄期雌雄家蚕起蚕体内解毒酶活性及其基因的表达差异。结果表明：解毒酶及其基因在雌雄个体之间均存在明显差异,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性及其基因BmGSTe5的表达量在1～3龄表现为雌蚕高于雄蚕,4龄和5龄则表现相反,其中4龄雄蚕酶活性和基因表达量分别是雌蚕的3.65倍和5.11倍,推测与雄蚕精巢在4龄初迅速发育有关。雄蚕乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在2～4龄分别是雌蚕的1.48,1.34和1.40倍;乙酰胆碱酯酶基因Bm-ace1在2龄和3龄性别差异不明显,Bm-ace2在2～4龄为雄性高于雌性,雄性分别是雌性的1.75,2.17和2.40倍,提示Bm-ace2对性别间该酶活性的差异影响较大。羧酸酯酶活性在2龄和3龄雄蚕较高,分别是雌蚕的1.23和1.87倍,4～5龄雌蚕较高,分别是雄蚕的1.23和1.22倍;羧酸酯酶基因BmCarE-5和BmCarE-10在性别间的差异规律均与酶活性相反,即羧酸酯酶表现为较高的基因表达量对应较低的酶活性,推测在家蚕体内可能存在“羧酸酯酶突变”现象。结果为研究基因表达产物的修饰方式及其功能开辟了新的研究路径,为家蚕性别与抗药性的研究提供了重要参考。     

氚标记昆虫保幼激素类似物738在家蚕体内的吸收和排泄

用氘标记的昆虫保幼激素类似物738(代号³H-JHA-738)对5龄中期家蚕进行涂布蚕体和涂布桑叶添食,经测量查明:涂体处理后,放射性经蚕粪平均排泄速率,4小时为1.8%,48小时达到61.7%。试验终了为 67.2%;吸收率为 32.8%。涂叶添食处理后,放射性经蚕粪平均排泄速率4小时内达 48.5%,48小时内为90.8%,试验终了达到93.3%;吸收率仅为6.7%。³H-JHA-738及其代谢产物在蚕体内的半活性期,涂体者为48小时,添食者仅有4个多小时。血液里放射性在处理后前4小时迅速升高,之后则大幅度下降。两种处理,各组织器官里放射性物质的代谢率自48小时后都较缓慢且大体接近。它们在蚕体各组织器官里的绝对分布量涂体者大于添食者,但相对或平均分布率仍较接近。它们进入蚕体后主要分布在脂肪体、体壁、丝腺和消化管里。涂体者的放射性如以³H-JHA-738残留量计量,蚕蛹内平均为 0.027ppm,丝平均为0.0019ppm,卵为0.013ppm。添食者残留量,蚕蛹内平均为0.0057ppm。丝平均为0.001ppm,卵为0.0035ppm。 研究结果表明,³H-JHA-738在家蚕体内的吸收和排泄,运转和分布、积累和残留,受处理方式的影响,与蚕体性别无关。     

造血器官机能障碍后家蚕血淋巴中蛋白质成分的变化

为了研究家蚕Bombyx mori造血器官机能障碍后其血淋巴中蛋白质成分的变化,利用重离子射线局部照射家蚕幼虫的造血器官,检测了照射后家蚕血淋巴中的蛋白质成分及注射大肠杆菌后在体内诱导出现的应急蛋白量的变化。结果表明,照射蚕血淋巴中的蛋白质含量与对照蚕之间没有明显的差异。但在成分分析时发现,5龄起蚕血淋巴中70 kD附近的3条蛋白质谱带比对照蚕的浓度要高,随着个体的发育两者的浓度都上升;5龄后期则相反,对照蚕的浓度比照射蚕高;脂肪体中贮藏蛋白质的含量具有相似的变化趋势。用家蚕贮藏蛋白质SP-1及SP-2的抗血清进行免疫印迹反应的结果显示：70 kD附近的3条蛋白质谱带的最上面的一条为贮藏蛋白质SP-1,下面的二条为贮藏蛋白质SP-2;同时照射蚕血淋巴中分子量约为24 kD的蛋白质成分也发生变化,5龄前期的浓度比对照蚕低,5龄第3天几乎检测不到;全体照射与造血器官局部照射蚕之间的结果相似。照射蚕注射大肠杆菌后在体内诱导出现的应急蛋白量明显比对照蚕要少。由此认为家蚕幼虫造血器官与血淋巴中的蛋白质成分有关,造血器官的机能障碍、血球的数量减少可影响脂肪体中蛋白质的合成,从而使存在于血淋巴中的蛋白质成分发生变化。     

Effect of KK-42 on growth,development, molting,and metamorphosis of the european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)

KK-42 (1-benzyl-5-[(E)-2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadienyl]imidazole), administered by feeding, delayed the growth and development of nondiapause-bound and diapause-bound Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and increased the length of the instar. At doses of 80–240 ppm, 62–100% of nondiapause-bound fourth instars precociously pupated or remained as fourth instars, while 52–100% of diapause-bound fourth instars did not molt to the fifth instar. Injection of these nondiapause- and diapause-bound KK-42-fed fourth instars with ecdysone elicited a molt and resulted in the production of larval-pupal intermediates. When mature fourth instar controls were similarly injected, they molted into normal fifth instars. These results support the view that KK-42 delays/inhibits ecdysteroid production. Both eupyrene and apyrene spermiogenesis were prematurely initiated in nondiapause-bound fourth instars that were fed on medium containing 160 ppm KK-42. Fenoxycarb, a potent juvenile hormone mimic, rescued nondiapause-bound fourth instars from precocious pupation. All fenoxycarbtreated larvae either molted to the fifth instar or remained as fourth instars and eventually died. These results support the view that treatment with KK-42 inhibits JH production. When KK-42 treatment was begun in the third instar, a considerable number of nondiapause-bound and some diapause-bound third instars precociously molted to the fifth instar. There was a correlation between weight and the incidence of precocious molting in that third instars destined to skip the fourth instar attained a weight, as pharate fifth instars, of two to three times more than pharate fourth instar controls. Similarly, fourth instars that were destined to undergo precocious pupation attained a weight, as pharate pupae, that was approximately two times more than pharate fifth instar controls. More potent analogues of KK-42 may prove useful in controlling populations of 0. nubilalis by interfering with their growth, development, and metamorphosis. © 1995 Witey-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is, in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

Application of Multi-vitamins as Supplementary Nutrients on Biological and Economical Characteristics of Silkworm Bombyx mori L

In order to investigate the effects of supplementary nutrients on silkworm, Bombyx mori, an experiment was conducted with multi-vitamins treatments. Leaves enriched with multi-vitamins (1, 2.5 and 5%) were fed once a day to 4th and 5th instar silkworm larva. The supplementation of the leaves was done by spraying the treatments on them. These treatments resulted in a significant increase in biological and economical parameters such as larval weight, female and male cocoon weight, pupal weight and egg productivity when compared with normal control. Multi-vitamins of 2.5% treatment increased the larval weight by 10.2%, which had the most weight enhancement in the fifth day of 5th instar larvae. However, 5% concentration of multi-vitamins decreased some biological characteristics. These treatments resulted in 4.7% increase of cocoon's weight. In most of the moths the number and weight of eggs had significant difference compared to control, but these supplementary materials caused relatively less egg hatching.     

Intrastadial developmental resistance of third instar gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) to L. dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus

Gypsy moth larvae become increasingly resistant to lethal infection by the Lymantria dispar M nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) as they age within the fourth instar. Newly molted larvae are most sensitive to infection, mid-instars are least sensitive, and late-instars display intermediate sensitivity. This resistance occurs whether the virus is delivered orally or intrahemocoelically. The present study reveals a nearly identical pattern of resistance in third instar larvae. An LD₄₈ dose of polyhedra for newly molted third instars produced 18%, 10%, 8%, 25%, and 24% mortalities in larvae to which virus was orally administered at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-molt (hpm), respectively, which is a 6-fold reduction in mortality between newly molted larvae and mid-instars. An LD₄₄ dose of budded virus for newly molted third instars produced 33%, 23%, 17%, 31%, and 31% mortalities when injected into larvae that were 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hpm, respectively, which is a 2.6-fold reduction in mortality between newly molted larvae and mid-instars, indicating that approximately half of this resistance is midgut-based and half is systemically based. Doubling the viral dose did not overcome developmental resistance whether the virus was delivered orally or intrahemocoelically. In addition, time to death was significantly affected by the time post-molt at which the insect was inoculated with the virus. We suggest that intrastadial developmental resistance may affect both the ecology and management of the gypsy moth.     

Induction of Non-diapause Eggs by Imidazole Derivative KK-42 in the Diapause Type of Bombyx mori Silkworm

The injection of an imidazole compound, KK-42, into fifth instar larvae of a silkworm (Bombyx mori, Daizo strain), which had been destined to produce diapause eggs, induced the moths to lay non-diapause eggs. The critical period for KK-42 injection in the induction of non-diapause eggs was 24 h to 72 h after the fourth ecdysis. Topical application of KK-42 to 48 h-old fifth instar larvae also induced non-diapause eggs.     

Lethal and sublethal effects of a granulovirus on the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea

A Scottish isolate of Lacanobia oleracea granulovirus (LoGV) was tested against larvae from a laboratory colony of L. oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using the peroral bioassay technique. The median lethal doses ranged from 10(1.38) occlusion bodies in first instar larvae to 10(7.45) in fifth instars. Sublethal effects on development and reproduction were observed among the survivors of virus challenge. Larvae dosed as first and second instars had faster developmental rates, and those dosed as fourth and sixth instars had reduced larval and pupal weights, compared to their respective controls. There was a 15% reduction in the number of eggs laid by adults that developed from infected larvae, but no reduction in egg viability. The F(1) generation did not show significantly greater mortality than controls, suggesting a lack of transovarial transmission. The significance of these results in terms of pest management of the tomato moth is discussed.     

Influence of the host plant on occluded virus production and lethal infectivity of a baculovirus

Intra- and inter-specific effects of cotton, soybean, and clover on the time until death of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae lethally infected with H. zea nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV) were evaluated in the laboratory. In the first test, on second instar only, the time until death of lethally infected larvae of both species differed with the plant tissues (vegetative or reproductive) and plant species. The total viral activity produced per larva in LC(50) units (occluded viral bodies (OBs) per larva/LC(50) in OBs/mm(2) of diet surface) was greater from H. virescens larvae fed vegetative than reproductive tissues of all host plants, but from H. zea virus production was greater only when fed vegetative tissue of soybean. In a second test that compared second and fourth instar H. virescens on cotton, total viral activity from larvae treated in both instars was greater when fed vegetative than reproductive tissues. Results of these tests suggest that the ability of host plants to influence baculovirus disease is more complex than previously believed. When examining the epizootic potential of a baculovirus, more attention must be given to the effects of the host plant on the insect-virus interactions.     

印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的防控效果研究

【目的】探索0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta的控制效果。【方法】根据梨小食心虫的生物习性,采用浸渍法和浸虫法对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄、5日龄的卵和3龄、5龄幼虫进行了杀虫活性测定,采用药膜法对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫进行毒力测定,并通过田间试验测定0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的控制效果。【结果】0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄和5日龄卵的致死中量分别为6.5195、4.5789、6.6268 mg/L,对初孵幼虫的致死中量为6.0495 mg/L,效果较好,而对3龄和5龄幼虫几乎没有杀伤作用。使用有效成分为2.0 mg/kg~3.0 mg/L的印楝素乳油在田间进行梨小食心虫防治试验时,药后5 d和10 d的防治效果在63.18%~76.22%之间,至药后15 d时,防效则下降到27%以下,果实受害明显,表明该药剂已失去控制作用。【结论】印楝素乳油不能作为防治梨小食心虫的专用药剂,仅可在其发生危害的初期,防治其他害虫时,作为兼治的药剂来使用。     

An in vitro study on regulation of prothoracic gland activity in the early last-larval instar of the silkworm Bombyx mori

The endocrine mechanisms that regulate prothoracic gland (PG) activity in early stages of final larval instar of the silkworm Bombyx mori were investigated using a newly developed long-term cultivation system of the gland. The PGs dissected from day-0 fifth instar larvae did not secrete detectable amounts of ecdysone for the first 24 h in culture but started secretion within the next 2 days. The amount of secreted ecdysone increased day by day. When day-0 PGs were co-cultivated with corpora allata, however, they remained inactive for at least 8 days. PGs dissected from 1-day younger larvae (day-3 fourth instar larvae) secreted ecdysone for the first 24 h but stopped secretion for the next 24 h, followed by recovery of ecdysone secretory activity. By contrast, PGs from day-1 fourth instar larvae remained active throughout a cultivation period without any sign of inactivation. However, when the same glands were exposed to a high titer of 20-hydroxyecdysone for the second 24h in culture, they gradually lost their activity. These results indicate that PGs of fourth instar larvae are inactivated by ecdysteroid through a negative feedback mechanism and that thus inactivated PGs spontaneously recover ecdysone secretory activity in the early fifth instar unless inhibited by juvenile hormone.     

Influence of larval stage and virus inoculum on virus yield in insect host Neodiprion abietis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)

Virus yield produced by dead larvae of balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harris) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), that had been infected at four different larval stages (second, third, fourth, or fifth instar) with two virus concentrations (10(5) polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) /ml or 10(7) PIB/ml), were analyzed and compared to determine the effects of instar and amount of virus inoculum on virus production. The results indicate that both larval stage and inoculation dosage significantly affect virus yield. On average, each dead larva produced 1.36-12.21 x 10(7) PIB, depending upon larval age and virus concentration of inoculation. Although each dead larva produced more PIB when it was inoculated in the fourth or fifth stage, inoculation of these larvae did not result in the highest virus yield because of low larval mortality. In terms of net virus return, third instars would maximize virus yield when they are inoculated with a virus concentration that can cause 95-100% larval mortality.